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This book brings together some of the results and ideas produced by a large number of people-colleagues and students with whom I am privileged to work in the laboratory at Rockefeller University. In terms of my personal history I see it as a confluence of creative forces­ persons from whom I have learned. I was instructed in neuroanatomy by Walle J. H. Nauta at M. I. T., and later in a course at Harvard Medical School under the direction of Richard Sidman. At Harvard Medical School, where M. I. T. graduate students were allowed to cross register, the superb neurophysiology course was under the guiding spirit of Stephen Kuffler. Later, I benefited greatly from participating in his summer course in electrophysiological techniques at Woods Hole. Eric Kandel and his colleagues have provided us with the most exciting contemporary approach to the conceptualization and study of cellular mechanisms for behavior. Here at Rockefeller, Carl Pfaffmann and Neal Miller have been leaders in every sense of the word. Not only did they provide me with opportunities to grow to scientific maturity; they also set an example of clear thinking about mechanisms for mammalian behavior patterns. I wrote this book to show how the systematic use of increasingly detailed electrophysiological, neuroanatomical, and neuroendocrine tech­ niques can explain the mechanism for a mammalian behavioral response. The behavior in question happens to be sensitive to steroid hormones and plays a central role in reproduction.

To scientists engaged in research on the cellular mechanisms in the mammalian brain, concepts of'motivation'seem to be a logical neces­ sity, even if they are not fashionable. Immersed in the detailed, time­ consuming research required to deal with mammalian nerve cells, we usually pay scant attention to the more global brain -behavior questions that have arisen from decades of biological and psychological studies. We felt it was time to confront these issues-namely, how far has neuro­ biological investigation come in uncovering mechanisms by which moti­ vational signals influence behavior? At Rockefeller University, we have recently held a course on this subject. We restricted our treatment to those motivational systems most tractable to physiological approaches, and invited scientists skilled in both behavioral issues and physiological techniques to participate. This volume results from that course. The deans and administration at Rockefeller University provided much help in planning the course, and the staff of Springer-Verlag assisted in planning the book. Gabriele Zummer helped organize both the course and the processing of book chapters. They all deserve our thanks. December 1981 Donald W. Pfaff Professor of Neurobiology and Behavior Rockefeller University Contents Part One: Concepts................................... 1 Chapter 1 Donald W. Pfaff Motivational Concepts: Definitions and Distinctions.......... 3 Motivation: A Brief Review of Concepts.......................... 5 Drive.......................................................... 10 Reinforcement, Reward......................................... 13 Incentive...................................................... 16 Arousal....................................................... 17 Emotion....................................................... 18 Motivation Is a Unitary Behavioral Concept with Multiple Neurophysiological Mechanisms................................. 20 References..................................................... 22 Chapter 2 Alan N.