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This volume presents a comprehensive overview of the science and application of the Exposome through seventeen chapters from leaders in the field. At just over ten years since the term was coined by Christopher Wild in 2005, this is the first, field-defining volume to offer a holistic picture of the important and growing field of Exposomics. The term “Exposome” describes the sum of all exposures (not only chemical) that an individual can receive over a lifetime from both exogenous sources (environmental contaminants, food, lifestyle, drugs, air, etc.) and endogenous sources (metabolism, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, chemicals synthesized by the microbiome, etc.). The first section of this book contains chapters that discuss how the Exposome is defined and how the concept fits into the fields of public health and epidemiology. The second section provides an overview of techniques and methods to measure the human Exposome. The third section contains methods and applications for measuring the Exposome through external exposures. Section four provides an overview on statistical and computational techniques- including big data analysis - for characterizing the Exposome. Section five presents a global collection of case studies

This book addresses the application of nanotechnology to cosmetics. Edited by three respected experts in the field, the book begins with a general overview of the science behind cosmetics and skin care today, and of the status quo of nanotechnology in cosmetics. Subsequent chapters provide detailed information on the different nanoparticles currently used in cosmetics; the production and characterization of nanoparticles and nanocosmetics; and regulatory, safety and commercialization aspects. Given its scope, the book offers an indispensable guide for scientists in academia and industry, technicians and students, as well as a useful resource for decision-makers in the field and consumer organizations.Chapter 6 of this book is available open access under a CC BY 4.0 licence at link.springer.com.

This book provides comprehensive coverage of the theoretical developments and technological breakthroughs that have deepened our understanding of environmental pollution and human health, while also promoting a comprehensive strategy to address these problems. The respective chapters highlight groundbreaking concepts fueling the development of environmental chemistry and toxicology; revolutionary analytical and computational approaches providing novel insights into environmental health; and nature-inspired, innovative engineering solutions for tackling complex hazardous exposures. The book also features a forward-looking perspective on emerging environmental issues that call for new research and regulatory paradigms, laying the groundwork for future advances in the broad field of environmental chemistry and toxicology. Written by respected authorities in the field, A New Paradigm for Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology - From Concepts to Insights will offer an invaluable reference guide for concerned researchers and professional practitioners for years to come.

Plant classifications are based on morphological characters and it is difficult, particularly in small plants and grasses, to identify these below generic level on the basis of these characters using a dissecting microscope. Plant species have intra- and inter-specific variation in secondary metabolites which can be utilized as marker compounds for identification and classification of plants. Secondary metabolites are produced as a result of primary metabolism and the production of these compounds not only involves several genes but also it is an energy dependent process. Hence these products cannot be considered as insignificant for the plant and the environment. Modern tools of molecular biology and secondary metabolites present in them can definitively decide about classification of plants. Absence of correct identification of plant is associated to many problems of resource utilization. Due to wide availability of these tools, interest has revived in systematics and correct classification of plants based on these parameters for their sustainable utilization and resource management. The purpose of this book is to assess the potential of phytochemical and molecular tools in the systematic and classification of plants. The topics covered include species concept, barcoding and phylogenetic analysis, chemotaxonomy use of polyketides, carotenes, cuticular wax, volatile oils, biodiversity of corals, metazoans, Ruta and Echinocereus. It provides comprehensive and broad subject-based reviews, useful for students, teachers, researchers, and all others interested in the field. The field has been kept wide and general to accommodate the wide-ranging topics. This book will be useful to agriculturists, chemists, botanists, industrialists, and those involved in planning of crop plants.

This volume offers a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the major surgical procedures performed on elderly patients. With advancing age the conditions that require surgery normally increase in incidence, and today all surgeons around the globe can be considered “geriatric surgeons”. The latest anesthesiological procedures, the technical improvements and an increased medical knowledge of the comorbities impact have brought extraordinary advances in this field, but this should not allow us to forget that a careful assessment of elderly patients is necessary before undertaking surgery, since also the simplest surgical procedures could alter the delicate psychophysical equilibrium of these “frail” patients. Introduced by a demographic panorama and analysis, the book describes the anesthesiological management, the preoperative assessment and preparation, the perioperative care, and hemostasis control connected with the main surgical pathologies: gastrointestinal, endocrine, neoplastic, vascular and hepato-biliary, as well with traumatic and non-traumatic emergencies. It will be an invaluable, easy-to-use resource for clinicians, researchers and trainees alike.

This book presents the latest evidence and guidelines supporting the use of anticoagulant therapy for various clinical scenarios. The field of anticoagulation therapy is evolving rapidly, particularly since the arrival and widespread adoption of direct oral anticoagulants. Organized in two parts, this book reviews the pharmacologic properties of various anticoagulants and details the clinical applications of anticoagulant therapy. Drugs such as warfarin and unfractionated heparin, as well as parenteral and direct oral anticoagulants are discussed in terms of their pharmacokinetics, drug-disease interactions, dosing strategies, and risk considerations. Clinical applications of anticoagulant therapy in disorders such as acute coronary syndromes, atrial fibrillation, and thrombophilia and in special populations such as pregnant women, the elderly, and in the patient with cancer are highlighted. Clinical vignettes, algorithms, clinical pearls, and self-assessment questions are integrated throughout the book. Featuring contributions from authorities in the field, Anticoagulation Therapy is an essential resource for cardiologists, vascular medicine specialists, hematologists, internists, and all other healthcare professionals who prescribe anticoagulants.

Providing anesthesiology for liver surgery and especially liver transplantation is highly complex and requires profound expertise in the physiology and pathophysiology of liver disease. This new edition incorporates the latest information in the field and remains the only available book on the topic. It focuses on the practical aspect of liver anesthesiology and critical care, while providing a comprehensive and in depth summary of the knowledge in this field. Most liver transplant centers now have dedicated teams providing anesthesia care during liver transplantations. In the last years there has been a substantial increase in knowledge and improvement in techniques in anesthesiology and critical care of patients undergoing liver surgery and transplant patients. Liver Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, 2nd Edition includes new chapters on chronic liver failure and hepatic cirrhosis, preoperative risk assessment, evidence in liver anesthesiology, the splanchnic and systemic circulation in liver disease and a special focus on analgesia for liver resection including regional techniques. Written for anesthesiologists and critical care physicians caring for patients undergoing liver surgery and transplantation, this book proves to be an essential companion and review book as the number of liver surgeries with higher complexity continue to increase.

This book, written by leading international experts, deals exclusively with reconstruction techniques for the Nipple-Areolar Complex (NAC). The first chapters present the history of the Nipple-Areolar Complex reconstruction and the anatomy of this part of the body. After discussing the abnormalities of the Nipple-Areolar Complex and how to prevent Nipple-Areolar Complex disorders, the book provides extensive documentation on techniques for correcting nipple hypertrophy, nipple inversion, and for increasing nipple projection. Readers will also find helpful information of malposition and tumors of the Nipple-Areolar Complex, as well as complications that can arise during the various surgical techniques.The book offers an invaluable guide for residents and fellow, practicing and highly experienced plastic surgeons, general surgeons, and those in cosmetic surgical subspecialites.

This text provides a concise yet comprehensive overview of Alagille syndrome. The book reviews the pathophysiology and genetics of the disorder, discusses recent molecular advances and its impact on diagnostics, and describes management challenges and strategies. The text also touches upon future treatment options.Written by experts in the field, Alagille Syndrome: Pathogenesis and Clinical Management is a valuable resource for physicians and researchers dealing with this disorder, one that will help guide patient management and stimulate investigative efforts.

This book is intended to offer a “virtual fellowship” in hip surgery that will give readers the opportunity to join distinguished hip surgeons in the operating room, learning key points and solutions to technical difficulties from the beginning to the end of 100 surgical cases. All of these cases have been carefully selected by renowned orthopaedists who work at the world's top centers and perform surgery based on evidence. To facilitate quick learning, the cases are presented using a uniform template, guiding the reader from clinical evaluation and preoperative planning, through the decision-making process, to the surgical procedure and the final outcome. At the end of each case, the editor invites the surgeon to answer specific questions in order to further elucidate crucial issues with reference to current evidence. The book is divided into four sections: conservative hip surgery, primary hip arthroplasty, complex hip arthroplasty, and revision arthroplasty. It will be of value across the world to specialist hip surgeons and surgeons in training who are interested in hip surgery.

This invaluable resource discusses clinical applications with effects and side-effects of applications of stem cells in liver, lung and heart regeneration. All chapters are contributed by pre-eminent scientists in the field and covers such topics as cell therapy in the treatment of cirrhosis and other liver, heart and lung diseases, characteristics of hepatic progenitor cells, future directions of the discussed therapies and much more. Liver, Lung and Heart Regeneration and the other books in the Stem Cells in Clinical Applications series will be invaluable to scientists, researchers, advanced students and clinicians working in stem cells, regenerative medicine or tissue engineering.

This book provides comprehensive knowledge about thyroid gland and highlights the recent trends in the management of thyroid dysfunctions.Thyroid disorders are amongst the most prevalent of medical conditions possibly after diabetes. The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in adults in the general population ranges from 1 to 10 percent, and is even higher in selected groups. In the United Kingdom, 1–2% of the adult population is found to have thyroid dysfunction. It is interesting to note that thyroxin is the sixth most commonly dispensed drug in Scotland. Virtually all studies report higher prevalence rates for hypothyroidism in women and with advancing age. Abnormal thyroid functions have important public health consequences. Suppressed TSH levels have been associated with decreased bone density and with an increased risk of atrial fibrillation and premature atrial beat. It has been known for decades that overt hypothyroidism contributes to elevated serum cholesterol levels and cardiovascular risk and recent studies suggest this may also be true with subclinical hypothyroidism​.

This book on rheumatology in children is intended to be a handy tool for all professionals interested in this field. It is divided into five sections: General considerations, arthritic problems, connective tissue diseases, systemic vasculitides and finally a section that covers miscellaneous issues such as Immunodeficiencies, bone heath and uveitis.The book has an easy format with each chapter having one or more clinicalvignettes at the start of the chapter. In addition each chapter outlines the learning objectives and key take home messages. At the end of each section a collection of cases to highlight important issues in the clinic are included. The colorful charts, pictures and tables make reading this book an easy task. The authors are leading experts in their fields working at best practices centers globally to provide the reader with state-of-the-art information.

The series Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry presents critical reviews on present and future trends in the research of heterocyclic compounds. Overall the scope is to cover topics dealing with all areas within heterocyclic chemistry, both experimental and theoretical, of interest to the general heterocyclic chemistry community. The series consists of topic related volumes edited by renowned editors with contributions of experts in the field. All chapters from Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry are published Online First with an individual DOI. In references, Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry is abbreviated as Top Heterocycl Chem and cited as a journal.

Biobanking is considered to be one of the ten ideas changing the world with an estimated value of $45 billion by 2025. Despite the challenges, as the climate for innovation in the biobanking industry continues to flourish around the world, it is certain that amazing discoveries will emerge from this large-scale method of preserving and accessing human samples; biobanking is no longer just a place for collecting and storing samples. This book will cover a wide variety of subjects from across the future biobanking spectrum including scientific strategies, personalized medicine, regenerative medicine and stem cell challenges, disease surveillance, population genetics and innovative methods of biobanking.

This book explores the regenerative properties of fetal stem cells, from feto-maternal cell traffic through perinatal stem cells, with a discussion of key topics including stem cell banking, drug screening, in utero stem cell transplantation and ethical considerations. The expertly authored chapters also delve into embryonic, amniotic membrane, and umbilical cord blood stem cells; fetal development models; fetal cell reprogramming; culture methods; disease models; perinatal gene therapy, and more. These chapters are grouped into four sections, each discussing a separate prenatal stem cell population and providing fascinating historical contexts for our knowledge of these systems. Featuring a foreword written by the renowned Dr. Joseph Vacanti of the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Fetal Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine: Principles and Translational Strategies is a welcome and timely contribution to the Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine series. It is essential reading for scientists and researchers, clinicians and residents, and advanced students involved in stem cells, regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and related disciplines such as embryology.

This book contains a selection of articles from The 2016 World Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (WorldCIST'16), held between the 22nd and 24th of March at Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. WorldCIST is a global forum for researchers and practitioners to present and discuss recent results and innovations, current trends, professional experiences and challenges of modern Information Systems and Technologies research, together with their technological development and applications. The main topics covered are: Information and Knowledge Management; Organizational Models and Information Systems; Software and Systems Modeling; Software Systems, Architectures, Applications and Tools; Multimedia Systems and Applications; Computer Networks, Mobility and Pervasive Systems; Intelligent and Decision Support Systems; Big Data Analytics and Applications; Human-Computer Interaction;Health Informatics; Information Technologies in Education; Information Technologies in Radiocommunications.

This book describes the human amniotic membrane from its origin, characterization and medical applications, summarizing all the latest developments and findings related to this tissue with contributions from some of the leading researchers in the field. The book addresses issues for its preservation, separation and identification of amniotic membrane-derived cells, as well as the potential ethical issues involved in their use. The topic of this book is particularly pertinent for clinicians and researchers involved in the research and use of this tissue.

This book offers a comprehensive guide to total knee arthroplasty (TKA) that will assist in achieving excellent outcomes based on a sound understanding and technique. After an introductory section on the native knee that covers the anatomy, physiology, biomechanics, and patterns of disease, all aspects of primary knee arthroplasty are discussed in detail. Individual chapters are devoted to topics such as acute pain management, the role of technological aids, prosthetic kinematics, alignment targets, unicompartmental arthroplasty, patellar resurfacing, outcome measures, and cost-effectiveness. An extensive section explains the causes and management of potential complications, including aseptic failure, infections, and periprosthetic fracture. The surgical techniques appropriate for revision knee arthroplasty are described separately, and guidelines on how to deal with bone loss, instability, and extensor mechanism failure are provided. The authors are all respected experts from the United Kingdom, United States, Australia and Europe.

This book, part of the series Rare Diseases of the Immune System, offers comprehensive, up-to-date coverage of the pathophysiology and management of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Immunologic and genetic aspects are discussed and the pathogenic mechanisms responsible for such phenomena as APS-mediated thrombosis and pregnancy loss/complications are explained. The main clinical manifestations, classification criteria and diagnostic tools are identified, and close attention is paid to the nature of the involvement of various organs or organ systems in APS. Specific chapters describe the treatment of the different symptoms, therapies of value in avoiding recurrences, and innovative treatment approaches. The authors are senior experts in the field who are aided by younger fellows, ensuring that the book is also educationally oriented. This handy volume will be a valuable tool for postgraduates in training and professionals wishing to extend their knowledge of this specific syndrome.

This book provides a comprehensive review of the properties of various stem cell types, the mechanisms of their behaviors and their potential clinical application. Stem cells have a great capacity of self-renewal and differentiation. They represent new paradigms for disease treatment in the field of regenerative medicine since the day they were discovered. As stem cell research is complicated and making progress rapidly, it is important to have expertise in this field to share their views and perspectives. This book provides a wonderful platform for those who are interested in stem cells to learn from and communicate with experts. Particularly, it highlights the roles of stem cell based therapy for a variety of diseases. Furthermore, this book gives a detailed introduction to the great works related to stem cells in China. The readers could gain a profound knowledge of the state-of-art research done by scientists in the field of stem cells. Overall, this book will be a valuable reference resource for both experienced investigators pursuing stem cell research as well as those are just entering into this field.Dr. Robert Chunhua Zhao, a Cheung Kong Professor of Stem Cell Biology, is Professor of Cell Biology at the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China. He is Director of the Center for Tissue Engineering, PUMC and Chief Scientist of the National Basic Research Program of China (“973 Program”). He also serves as Regional Editor of Stem Cells and Development.

This comprehensive volume is one of the first books to offer the reader detailed insight into sources of perinatal stem cells, their biology, and their potential for disease treatment. It examines the research and therapeutic applications of perinatal stem cells including the treatment of renal disease, hematopoietic regeneration, cardiac disease, inflammatory disease, bone regeneration, pulmonary disease, and the treatment of spinal cord injury. Further, the book discusses current progress in the manufacturing, banking and clinical translation of perinatal stem cells. Through this book, readers will gain a thorough understanding of the current pre-clinical and clinical applications of perinatal stem cells as well as the efforts to support the transition of perinatal stem cell therapies from laboratories to clinics.Perinatal Stem Cells contains thirty-two chapters written by internationally recognized leaders in stem cell research. It is organized into four sections covering amniotic fluid stem cells, placental and placental membrane stem cells, umbilical cord stem cells, and clinical translation. This cohesive structure provides an effective framework for detailed insight into this new frontier. Edited by Dr. Anthony Atala, one of the foremost experts in the field, and his co-editor Dr. Sean V. Murphy, this volume is a definitive work for stem cell research and its future implications. It is a key resource for all stem cell researchers, clinicians, and government and industry staff working in this dynamic and exciting field.

Interest in the use of stem cells in aesthetic procedures has been increasing rapidly, reflecting the widespread acknowledgment of the tremendous potential of stem cell fat transfer. This is, however, the first book to be devoted entirely to the subject. The book opens by reviewing the history of the development of pluripotent stem cells and the results of research into the biochemistry and physiology of stem cells. Adipose tissue anatomy and survival are discussed and the wide range of aesthetic procedures involving stem cell fat transfer are then described in detail. These procedures relate to the face, breast, buttocks, legs, hands, penis and Poland syndrome. In addition, potential risks and complications are identified. The book has been written by leading experts and will be an invaluable source of information for students, beginners and experienced surgeons in a range of specialties.

Engineered MSCs from Patient-Specific iPS Cells, by Irina Eberle, Mohsen Moslem, Reinhard Henschler, Tobias Cantz Fate of Intravenously Injected Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Significance for Clinical Application, by Beate Wagner, Reinhard Henschler The Implications of Stem Cell Applications for Diseases of the Respiratory System, by Mei Ling Lim, Philipp Jungebluth, Paolo Macchiarini Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Applications in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, by Birgit Weyand, Peter M. Vogt General Principles for the Regeneration of Bone and Cartilage, by Michael Jagodzinski, C. Haasper Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells Explored in the Dental Field, by K. M. Fawzy El-Sayed, C. Dörfer, F. Fändrich, F. Gieseler, M. H. Moustafa, H. Ungefroren Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy and Lung Diseases, by Khondoker M. Akram, Sohel Samad, Monica Spiteri, Nicholas R. Forsyth Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Cellular Immunotherapeutics in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, by Claudia Papewalis, Daniela Topolar, Barbara Götz, Stefan Schönberger, Dagmar Dilloo New Cell-Based Therapy Paradigm: Induction of Bone Marrow-Derived Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells into Pro-Inflammatory MSC1 and Anti-inflammatory MSC2 Phenotypes, by Aline M. Betancourt Interactions Between Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Dendritic Cells, by Grazia Maria Spaggiari, Lorenzo Moretta MSC and Tumors: Homing, Differentiation, and Secretion Influence Therapeutic Potential, by Naomi D'souza, Jorge Sans Burns, Giulia Grisendi, Olivia Candini, Elena Veronesi, Serena Piccinno, Edwin M. Horwitz, Paolo Paolucci, Pierfranco Conte, Massimo Dominici Sources of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Current and Future Clinical Use, by Michela Pozzobon, Martina Piccoli, Paolo De Coppi Role of the EU Framework in Regulation of Stem Cell-Based Products, by Giovanni Migliaccio, Cristina Pintus

Venöse Thrombosen und Embolien werden über einen praxisorientierten Ansatz mit wissenschaftlichem Anspruch dargestellt. Das Werk enthält eine ausführliche Beschreibung von diagnostischen und therapeutischen Vorgehensweisen mit detaillierten Therapieempfehlungen. Zu den Inhalten gehören Grundlagen (Anatomie, Physiologie, Ätiologie, Epidemiologie, Klassifikation), Pharmakologie, Klinik und Diagnostik der tiefen Venenthrombosen (TVT), Therapie der TVT, Thromboseprophylaxe, Weitere Formen der venösen Thrombosen (einschließlich postthrombotisches Syndrom und Lungenembolie), Organisation und Qualitätsmanagment.

This book represents a major contribution to the emerging science of regenerative medicine using non-fetal sources of stem cells. The Editors, Dr Niranjan Bhattacharya and Professor Phillip Stubblefield, have brought together some of the most pre-eminent scientists working on regenerative medicine to share information on currently ongoing work in this area alongside unpublished observations that will help to shape the contours of future therapies.Regenerative Medicine: Using Non-Fetal Sources of Stem Cells discusses the potential clinical and therapeutic applications using non-fetal stem cells as well as providing instruction on the collection, isolation and characterization of stem cells from various non-fetal sources, such as menstrual blood, adipose tissue, breast milk and uprooted decidual teeth.This book will be an invaluable resource for both active researches and those entering the field. The Editors truly hope that the text will act as a stimulant to professionals and clinical scientists, who may be inspired to further the work of the pioneering scientists who have contributed to this volume.

The book aims to cover basic physiologic functions of melatonin, and its therapeutic applications in humans for a variety of clinically relevant disorders. This book contains chapters on the recent aspects of melatonin physiology, its receptors and their role in mitochondrial function, its immunomodulatory role and importance in seasonal dependent diseases, role in human reproduction, role in sleep, circadian rhythm and sleep disorders, role in neurologic disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease. Additionally, melatonin's therapeutic use in neurobehavioral disorders in children, migraine and tension headache is also covered in this book. Melatonin's antioxidant role in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy and in glaucoma have also been discussed in short chapters. Two major melatonin agonists, ramelteon and agomelatine are discussed extensively on their current clinical application and ongoing research. Two chapters on agomelatonin and its role in mood disorders, particularly depressive disorders, are an important feature of this book. The chapters are written by experts from the global academia recognized for their original research and published work in the field of melatonin science.

The field of Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and hybrids is a vibrant research area. This book runs through all the potential unsteady modelling fidelity ranges, from low-order to LES. The latter is probably the highest fidelity for practical aerospace systems modelling. Cutting edge new frontiers are defined. One example of a pressing environmental concern is noise. For the accurate prediction of this, unsteady modelling is needed. Hence computational aeroacoustics is explored. It is also emerging that there is a critical need for coupled simulations. Hence, this area is also considered and the tensions of utilizing such simulations with the already expensive LES. This work has relevance to the general field of CFD and LES and to a wide variety of non-aerospace aerodynamic systems (e.g. cars, submarines, ships, electronics, buildings). Topics treated include unsteady flow techniques; LES and hybrids; general numerical methods; computational aeroacoustics; computational aeroelasticity; coupled simulations and turbulence and its modelling (LES, RANS, transition, VLES, URANS). The volume concludes by pointing forward to future horizons and in particular the industrial use of LES. The writing style is accessible and useful to both academics and industrial practitioners.From the reviews:'Tucker's volume provides a very welcome, concise discussion of current capabilities for simulating and modellng unsteady aerodynamic flows. It covers the various possible numerical techniques in good, clear detail and presents a very wide range of practical applications; beautifully illustrated in many cases. This book thus provides a valuable text for practicing engineers, a rich source of background information for students and those new to this area of Research & Development, and an excellent state-of-the-art review for others. A great achievement.'Mark Savill FHEA, FRAeS, C.Eng, Professor of Computational Aerodynamics Design & Head of Power & Propulsion Sciences, Department of Power & Propulsion, School of Engineering, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, U.K.'This is a very useful book with a wide coverage of many aspects in unsteady aerodynamics method development and applications for internal and external flows.'L. He, Rolls-Royce/RAEng Chair of Computational Aerothermal Engineering, Oxford University, U.K.'This comprehensive book ranges from classical concepts in both numerical methods and turbulence modelling approaches for the beginner to latest state-of-the-art for the advanced practitioner and constitutes an extremely valuable contribution to the specific Computational Fluid Dynamics literature in Aeronautics. Student and expert alike will benefit greatly by reading it from cover to cover.'Sébastien Deck, Onera, Meudon, France

Bread and leavened bakery products have been essential to human nourishment for millennia. Traditionally, bread production has relied on the use of sourdough as a leavening agent and to impart a characteristic quality to baked goods. In recent years, improved understanding of the biodiversity and microbial ecology of sourdough microbiota, the discovery of new species, the improved management and monitoring of its meta-community and the commercialization of innovative products have vastly expanded the potential of sourdough fermentation for making baked goods. For example, raw materials such as cereals, pseudo-cereals, ancient grains, and gluten-free substrates, as well as a large number of baked good varieties (e.g., typical and industrial breads, sweet baked goods, gluten-free products) may benefit from advances in sourdough fermentation. In addition, biotechnological tools and culture properties have been discovered to improve both the shelf life and the sensory and textural qualities of baked goods, as well as their nutritional and health-promoting properties.Now in its second edition, the Handbook on Sourdough Biotechnology remains the only book dedicated completely to sourdough biotechnology with the contribution of the most experienced researchers from the field. It reviews the history of sourdough and the potential of sourdough fermentation in the production of bread and baked goods. A thorough discussion of the various processing steps includes the chemical properties of the raw matter, the taxonomy, diversity, and metabolic properties of starter yeasts and lactic acid bacteria, and the effects of sourdough fermentation on the shelf life and the sensory, textural, nutritional, and health-promoting properties of baked goods.

Symposion der Gesellschaft für Mineralstoffe und Spurenelemente e.V. an der Universität Hohenheim. Wissenschaftliche Leitung H.-J.Holtmeier, Hohenheim

Endocytosis and vesicular trafficking determine the landscape of the cell's exterior, namely the density of surface molecules, such as receptors for growth factors and cytokines, adhesion molecules like integrins and cadherins, and a plethora of nutrient carriers. Hence, endocytosis is involved in signal transduction, cell adhesion and migration, as well as metabolism. To exploit these fundamental processes, malignancies subtly and multiply manipulate the endocytosis and the subsequent trafficking of protein cargoes. This is achieved by simultaneously altering the cytoskeleton, vesicle budding, cargo sorting and intracellular degradation. By highlighting the underlying molecular processes and concentrating on specific examples, this book reviews the recent emergence of derailed endocytosis and vesicular trafficking as a landmark of cancer. In-depth understanding of this common feature of tumors might lead the way to drug-induced strategies, able to rectify intracellular trafficking in cancer.

A modified Linear Estimation Approach was performed to reconstruct current sources within the heart. Based on MRI data sets the Boundary Element Method was used to create tailored multicompartment models of the human thorax which were used to solve the forward problem of magnetocardiography. The ability of the proposed method was demonstrated for the localization of a single current dipole as an example of a focal source. By means of introducing small shiftings to all reconstruction dipoles during linear estimation solution as well as performing a successive focussing strategy ignoring places without significant electrical activity the method could easily be extended to the reconstruction of real 3D sources. Based on a special minimum-norm solution the source volume can be estimated applying a finite element approximation using cube elements. The size of an extended current source can be estimated by superimposing the reconstructed dipoles to an equivalent dipole and comparing the corresponding volume with the sphere which would be related to the equivalent dipole. The deviation of these volumes can be taken as a criterion for non-dipolarity of sources.

Liver Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine emphasizes all aspects of this broad and important area and is the definitive textbook for anybody involved in the perioperative care of liver patients. The book is divided into three sections: Physiology and Pathophysiology, Anesthesiology, and Critical Care Medicine. The anesthesiology section contains information about liver transplantation and other liver surgeries and provides detailed practical direction and concise background information of all aspects of the anesthetic management of these patients based on the most recent evidence. The critical care section describes basic critical care management as it relates to liver surgical patients and addresses specific postoperative issues relevant for liver resection and liver transplant patients. The book combines practical guidance to the perioperative management with extensive background and clinical evidence to allow the reader gain an in –depth understanding of this complex and fascinating topic.

Many diseases earlier considered to be incurable are now being treated with modern innovations involving fetal tissue transplants and stem cells derived from fetal tissues. Fetal tissues are the richest source of fetal stem cells as well as other varying states of differentiated cells and support or stromal cells. The activity of such stem cells is at their peak provided they are given the correct niche. Stem cells, as we know, are immortal cells with the capacity to regenerate into any kind of differentiated cell as per niche-guidance. As such, fetal tissues have the potential capacity to mend, regenerate and repair damaged cells or tissues in adults, when directly transplanted to the site of injury, or even when transplanted in some other site, because it may have a homing capacity to migrate to the site of the specific injured organ. This is a new area of translational research and needs to be highlighted because of its immense potential. This book will bring together the new work of prominent medical scientists and clinicians who are conducting pioneering research in human fetal tissue transplantation. This will include direct transplant of healthy fetal tissue into mature patients as well as in hosts with genetic diseases. Transplant techniques, donor-host interaction, cell and tissue storage, ethical and legal issues, are some of the many matters which the book will deal with.

It has been a little more than half a century since serious, organized research on hyper­ tension began. Public and even physician interest in the subject remained minimal until the early forties, and even then there were not more than a dozen'fulltime'investigators worldwide. The first organization devoted to communicating regularly the results of hy­ pertension research was created in Cleveland in 1945; it became the Council for High Blood Pressure Research of the American Heart Association in 1949. The early history of hypertension is not a story of progressive achievement. Richard Bright is given great credit, followed by Mahomed, Allbutt, Riva-Rocci, Bergman and Janeway, but it was not until Volhard, Fahr and Allen that some semblance of order emerged. They were followed by a younger, much more vigorous group of investigators who in fact initiated modern research in hypertension. Two more generations have fol­ lowed. In the course of some fifty years, we have seen emerge a magnificent body of evidence that has prescribed good treatment and contributed a considerable understanding of the many complex mechanisms involved in the hypertensions. Treatment is now actively pro­ moted by public health agencies, including the World Health Organization. This is an­ other case of treatment preceding full understanding of the nature of the disease.

Protease inhibitors (PIs) are widely distributed in plants and animals, and have a variety of functions, which include preventing digestion of seeds by insects and modifying blood clotting in animals. After it was noted that synthetic and natural inhibitors suppress two-stage carcinogenesis and breast cancer, extensive work investigating PIs as chemopreventive agents was started. PIs are unique in that they interfere with cancer development in a variety of ways, including suppression of oxygen radicals, oncogenes, and metastases. Epidemiologic evidence supports their prevention of major human cancers in populations that consume foods containing them. Their supervised use in humans is on the threshold of development. The epidemiologic discovery of the importance of lentils and other seeds rich in PIs in preventing many human cancers allowed us to look at the action of PIs as chemopreventive agents, as reviewed in Chapter I (Fontham and Correa). Chapter 2 (Kennedy) discusses the role of natural PIs (e. g., the Bowman-Birk inhibitor) as anticarcinogens and the possible limitations of their use. In Chapter 3 (Kennedy), the transformation of C3HI lOTlh cells caused by carcinogens and promoters is shown to be suppressed by PIs. Bowman (Chapter 4) relates the discovery of inhibitors in soybeans that are distinct from the Kunitz inhibitor, and the occurrence of a similar inhibitor in peanuts and other legumes. Chapter 5 (Birk) is an overview of PIs of plant origin and their role in human nutrition.

Introduction and Perspectives This volume represents the Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Symposium on Drugs of Abuse, Immunomodulation, and AIDS. The meeting was held in Nashville, Tennessee, June 12-14, 1997. In this symposium, as in the past, newer knowledge was reviewed concerning the relationship between the immune and the nervous systems with regard to the effects of drugs of abuse. This symposium focused on the relationship between the immune system and the nervous system with regard to the effects of drugs of abuse and infections such as the immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS. As in the past symposia, presentations fo­ cused on the brain-immune axis from the viewpoint of drugs of abuse rather than from the subject of the brain or immunity alone. The aim of this series of conferences has been to clarify the consequences ofimmunomodulation induced by drugs of abuse on susceptibility and pathogenesis of infectious diseases, both in man and in various animal model systems. Recreational use of drugs of abuse, such as morphine, cocaine, and marijuana, as well as alcohol, by large numbers of individuals in this country and around the world has aroused serious concerns about the consequences of use of such drugs, especially on the normal physiological responses of an individual, including immune mechanisms. It is now widely known that many drugs of abuse, including marijuana, are used by millions ofindi­ viduals in this country and by even more abroad.

Proceedings of a NATO ASI held in Limin Hersonissou, Greece, June 18-27, 1994.

The first edition of this handbook appeared exactly twenty-five years ago. Due to enormous changes in the area of diuretics, the second edition has had to be completely revised. Substantial progress has been made in the functional anatomy of the kidney and in the concepts of how substances and ions are specifically transported across the various nephron segments. No one could have foreseen twenty-five years ago that the late 1980s and the early 1990s have provided us with methodologies to study transport events not only at the single cell level, but even at the level of the single transporter molecule. Many of the transporters for ions and organic substances have been cloned meanwhile by the new methods of molecular biology, and their function can be described more precisely by new transport studies such as the patch-clamp technique. These new insights have also led to a new understanding of how the currently used diuretics act. Just a few months ago, the Na+Cl- co-transporter, which is the target of thiazides, the Na+2CI-K+ co-transporter, which is the target of furosemide, and the amiloride sensitive Na+ channel were cloned. Hence, the targets of diuretics have now been identified at the molecular level. In addition, during the past twenty-five years extensive studies have been performed on the pharmacokinetics of diuretics. We have learned how changes in liver metabolism and altered renal excretion influence the pharmacology of this class of compounds.

This book offers a description of current and recently developed laboratory assays in the field of haemostasis and thrombosis. It is the result of a unique cooperation between experts from more than 60 institutes in 12 European countries, brought together by the ECA T (European Concerted Action on Thrombosis and Disabilities) under the auspices of the Commission of the European Communities in Brussels, Belgium. The ECAT, which was initiated in 1981, designed and performed three prospective clinical studies to establish haemostatic factors as risk indicators of thrombosis. Included were patients with angina pectoris at risk from myocardial infarction, patients undergoing angioplasty at risk from re-stenosis, and patients receiving hip replacement at risk from deep venous thrombosis. Assay procedures were chosen, training courses for technicians held, and essential reagents were supplied from a central source. A quality control assessment scheme served to compare assay results both within and between laboratories. In the angina pectoris study, centres determined most of the assays locally; in the other two studies assays were performed centrally. The need for further quality assessment in Europe Dr J. F. Davidson in Glasgow, led to a separate activity coordinated by including coagulation inhibitors and plasminogen as risk factors for familial venous thrombosis. The Editors hope the ECA T Assay Procedures book will contribute to further harmonization ofhaemostasis assays, and ultimately to their standardization.

A lot of time has been spent trying to convince health care providers and policy makers of the enormous importance of macrovascular disease in persons with type 2 diabetes. In this volume, we present facts that dem­ onstrate how important it is to recognize macrovascular disease in these patients in daily practice. This volume has been compiled to help those already involved in dia­ betes care, to be more involved in cardiovascular risk control, a task that is not easily achieved. The area of cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes is heterogeneous. Trying to characterize it, we can only say: certainly we know more than we do, but for sure we do less than we could. Our challenge is to change this. Nicolae Htmcu Professor N. Hancu was born in Romania in 1940. He studied medicine at the Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, and obtained his speciality in internal medicine in 1970, and in diabetes, nutrition and metabolic disease in 1986. He was appointed Professor and Head of the Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases of the same university in 1993. He has been a full member of the Romanian Academy of Medical Sciences since 1995. Professor Hancu's major interest is related to clinical lipidology, visceral obesity, and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes. He has published over 200 papers and 14 books in this area. He has been invited as Visiting Professor at many universities in Madrid, Valladolid, Barcelona, and Los Angeles.

The acknowledgment that viruses are potent biological factors in driving many cancers have seen a dramatic upsurge in recent years in large part to the success of the human papilloma virus vaccine against invasive cervical carcinomas and followed by the awarding of the noble prize in medicine in 2008 to Dr. Harald zurHausen who identified the link between papilloma virus and cervical cancers. Over the last few years there have been some volumes addressing different aspects of viruses and cancers and to some extent focusing on the DNA viruses, more specifically the human DNA viruses. This proposed volume will attempt to review and address the major gaps in current knowledge in DNA viruses as well as RNA viruses bringing a historical perspective of where studies began to a more recent molecular approach and vaccine successes in tumor viruses. We will also cover other known oncogenic viruses associated cancers in other mammals in addition to humans.

Pathology of the Human Placenta remains the most comprehensive and authoritative text in the field. It provides extensive information on the normal placenta, encompassing physiology, metabolism, and endocrinology, and covers the full range of placental diseases in great detail. Further chapters are devoted to abortions, molar pregnancies, multiple pregnancies, and legal considerations. This sixth edition of the book has been extensively revised and expanded to reflect the most recent progress in the field, and a brand new chapter has been added on artificial reproductive technology. Some 800 illustrations are included, many of them in color. The detailed index has been further improved and tables updated. Pathology of the Human Placenta will be of enormous value to pathologists and obstetrician-gynecologists alike.

Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Targeted Therapy provides a detailed repository of the latest information regarding HCC epidemiology, diagnosis, imaging, pathology, staging, and treatment options. This volume also provides an up-to-date guide for treatment that explores not only traditional treatments, but newer investigational treatment options including, surgical resection, liver transplantation, ablation (radiofrequency, microwave), percutaneous ethanol or acetic acid injection, transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), intra-arterial radiation therapy, and systemic chemotherapy. Heptocellular Carcinoma: Targeted Therapy will be of great value to all health care professionals and trainees worldwide who have an interest in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC, including surgeons, medical oncologists, radiologists, radiation oncologists, and pathologists.