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A novel proteobacterial strain designated SYSU H10001 T was isolated from a soil sample collected from plateau meadow in Hongyuan county, Sichuan province, south-western China. The taxonomic position of the strain was investigated using a polyphasic approach. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities and phylogenetic analysis, strain SYSU H10001 T was most closely related to Lysobacter soli KCTC 22011 T (98.6%, sequence similarity) and Lysobacter panacisoli JCM 19212 T (98.2%). The prediction result of secondary metabolites based on genome shown that the strain SYSU H10001 T contained 3 clusters of bacteriocins, 1 cluster of non-ribosomal peptide synthetase, 1 cluster of type 1 polyketide synthase and 1 cluster of arylpolyene. In addition, the major isoprenoid quinone was Q-8 and the major fatty acids were identified as iso-C 15:0 , iso-C 17:0 and Summed feature 9. The polar lipids contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and three unidentified phospholipids. The genomic DNA G + C content of strain SYSU H10001 T was 66.5% (genome). On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data, strain SYSU H10001 T represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter prati sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SYSU H10001 T (= KCTC 72062 T  = CGMCC 1.16662 T ).

A novel bacterial strain, designated KVB24 T , was isolated from sea-water of Busan Harbour in South Korea. Cells of strain KVB24 T were Gram-stain negative, aerobic, rod shaped and non-motile. Strain KVB24 T grew optimally at 25-28 °C and pH 6.5-7.0. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain KVB24 T was shown to belong to the genus Lysobacter within the class Gammaproteobacteria and to be closely related to Lysobacter dokdonensis DS-58 T , Lysobacter hankyongensis KTce-2 T and Lysobacter niastensis GH41-7 T . DNA-DNA relatedness between strain KVB24 T and its current closest relative was below 70%. The predominant fatty acids of strain KVB24 T were iso-C 11:0 , iso-C 11:0 3-OH, iso-C 14:0 , iso-C 15:0 , anteiso-C 15:0 , iso-C 16:0 and summed feature 9 comprising (iso-C 17:1 ω9c and/or 10 methyl C 16:0 ); the prominent isoprenoid was Q-8 and the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The G + C content of genomic DNA from strain KVB24 T was determined to be 67.5 mol%. Based on the phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses, strain KVB24 T represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter caseinilyticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KVB24 T (= KACC19816 T  = JCM32879 T ).

Two bacterial strains, designated D10 T and U8 T , were isolated from soil samples from the Dong-angyeong cave and Geommeolle wharf sea-coast, Udo-Island, Jeju, South Korea. Both novel bacterial strains are yellow-pigmented, Gram-stain negative, motile by means of monotrichous flagella, short rod shaped and strictly aerobic. A phylogenetic tree was reconstructed based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences, which indicated that these two strains belong to the genus Lysobacter within the family Xanthomonadaceae. Strain D10 T showed high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with Lysobacter humi FJY8 T (99.0%), Lysobacter xinjiangensis RCML-52 T (98.9%) and Lysobacter mobilis 9NM-14 T (97.2%), whereas strain U8 T showed high sequence similarities to L. mobilis 9NM-14 T (97.9%), L. xinjiangensis RCML-52 T (97.8%), L. humi FJY8 T (97.5%) and Lysobacter bugurensis ZLD-29 T (97.1%). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between D10 T and U8 T was 97.0%. Strain D10 T showed low DNA-DNA relatedness to U8 T (57.7 ± 3.4%), L. humi FJY8 T (48.8 ± 4.3%), L. xinjiangensis RCML-52 T (60.1 ± 2.4%) and L. mobilis 9NM-14 T (55.9 ± 1.9%). The level of DNA-DNA relatedness for strain U8 T with respect to D10 T , L. mobilis 9NM-14 T , L. xinjiangensis RCML-52 T , L. humi FJY8 T , and L. bugurensis ZLD-29 T was 55.5 ± 0.5%, 54.5 ± 2.1%, 58.1 ± 0.8%, and 51.9 ± 3.4%, respectively. The major polar lipids for both strains were identified as diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The major cellular fatty acids for both strains were identified as iso-C 15:0 , iso-C 16:0 and summed feature 9 (iso-C 17:1 ω9c/C 16:0 10-methyl), and ubiquinone (Q-8) as the only isoprenoid quinone for both strains. The DNA G + C contents of the strains D10 T and U8 T were determined to be 70.2 mol% and 70.6 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic analysis, both strains D10 T and U8 T represent a novel species in the genus Lysobacter, for which the names Lysobacter helvus sp. nov. and Lysobacter xanthus sp. nov. are proposed, respectively. The type strain of L. helvus is D10 T (= KCTC 62111 T  = JCM 32364 T ) and the type strain of L. xanthus is U8 T (= KCTC 62112 T  = JCM 32365 T ).

A Gram-staining negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, designated YIM C01544(T), was isolated from a soil sample collected from Sigangli Cave, Yunnan province, South-West China. The strain was able to grow over a range of temperatures (4-30 °C), pH (6.0-10.0) and NaCl concentration (0-2 %, w/v). Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain YIM C01544(T) should be a member of the genus Lysobacter. The strain is closely related to Lysobacter niastensis GH41-7(T) (97.6 %), Lysobacter soli DCY21(T) (97.5 %), Lysobacter enzymogenes DSM 2043(T) (97.3 %), Lysobacter antibioticus DSM 2044(T) (97.1 %) and Lysobacter panacisoli CJ29(T) (97.1 %). The genomic DNA relatedness values (<47 %) as indicated by DNA-DNA hybridization studies were below the threshold limit for characterization of new bacterial species. The chemotaxonomic features of the new isolate include diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids and two unidentified polar lipids as its characteristic polar lipids and Q-8 as the only quinone. The major fatty acids detected were iso-C15:0 and iso-C17:1 ω9c. The DNA G + C content of the strain was determined to be 64.9 mol %. Based on the data from phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular studies, strain YIM C01544(T) merits recognition as novel species in the genus Lysobacter for which the name Lysobacter cavernae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Lysobacter cavernae is YIM C01544(T) (= KCTC 42875(T) = DSM 101561(T) = CPCC 100816(T)).

A bacterial strain, designated as THG-SKA3(T), was isolated from field soil of Kyung Hee University, South Korea. Cells of the isolate were observed to be Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and motile by gliding. The strain was found to grow optimally at 28 °C, at pH 7 and in absence of NaCl. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, strain THG-SKA3(T) shared highest sequence similarity with Lysobacter niastensis KACC 11588(T) followed by Lysobacter panacisoli KACC 17502(T), Lysobacter enzymogenes LMG 8762(T) and Lysobacter oryzae KCTC 22249(T). The G+C content of THG-SKA3(T) was determined to be 68.9 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain THG-SKA3(T) and its closest phylogenetic neighbors were below 25.0 %.The major polar lipids of strain THG-SKA3(T) were determined to be diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The predominant respiratory quinone was identified as ubiquinone 8 (Q-8). The major cellular fatty acids were identified as branched chain iso-C15:0, iso-C16:0 and unsaturated iso-C17:1 ω9c. On the basis of polyphasic data presented, it is evident that strain THG-SKA3(T) represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter agri sp. nov. (type strain THG-SKA3(T) = KACC 18283(T) = CSCTCC AB 2015126(T)) is proposed.

Two bacterial strains, designated THG-DN8.7(T) and THG-DN8.3(T), were isolated from the rhizosphere of a strawberry plant in Gyeryong Mountain, South Korea. Cells of both isolates were observed to be Gram-negative, yellow-coloured and rod-shaped. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain THG-DN8.7(T) had highest sequence similarities to Lysobacter yangpyeongensis KACC 11407(T) (97.2 %), Lysobacter niabensis KACC 11587(T) (97.0 %) and Lysobacter oryzae KCTC 22249(T) (96.9 %), while strain THG-DN8.3(T) had closely similarity with L. niabensis KACC 11587(T) (98.1 %), L. oryzae KCTC 22249(T) (97.1 %) and L. yangpyeongensis KACC 11407(T) (96.1 %). DNA-DNA relatedness values between strains THG-DN8.7(T) and THG-DN8.3(T) and their closest phylogenetically neighbours were below 30.0 %, which indicates that strains THG-DN8.7(T) and THG-DN8.3(T) represent distinct species within the genus Lysobacter. Both strains were found to contain iso-C15:0, iso-C16:0 and iso-C17:1 ω9c as predominant fatty acids and ubiquinone-8 as major isoprenoid quinone. The major polar lipids were identified as phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The DNA G+C content of strains THG-DN8.7(T) and THG-DN8.3(T) were determined to be 66.9 and 67.8 mol%, respectively. These data are consistent with the affiliation of the two new species represented by THG-DN8.7(T) and THG-DN8.3(T) to the genus Lysobacter. The names Lysobacter fragariae sp. nov. and Lysobacter rhizosphaerae sp. nov. are proposed for these species with the type strains THG-DN8.7(T) (=KCTC 42236(T) = JCM 30322(T)) and THG-DN8.3(T) (=KCTC 42237(T) = JCM 30321(T)), respectively.

A Gram-stain negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and non-spore-forming bacterium, CC-Bw-6(T) was isolated from chopped tomato stems. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the strain CC-Bw-6(T) showed its affiliation with the genus Lysobacter within the class Gammaproteobacteria. Strain CC-Bw-6(T) was found to be most closely related to Lysobacter panaciterrae KCTC 12601(T) (97.0%) and Lysobacter daecheongensis KCTC 12600(T) (96.8%), and showed lower similarity (<96.5%) to other Lysobacter species. DNA-DNA relatedness between strain CC-Bw-6(T) and L. panaciterrae KCTC 12601(T) was 10.8%, the G+C content of the genomic DNA is 69.9 mol%. Strain CC-Bw-6(T) was determined to possess C(11:0) iso, C(11:0) iso 3OH, C(14:0) iso, C(15:0) anteiso, C(15:1) ω5c, C(16:1) ω5c, C(16:0), C(15:0) iso, C(16:0) iso, C(17:0) iso and C(16:0) 10-methyl/C(17:1) iso ω9c as predominant fatty acids. The major polar lipid profile consists of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and unidentified phospholipids. The predominant polyamine is spermidine, and ubiquinone-8 is the predominant respiratory quinone. Analysis of phenotypic, geno- and phylogenetic characteristics revealed a distinct taxonomic position of strain CC-Bw-6(T) with respect to other Lysobacter species. Based on the phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data presented here, we propose a novel species with the name Lysobacter lycopersici sp. nov. The type strain is CC-Bw-6(T) (=BCRC 80612(T) = JCM 19164(T)).

A Gram-negative and aerobic bacterium, designated YIM 77875(T), was isolated from a geothermal soil sample collected at Rehai National Park, Tengchong, Yunnan Province, south-west China. Bacterial growth occurred from 37 to 65 °C (optimum 50 °C), pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum pH 7.0) and 0-1 % NaCl (w/v). Cells were rod-shaped and colonies were convex, circular, smooth, yellow and non-transparent. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain YIM 77875(T) belongs to the genus Lysobacter. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values between strain YIM 77875(T) and other species of the genus Lysobacter were all below 94.7 %. The polar lipids of strain YIM 77875(T) were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and five unknown phospholipids. The predominant respiratory quinone was Q-8 and the G+C content was 68.8 mol%. Major fatty acids were iso-C(16:0), iso-C(15:0) and iso-C(11:0). On the basis of the morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, as well as genotypic data, strain YIM 77875(T) represents a novel species, Lysobacter thermophilus sp. nov., in the genus Lysobacter. The type strain is YIM 77875(T) (CCTCC AB 2012064(T) = KCTC 32020(T)).

Beneficial bacteria that live on salamander skins have the ability to inhibit pathogenic fungi. Our study aimed to identify the specific chemical agent(s) of this process and asked if any of the antifungal compounds known to operate in analogous plant-bacteria-fungi systems were present. Crude extracts of bacteria isolated from salamander skin were exposed to HPLC, UV-Vis, GC-MS, and HR-MS analyses. These investigations show that 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol is produced by the bacteria isolate Lysobacter gummosus (AB161361), which was found on the red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus. Furthermore, exposure of the amphibian fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (isolate JEL 215), to different concentrations of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol resulted in an IC50 value of 8.73 microM, comparable to crude extract concentrations. This study is the first to show that an epibiotic bacterium on an amphibian species produces a chemical that inhibits pathogenic fungi.