240,421 results on '"History"'
Search Results
52. The Unnamed: Exploring the Erasure of Women from the History of Ghana
- Author
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Akuffo, Aboabea Gertrude
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Women political activists -- Appreciation ,Sex discrimination -- Evaluation ,Social science research ,Autonomy -- Evaluation ,Resistance movements -- History - Abstract
In this paper, I reflect on the contribution of Ghanaian nationalist women towards the independence struggle and post-independence nation building (1950-1970), and their erasure from the mainstream history of Ghana. I rely on the literature on women's political participation in Ghana and the scholarship on memorializing people for meritorious service in Ghana to explore women as victims of historical erasure. I also deploy other sources like the national currencies, commemorative dates, and naming of monuments to highlight the relative weight we attach to women's and men's political contribution to nation building. I argue that despite women's frontal roles, including movement making, organizing prowess, founding parties, leading civil disruptions, and even funding the independence of Ghana, state-led commemorative acts and memorializing practices belie women's effort and historize men as founders of Ghana. Such de-historizing is often endorsed by male-led political regimes. To ameliorate this masculinization of the memorializing concern, the paper proffers guidelines to enable a fairer memorializing practice. This includes acknowledging the gender biases in our memorializing practices, researching the unnamed leading women, making their information mainstream, renaming our already named monuments to include leading women, and embossing their portraits on our national currencies alongside the men., Author(s): Aboabea Gertrude Akuffo [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/052gg0110, grid.4991.5, 0000 0004 1936 8948, Department of Sociology, University of Oxford, , Oxford, UK Introduction The narratives surrounding the struggle for [...] more...
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- 2023
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53. Jeremy D. Popkin, A New World Begins: The History of the French Revolution
- Author
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Rapport, Mike
- Subjects
A New World Begins: The History of the French Revolution (Nonfiction work) -- Popkin, Jeremy D. ,Books -- Book reviews ,Social sciences - Abstract
Author(s): Mike Rapport [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/00vtgdb53, grid.8756.c, 0000 0001 2193 314X, Modern European History, University of Glasgow, , Glasgow, UK In 1783, the seventeen-year-old Jean-Marie Goujon already had [...] more...
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- 2023
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54. Invasion on So Grand a Scale: Darwin, Lyell, and Invasive Species.
- Author
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Anderson EB
- Subjects
- History, 19th Century, Animals, Biology history, Natural History history, Introduced Species history, Biological Evolution, Selection, Genetic
- Abstract
The importance of naturalization-the establishment of species introduced into foreign places-to the early development of Darwin's theory of evolution deserves historical attention. Introduced and invasive European species presented Darwin with interpretive challenges during his service as naturalist on the HMS Beagle. Species naturalization and invasive species strained the geologist Charles Lyell's creationist view of the organic world, a view which Darwin adopted during the voyage of the Beagle but came to question afterward. I suggest that these phenomena primed Darwin to question the "stability of species." I then examine the role of introduced and invasive species in Darwin's early theorizing and negotiation with Lyell's ideas, recorded in his post-voyage "transmutation notebooks." Therein, the subject was an inflection point in his contention with Lyell's views and moreover, his theorizing on invasive species occasioned some of his earliest inklings of natural selection. Finally, I examine how naturalization was crucial to Lyell's own eventual conversion to evolutionism. I conclude with brief reflections on the implications of this narrative for our understanding of Darwin's reasoning, his intellectual relationship to Lyell, and the historical context that shaped his theory., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.) more...
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- 2024
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55. Festschrift for Dr. Jeffrey A. Norton, 12-13 October 2023, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Poultsides GA, Kebebew E, and Hawn MT
- Subjects
- History, 21st Century, Humans, History, 20th Century, United States, Surgical Oncology history
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- 2024
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56. Erwin Deutsch, the Eppinger Clinic and the legacy of the Second Vienna School of Medicine-Continuities of a career.
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Jobst C and Czech H
- Subjects
- Humans, Germany, National Socialism history, Internal Medicine history, Jews history
- Abstract
Erwin Deutsch (1917-1992) was an outstanding representative of Austrian internal medicine after World War II. Little is known about his early biography. Considered a "Jewish half-breed" under Nazi racial laws, he was subjected to harassment during his training. Nevertheless, he can be regarded as scientific heir of Hans Eppinger (1879-1946), who enjoyed a worldwide reputation as internist despite his controversial involvement in medical experiments in the Dachau concentration camp.Already declining after World War I, the Viennese Medical Faculty largely lost its international scientific importance with the expulsion of over half its faculty members from 1938, the end of the Second Vienna School of Medicine. Erwin Deutsch significantly contributed to continuity by vehemently calling for the unity of internal medicine after 1945, as it had been practiced in Vienna since the nineteenth century. Discrimination as a "Jewish half-breed" played a paradoxical role in this context-it delayed the start of his independent academic activity and increased his personal dependence on Eppinger; at the same time it spared him military service and enabled him to start his career after 1945 unaffected by denazification measures.Based on unpublished archival material, interviews with contemporary witnesses, and Deutsch's medical publications, this article is the first to offer an account of his early career, from his graduation in 1940, his time at the Eppinger Clinic, compulsory service in Germany during the war and the beginning of his scientific work to his appointment as Ernst Lauda's successor as director of the 1st Medical Clinic in Vienna., (© 2022. The Author(s).) more...
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- 2024
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57. History of Computing: Software Issues : International Conference on the History of Computing, ICHC 2000 April 5–7, 2000 Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum Paderborn, Germany
- Author
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Ulf Hashagen, Reinhard Keil-Slawik, Arthur L. Norberg, Ulf Hashagen, Reinhard Keil-Slawik, and Arthur L. Norberg
- Subjects
- Software engineering, Computer science
- Abstract
This book reviews the present understanding of the history of software and establishes an agenda for further research. By exploring this current understanding, the authors identify the fundamental elements of software. The problems and questions addressed in the book range from purely technical to societal issues. Thus, the articles presented offer a fresh view of this history with new categories and interrelated themes, comparing and contrasting software with artefacts in other disciplines, so as to ascertain in what ways software is similar to and different from other technologies.This volume is based on the international conference'Mapping the History of Computing: Software Issues', held in April 2000 at the Heinz Nixdorf Museums Forum in Paderborn, Germany. more...
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- 2013
58. History of Cartography : International Symposium of the ICA Commission, 2010
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Elri Liebenberg, Imre Josef Demhardt, Elri Liebenberg, and Imre Josef Demhardt
- Subjects
- Cartography--History--Congresses
- Abstract
This volume comprises the proceedings of the 2010 International Symposium of the ICA Commission on the History of Cartography. The nineteen papers reflect the research interests of the Commission which span the period from the Enlightenment to the evolution of Geographical Information Science. Apart from studies on general cartography, the volume, which reflects some co-operation with the ICA Commission on Maps and Society and the United States Geological Survey (USGS), contains regional studies on cartographic endeavours in Northern America, Brazil, and Southern Africa.The ICA Commission on Maps and Society participated as its field of study often overlaps with that of the ICA Commission on the History of Cartography. The USGS which is the official USA mapping organisation, was invited to emphasise that the ICA Commission on the History of Cartography is not only interested in historical maps, but also has as mandate the research and document the history of Geographical Information Science.The ICA Commission on Maps and Society participated as its field of study often overlaps with that of the ICA Commission on the History of Cartography. The USGS which is the official USA mapping organisation, was invited to emphasise that the ICA Commission on the History of Cartography is not only interested in historical maps, but also has as mandate the research and document the history of Geographical Information Science. more...
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- 2012
59. History and Climate : Memories of the Future?
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Phil D. Jones, A.E.J. Ogilvie, T.D. Davies, K.R. Briffa, Phil D. Jones, A.E.J. Ogilvie, T.D. Davies, and K.R. Briffa
- Subjects
- Atmospheric science, Environment
- Abstract
Most studies of the impacts of climate change consider impacts in the future from anthropogenic climate change. Very few consider what the impacts of past climate change have been. History and Climate: Memories of the Future? contains 13 interdisciplinary chapters which consider impacts of change in different regions of the world, over the last millennium. Initial chapters assess evidence for the changes, while later chapters consider the impacts on agriculture, fisheries, health, and society. The book will be of interest to anyone working in the field of climate change and history. more...
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- 2013
60. Peter Frankopan, The Earth Transformed: An Untold History
- Author
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Brady, Joseph
- Subjects
The Earth Transformed: An Untold History (Nonfiction work) -- Frankopan, Peter ,Books -- Book reviews ,Social sciences - Abstract
Author(s): Joseph Brady [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/05m7pjf47, grid.7886.1, 0000 0001 0768 2743, School of Geography, University College Dublin, , Dublin, Ireland Peter Frankopan, the author of this very substantial [...] more...
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- 2023
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61. History of Computing: Learning From the Past : IFIP WG 9.7 International Conference, HC 2010, Held As Part of WCC 2010, Brisbane, Australia, September 20-23, 2010, Proceedings
- Author
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Arthur Tatnall and Arthur Tatnall
- Subjects
- Information technology--History--Congresses, Management information systems--History--Congr, Information technology--Study and teaching--Co
- Abstract
History of Computing: Learning from the Past Why is the history of computing important? Given that the computer, as we now know it, came into existence less than 70 years ago it might seem a little odd to some people that we are concerned with its history. Isn't history about ‘old things'? Computing, of course, goes back much further than 70 years with many earlier - vices rightly being known as computers, and their history is, of course, important. It is only the history of electronic digital computers that is relatively recent. History is often justified by use of a quote from George Santayana who famously said that: ‘Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it'. It is arguable whether there are particular mistakes in the history of computing that we should avoid in the future, but there is some circularity in this question, as the only way we will know the answer to this is to study our history. This book contains papers on a wide range of topics relating to the history of c- puting, written both by historians and also by those who were involved in creating this history. The papers are the result of an international conference on the History of Computing that was held as a part of the IFIP World Computer Congress in Brisbane in September 2010. more...
- Published
- 2010
62. Solar History : An Introduction
- Author
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Claudio Vita-Finzi and Claudio Vita-Finzi
- Subjects
- Astronomy, Helioseismology, Solar cycle
- Abstract
Beyond the four centuries of sunspot observation and the five decades during which artificial satellites have monitored the Sun – that is to say for 99.99999% of the Sun's existence – our knowledge of solar history depends largely on analogy with kindred main sequence stars, on the outcome of various kinds of modelling, and on indirect measures of solar activity. They include the analysis of lunar rocks and meteorites for evidence of solar flares and other components of the solar cosmic-ray (SCR) flux, and the measurement of cosmogenic isotopes in wood, stratified ice and marine sediments to evaluate changes in the galactic cosmic-ray (GCR) flux and thus infer changes in the sheltering magnetic fields of the solar wind. In addition, shifts in the global atmospheric circulation which appear to result from cyclic fluctuations in solar irradiance have left their mark in river sediments and in the isotopic composition of cave deposits. In this volume the results these sources have already produced have been summarised, paying special attention to those that reflect processes in different parts of the Sun's interior and that display periodicities and trends which may enable us to forecast future large-scale environmental changes. more...
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- 2013
63. History of Polyolefins : The World’s Most Widely Used Polymers
- Author
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F.B. Seymour, Tai Cheng, F.B. Seymour, and Tai Cheng
- Subjects
- Polyolefins--History
- Published
- 2012
64. Endocrine Surgery at the NIH: History and Contributions.
- Author
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Fraker DL
- Subjects
- Humans, United States, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Endocrine Surgical Procedures history, Endocrinology history, National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
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- 2024
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65. Psychological Approach in the Interpretation of 20th Century Kazakh Postmodern Literature.
- Author
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Altynbek A and Mussabekova A
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- Humans, Kazakhstan, History, 20th Century, Literature, Psychoanalysis history
- Abstract
The aim of the study is to analyse contemporary postmodern literary works of Kazakhstan through the conceptual prism of Freudian and Jungian psychoanalysis. To achieve research goals, the following methods were used: axiomatic, content analysis, and comparative. The results of the study determined that contemporary Kazakh writers characterise a large field of motives and ideas that are revealed through text, symbols, and characters. Strong tools for their interpretation were the psychological approaches of Freud and Jung, which are the standards of psychoanalysis and have their own specific features of semantic content. Content analysis of postmodern materials has established that Kazakh stories trace the motives of mythology, religion, relationships and inner spiritual development, which consider the mental differences of the heroes of the storylines. During the psychoanalysis of the works, it was emphasised that postmodernism in the literature of Kazakhstan reflects the rejection of absolute truths, blurring the boundaries between genres, playing with traditional forms and content. Many of the characters in the stories are experiencing an identity crisis, which has been analysed through the Freudian triad and Jung's archetypal images. Kazakh literature, being woven into the cultural and historical heritage of the nation, reflects the features of mentality, socio-cultural transformations, identity and spiritual quest of heroes., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.) more...
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- 2024
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66. Vegetation History
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B. Huntley, T. Webb III, B. Huntley, and T. Webb III
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- Paleobotany
- Abstract
The analysis of vegetation history is one of the prime objectives for vegetation scientists. In order to understand the recent composition of local floras and plant communities a second knowledge of species com position during recent millenia is essential. With the present concern over climate changes, due to human activities, an understanding of past vegeta tion distribution becomes even more important, since the correlation between climate and vegetation can often be used to predict possible impacts to crops and forests. I was very fortunate to receive the help of Drs. Webb and Huntley to compile this volume on vegetation history. They have collated an impres sive set of papers which together give an account of the vegetation history of most of the continents during the late-Tertiary and Quaternery periods. There are, however, gaps in the coverage achieved, most notably Africa, and Asia apart from Japan. The information in this book will nonetheless certainly be used widely by vegetation scientists for the regions covered in the book and much of it has relevance to the areas not explicitly described. The authors of the individual chapters have done their best to cover recent topics of interest as well as established facts. It is intended that a separate volume will be produced in the near future covering the vegetation history of Africa and Asia. I thank the editors of It fits well into the this volume for their commendable achievement. more...
- Published
- 2012
67. In honor of Prof. Dr. José Vassallo, MD, PhD (1957-2024).
- Author
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Assis-Mendonça GR
- Subjects
- History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Hematology history
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- 2024
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68. Species Choice and Model Use: Reviving Research on Human Development.
- Author
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Hopwood N
- Subjects
- Humans, Animals, History, 20th Century, Mice, Embryo Research history, Models, Animal, History, 21st Century, Human Development physiology, Developmental Biology history
- Abstract
While model organisms have had many historians, this article places studies of humans, and particularly our development, in the politics of species choice. Human embryos, investigated directly rather than via animal surrogates, have gone through cycles of attention and neglect. In the past 60 years they moved from the sidelines to center stage. Research was resuscitated in anatomy, launched in reproductive biomedicine, molecular genetics, and stem-cell science, and made attractive in developmental biology. I explain this surge of interest in terms of rivalry with models and reliance on them. The greater involvement of medicine in human reproduction, especially through in vitro fertilization, gave access to fresh sources of material that fed critiques of extrapolation from mice and met demands for clinical relevance or "translation." Yet much of the revival depended on models. Supply infrastructures and digital standards, including biobanks and virtual atlases, emulated community resources for model organisms. Novel culture, imaging, molecular, and postgenomic methods were perfected on less precious samples. Toing and froing from the mouse affirmed the necessity of the exemplary mammal and its insufficiency justified inquiries into humans. Another kind of model-organoids and embryo-like structures derived from stem cells-enabled experiments that encouraged the organization of a new field, human developmental biology. Research on humans has competed with and counted on models., (© 2024. The Author(s).) more...
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- 2024
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69. COVID-19 vaccines: history of the pandemic's great scientific success and flawed policy implementation.
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Prasad V and Haslam A
- Subjects
- Humans, United States, Vaccination Hesitancy, Health Policy, SARS-CoV-2, History, 20th Century, Pandemics prevention & control, History, 21st Century, Vaccination, Immunization Programs, COVID-19 Vaccines, COVID-19 prevention & control, COVID-19 epidemiology
- Abstract
The COVID-19 vaccine has been a miraculous, life-saving advance, offering staggering efficacy in adults, and was developed with astonishing speed. The time from sequencing the virus to authorizing the first COVID-19 vaccine was so brisk even the optimists appear close-minded. Yet, simultaneously, United States' COVID-19 vaccination roll-out and related policies have contained missed opportunities, errors, run counter to evidence-based medicine, and revealed limitations in the judgment of public policymakers. Misplaced utilization, contradictory messaging, and poor deployment in those who would benefit most-the elderly and high-risk-alongside unrealistic messaging, exaggeration, and coercion in those who benefit least-young, healthy Americans-is at the heart. It is important to consider the history of COVID-19 vaccines to identify where we succeeded and where we failed, and the effects that these errors may have more broadly on vaccination hesitancy and routine childhood immunization programs in the decades to come., (© 2024. The Author(s).) more...
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- 2024
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70. Festschrift for Dr. Jeffrey A. Norton.
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Brennan MF
- Subjects
- Humans, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Surgical Oncology history
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- 2024
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71. Obstructive sleep apnea and Huangdi Neijing.
- Author
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Woo BKP
- Subjects
- Humans, Drugs, Chinese Herbal history, China, Medicine, Chinese Traditional history, Sleep Apnea, Obstructive history, Sleep Apnea, Obstructive diagnosis
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- 2024
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72. A Glimpse into Gynecologic Practice During the Islamic Golden Age.
- Author
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Fadel HE and Al-Hendy A
- Subjects
- Humans, Female, History, Medieval, Religion and Medicine, Islam, Gynecology history
- Abstract
The Islamic Golden Age was the time in history from eighth to fourteenth century. This era was marked by expansion of Islamic world to all the Middle East, North Africa, South and East Europe, and Central Asia. The Islamic world was the wealthiest region in the world at that time and that wealth was utilized to promote great flourishing in the arts, philosophy, science, and medicine. The practice of healing was considered the most noble of human undertakings by Islamic scholars. In this era, many great physician-scientists emerged in the Islamic world, albeit several were not Muslims, who examined prior writings, corrected many, and proceeded to produce their own observations and innovations. This article highlights some of the most important contributions to gynecology of some prominent scholars during this shining phase of medical history., (© 2023. The Author(s).) more...
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- 2024
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73. Mira Siegelberg, Statelessness: A Modern History
- Author
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Blitz, Brad K.
- Subjects
Statelessness: A Modern History (Nonfiction work) -- Siegelberg, Mira ,Books -- Book reviews ,Social sciences - Abstract
Author(s): Brad K. Blitz [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.83440.3b, 0000000121901201, Department of Education, Practice and Society, University College London, , London, UK Recovering Ideas of Rights It is difficult to [...] more...
- Published
- 2023
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74. Common soil history is more important than plant history for arbuscular mycorrhizal community assembly in an experimental grassland diversity gradient
- Author
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Albracht, Cynthia, Solbach, M.D., Hennecke, J., Bassi, L., van der Ploeg, G.R., Eisenhauer, N., Weigelt, A., Buscot, Francois, Heintz-Buschart, Anna, Albracht, Cynthia, Solbach, M.D., Hennecke, J., Bassi, L., van der Ploeg, G.R., Eisenhauer, N., Weigelt, A., Buscot, Francois, and Heintz-Buschart, Anna more...
- Abstract
The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning strengthens with ecosystem age. However, the interplay between the plant diversity - ecosystem functioning relationship and Glomeromycotinian arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) community assembly has not yet been scrutinized in this context, despite AMF’s role in plant survival and niche exploration. We study the development of AMF communities by disentangling soil- and plant-driven effects from calendar year effects. Within a long-term grassland biodiversity experiment, the pre-existing plant communities of varying plant diversity were re-established as split plots with combinations of common plant and soil histories: split plots with neither common plant nor soil history, with only soil but no plant history, and with both common plant and soil history. We found that bulk soil AMF communities were primarily shaped by common soil history, and additional common plant history had little effect. Further, the steepness of AMF diversity and plant diversity relationship did not strengthen over time, but AMF community evenness increased with common history. Specialisation of AMF towards plant species was low throughout, giving no indication of AMF communities specialising or diversifying over time. The potential of bulk soil AMF as mediators of variation in plant and microbial biomass over time and hence as drivers of biodiversity and ecosystem relationships was low. Our results suggest that soil processes may be key for the build-up of plant community-specific mycorrhizal communities with likely feedback effects on ecosystem productivity, but the plant-available mycorrhizal pool in bulk soil itself does not explain the strengthening of biodiversity and ecosystem relationships over time. more...
- Published
- 2024
75. Havelock Ellis, Sexology, and Sexual Selection in Post-Darwinian Evolutionary Biology.
- Author
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Alaniz RJ
- Subjects
- History, 19th Century, Humans, Sexual Selection, History, 20th Century, Male, Sexual Behavior history, Female, Biological Evolution, Sexology history
- Abstract
This study situates Henry Havelock Ellis's sexological research within the nineteenth-century evolutionary debates, especially the discussion over sexual selection's applicability to humanity. For example, Ellis's monograph on sexual behavior, Sexual Inversion (1897), treated inborn homosexuality as a natural variation of evolutionary mechanisms. This book was situated within a longer study of human sexuality in relation to evolutionary selection. His later works dealt even more directly with Charles Darwin's concept of selection, such as Sexual Selection in Man (1905). Through Sexual Selection in Man, Ellis asserted that sexual attraction stemmed from a physical cause rather than an innate aesthetic sense. I argue that Ellis's best-known historical publications, including his work on sexual inversion, were intended to intervene in the contemporary evolutionary debates. This analysis also identifies a specific point where evolutionary theory informed the foundation of sexology as a scientific discipline., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.) more...
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- 2024
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76. Developing Sex: From Recremental Semen to Developmental Endocrinology.
- Author
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Janssen DF
- Subjects
- History, 19th Century, Male, Animals, Semen physiology, Sexual Development, Female, Humans, History, 20th Century, Testis physiology, Endocrinology history
- Abstract
During the 1890s, animal development became associated with glandular activity, with profound implications for pediatric nosology and treatment. The significance of this endocrinological turn of developmental physiology and pathophysiology in part hinges on an often-overlooked continuity with ubiquitous early modern medical thought concerning semen as a recrementitious (reabsorbed) nutrient or stimulant. Mid-19th-century interests in adult sexual physiology were increasingly nerve-centered and antihumoral. Scattered empirical, particularly veterinarian, interests in gonadal developmental functions failed to moderate these explanatory trends. While Brown-Séquard's rejuvenation experiments still offered no clear starting point for a developmental endocrinology, in 1892 Gaston Variot and Paul Bezançon more explicitly deduced a testicular developmental endocrinological function from various observations on testicular ectopy and a local form of animal "demi-castration." Ensuing interest in the thyroid, the thymus and in the testicles led to various working conceptions of their respective and putatively reciprocal developmental properties, including the idea of a thyroid-testis axis. From 1896, the pubertal affliction of chlorosis became the subject of multiple opotherapeutic approaches, providing an experimental basis for theories of ovarian internal secretion. Polyglandular therapy, piloted for divergent developmental conditions, remained routine until the 1930s despite the biological inefficacy of many endocrine products., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.) more...
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- 2024
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77. History of Microglia.
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Rezaie P and Hanisch UK
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Central Nervous System cytology, Central Nervous System immunology, Central Nervous System metabolism, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Microglia immunology, Microglia metabolism
- Abstract
The term 'microglia' was first introduced into the scientific literature a century ago. The various eras of microglial research have been defined not only by the number of reports subsequently generated but, more critically, also by the concepts that have shaped our present-day views and understanding of microglia. Key methods, technologies, and models, as well as seminal discoveries made possible through their deployment have enabled breakthroughs, and now pave the way for lines of investigation that could not have been anticipated even a decade ago. Advances in our understanding of the microglial origin, forms, and functions have relied fundamentally on parallel developments in immunology. As the 'neuro-immune' cells of the brain, microglia are now under the spotlight in various disciplines. This chapter surveys the gradual processes and precipitous events that helped form ideas concerning the developmental origin of microglia and their roles in health and disease. It first covers the dawning phase during which the early pioneers of microglial research discovered cellular entities and already assigned functions to them. Following a recess period, the 1960s brought about a renaissance of active interest, with the development of tools and models-and fundamental notions on microglial contributions to central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. These seminal efforts laid the foundation for the awakening of a sweeping research era beginning in the 1980s and spurred on by a blast of immunological discoveries. Finally, this chapter stresses the advancements in molecular, genetic, and imaging approaches to the study of microglia with the turn of the millennium, enabling insights into virtually all facets of microglial physiology. Moving forward, it is clear that the future holds substantial promise for further discoveries. The next epoch in the history of microglial research has just begun., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.) more...
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- 2024
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78. The laywoman church builder Lucrezia Agliarti Vertova (ca 1484-March 24th 1557) had endemic goitre.
- Author
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Bianucci R, Perciaccante A, and Nerlich AG
- Subjects
- Humans, History, 16th Century, Italy epidemiology, Female, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Goiter, Endemic history, Goiter, Endemic prevention & control
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
79. The Schema and Organization of the Cell: An Introduction to Ernst Brücke's Die Elementarorganismen (1861).
- Author
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Liu D
- Subjects
- History, 19th Century, Animals, Cell Biology history
- Abstract
Ernst Brücke's 1861 essay Die Elementarorganismen has often been cited as a watershed in the history of physiology as well as in the history of cell theory. In its time it was widely read as a reform of animal cell theory, shifting the concept of the cell away from Schleiden and Schwann's original cell schema of a membranous vesicle with a nucleus, and towards the protoplasm theory that had developed in botany, centered on the cell's living contents. It was also notorious for its arguments against the necessity of both the nucleus and the cell membrane. An English translation of "The Elementary Organisms" is presented for the first time in this journal issue, with annotations and illustrations, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10739-024-09773-9 . Brücke's essay was not only an intervention into cell theory: historians can read it as a continuation of debates on the nature of the organism and theories of organization, and as an epistemological meditation on the microscope. In addition, although Brücke was known as a founder of the Berlin school of organic physics, "The Elementary Organisms" shows how he combined an avant-garde physicalist physiology with a much older tradition of comparative anatomy and physiology. The following introductory essay will provide a scientific biography of Ernst Brücke up to 1863, with background on debates on biological organization, cell theory, and muscle histology., (© 2024. The Author(s).) more...
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- 2024
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80. The Elementary Organisms.
- Author
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Brücke E and Liu D
- Subjects
- History, 19th Century, Animals, Physiology history
- Abstract
In 1861 the physiologist Ernst Brücke (1819-1892) published "The Elementary Organisms," calling for a major reform of the definition of the animal cell. An English translation of Brücke's essay is presented here for the first time. In this translation the numbered footnotes 1-9 are Brücke's own; alphabetical endnotes A-HH are my own annotations, with additional references to works cited by Brücke. Figures referenced by Brücke but not included in his original essay are also provided. I have also presented an introductory essay to my translation that provides background on Brücke and his arguments: "The Schema and Organization of the Cell," https://doi.org/10.1007/s10739-024-09774-8 , in this same issue of the Journal of the History of Biology., (© 2024. The Author(s).) more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
81. History of Cryptography and Cryptanalysis : Codes, Ciphers, and Their Algorithms
- Author
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John F. Dooley and John F. Dooley
- Subjects
- Computers—History, Cryptography, Data encryption (Computer science), Science—History, Coding theory, Information theory
- Abstract
This textbook presents a fascinating review of cryptography and cryptanalysis, from the earliest known cryptographic systems of 2,500 years ago up to modern computer-based systems. The text relates the earliest use of the monoalphabetic cipher in the ancient world, the development of the “unbreakable” Vigenère cipher, and an account of how cryptology entered the arsenal of military intelligence during the American Revolutionary War. Moving on to the American Civil War, the book explains the solution of the Vigenère ciphers used by the Confederates and the use of telegraph codes, before investigating the development of cipher machines throughout World War I and II, including development of the first digital computer, Colossus. The exposition then explores cryptology in the computer age, from public-key cryptography and web security to criminal cyber-attacks and cyber-warfare. The role of cryptography in the Internet of Things is also discussed, along with the potential impact of quantum computing. Topics and features: Presents a history of cryptology from ancient Rome to the present day, with a focus on cryptology in the 20th and 21st centuries Provides engaging examples illustrating use of cryptographic algorithms in different historical periods Reviews algorithms and devices used to create secret messages, and the various methods for breaking such messages Describes notable contributions to cryptology by Herbert Yardley, William and Elizebeth Smith Friedman, Lester Hill, Agnes Meyer Driscoll, and Claude Shannon Examines unsolved mysteries in cryptology, such as the Voynich Manuscript, the Beale Ciphers, the Kryptos sculpture, and the Zodiac killer ciphers This engaging work is ideal as both a primary text for courses on the history of cryptology, and as a supplementary text for advanced undergraduate courses on cryptology and computer security. No prior background in mathematics is assumed, beyond what would be encountered in an introductory course on discrete mathematics. more...
- Published
- 2024
82. A Global History of Silk : Trade and Production From the 16th to the Mid-20th Century
- Author
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Pierre Vernus, Manuela Martini, Tomoko Hashino, Pierre Vernus, Manuela Martini, and Tomoko Hashino
- Subjects
- Economic history, International trade, Labor, History, International economic integration, Globalization
- Abstract
This book explores the global development of the production and trade of silk and related industries from a historical perspective. From the sixteenth to the twentieth century, it takes long-term movements and global dynamics into account. Covering a wide geographical area, including East-Asia, Northern and Southern Europe, and North-America, the respective contributions examine economic activities related to silk production, silk processing, trading and consumption of silk and silk fabrics, while also highlighting diverse paths of industrialization and economic development. The book is divided into three parts, the first of which features contributions on silk markets and trade, covering topics such as auction sales and Sino-European trade. The second part addresses issues of work organization, institutional developments and the gendered division of labour, discussing topics such as systems of home-based and factory production and the organization of quality control. In turn, the third part highlights technological innovations and knowledge transfer. This book appeals to scholars and students of economic history who are interested in a better understanding of the key features and patterns in the development of the silk industry and trade and, more widely, in the global economic history of the early modern and modern periods. more...
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- 2024
83. "It Has Made Me Think": Engaging the Public with the History of Health in the Modern Irish Prison.
- Author
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Cox C and Wall O
- Subjects
- Humans, Ireland epidemiology, Prisons history, Prisoners psychology
- Abstract
Since the establishment of the modern prison system in the early nineteenth century, prisons and prisoners have been construed as sites of moral, social, and biological contagion. Historic and contemporary studies show that most prisoners experience severe health inequalities, higher rates of addiction and mental health issues, and lower life expectancy than the rest of the population. They also come from deprived social strata. Yet, these aspects of Irish penal history have been largely neglected in academia and popular histories. Our article discusses two public history projects-an art installation, The Trial, and a museum exhibition, Living Inside-that engaged different publics with the long history of health and welfare in Irish prisons. Developed by the research team on the Wellcome Trust Investigator Award "Prisoners, Medical Care and Entitlement to Health in England and Ireland, 1850-2000," based at University College Dublin, the projects adopted different methodologies to engage their audiences and explore the experience and management of health and welfare in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Irish prisons. We further examine the different methodological approaches of each project, their varied aims and audiences, and the impacts reported by audiences and participants. The article also considers some of the challenges of doing this kind of public history, both in terms of working with marginalized communities and presenting research about difficult subjects to various audiences., (© 2022. The Author(s).) more...
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
84. Handbook of Indian History
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Lavanya Vemsani and Lavanya Vemsani
- Subjects
- Asia—History, Social history, Hinduism
- Abstract
This book comprehensively examines the extensive history of India by focusing on the unifying themes of history. The profound analysis of special events and impactful personalities of Indian history form the core of the book. Handbook of Indian History includes articles on cultural, social, and political history of India, topics of religion, philosophy, gender, language and literature, providing a vast array of knowledge on India. The book is divided into three parts. Part one examines the historical developments beginning with the first human settlements to the civilizational foundations of early India until the second century B.C.E. Part two discusses India's political, economic, social, and cultural developments during the First Millennium C.E. expanding beyond India's borders. Chapters in this section address diverse subjects concerning Indian history, including but not limited to communications and networks along with maritime contacts with other parts of Asia, shipping, and international trade. This section also focuses on developments concerning religions such as Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism, examining devotional practice, monasticism, educational, and social developments. Part three explores the themes of colonialism and the progressive colonization of India between the twelfth century and the eighteenth century, followed by its struggles and emergence as an independent nation in the twentieth century. Chapters in this section explore India's independence struggles, colonial legacy, post-independence revivals and revivals drawing upon ancient wisdom of India. The book introduces India from the beginning to the current day, providing depth and breadth of subjects to understand the history of India. The book is beneficial to anyone interested in learning about India, including students, researchers, and general readers. more...
- Published
- 2024
85. Understanding Information History : The Case of America in 1920
- Author
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William Aspray and William Aspray
- Subjects
- Nineteen twenties, Information resources--United States--History--20th century, Information science--Sociological aspects, Information science--United States--History--20th century
- Abstract
Microhistory is a technique that has been used effectively by writers of both fiction and nonfiction. It enables the author to cut through the complexities of large swaths of history by focusing on a particular time and place. Microhistories are particularly useful in historical study when a subfield has recently arisen and there are not yet enough monographic studies from which to draw general patterns. This microhistory focuses on a single year (1920) across the United States, with the goal of understanding the various roles of information in this society. It gives greater emphasis to the informational aspects of traditional historical topics such as farming, government bureaucracy, the Spanish flu pandemic, and Prohibition; and it gives greater attention to information-rich topics such as libraries and museums, schools and colleges, the financial services and office machinery industries, scientific research institutions, and management consultancies. more...
- Published
- 2024
86. Life-history traits and density dependence in metapopulations of a tropical moss: a monoicous species that is almost dioicous.
- Author
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Dos Santos WL, Bordin J, Pôrto KC, and Pinheiro F
- Subjects
- Female, Male, Humans, Reproduction, Ecosystem, Reproduction, Asexual, Life History Traits
- Abstract
Life-history traits, such as reproductive allocation, sexual expression, sex ratio, and reproductive success, are central aspects of a species' ecology and evolution. For example, bias in male and female sex expression may play a large role in determining the viability of populations in the face of environmental pressures, such as population fragmentation, climate change and habitat occupancy. Thus, in this study, we investigated reproductive traits in 10 meta-populations of Fissidens flaccidus Mitt. From each meta-population, 30 patches were randomly selected, and 1 cm
2 samples were collected form each patch. A total of 20,173 ramets were analyzed and classified into male, non-sporophytic female, sporophytic female, and non-sex expressing. In addition, population density in each patch was quantified. Our results showed that relative reproductive allocation in perigonia and sporophytes is greater than perichaetia. Trade-off between sexual relative reproductive allocation and asexual gemma production was observed, suggesting an important role of female ramets in asexual reproduction. The number of male ramets does not influence the reproductive success observed in each patch, and ramet density may induce male sex expression. Thus, we concluded that reproductive allocation in male function is efficient, since fewer male ramets can assure a considerable reproductive success. Furthermore, our results suggest that there may be a habitat preference between the sexes, since male ramets are found in patches with high density and mostly below female ramets, suggesting an avoidance of direct sunlight by male ramets., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.) more...- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
87. Richard Bourke and Quentin Skinner (editors), History in the Humanities and Social Sciences
- Author
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Collins, Jeffrey
- Subjects
History in the Humanities and Social Sciences (Nonfiction work) -- Bourke, Richard -- Skinner, Quentin ,Books -- Book reviews ,Social sciences - Abstract
Author(s): Jeffrey Collins [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.410356.5, 0000 0004 1936 8331, Queen's University, , Kingston, Ontario, Canada For a historian, reading the new collection History in the Humanities and [...] more...
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
88. Moral Psychology in History: From the Ancient to Early Modern Period
- Author
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Virpi Mäkinen, Simo Knuuttila, Virpi Mäkinen, and Simo Knuuttila
- Subjects
- Philosophy—History, Ethics, Philosophy, Medieval, Islam—Study and teaching
- Abstract
This book provides a comprehensive study of major issues of moral psychology throughout history, from ancient to early modern philosophy. The volume focuses primarily on the Western history of philosophy but also deals with Jewish and Islamic heritage. The Introduction chapter lays out the historical background in broad strokes, giving the reader the “lay of the land” when it comes to the terms of analysis and their overall development within the Western tradition of moral psychology. The book continues by studying and analyzing moral anthropology, moral agency and motivation, virtues and social and political commitments, taking a thematic approach in a specific time-period and focus on the most unique and/or fruitful discussions about a particular historically situated discussion when it comes to thinking about questions and/or ‘problems'in the field of moral psychology. Aimed at both a layman and academic audience, this book is of great interest to a broad readership. more...
- Published
- 2024
89. Editorial.
- Author
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Rasmussen N and Smocovitis VB
- Subjects
- History, 20th Century, Periodicals as Topic history, History, 21st Century, Biology history
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
90. Exploring the significant problems confronting secondary schools history education: a baseline study
- Author
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Fekede Sileshi Fufa, Abera Husen Tulu, and Ketebo Abdiyo Ensene
- Subjects
Academic achievement ,Curriculum ,Participatory teaching ,Teaching strategies ,Traditional teaching ,Education - Abstract
Abstract The purpose of this baseline study is to determine the significant problems confronting history education in secondary school. The researchers employed qualitative research methods and case study design. The techniques that were employed to acquire credible data were document analysis, interviews, and classroom observation. Six experienced history education teachers and eight top-ten students from Sebeta town public secondary school were interviewed, and academic achievement statistics of 174 students in history education were analyzed. In addition eight lesson observations were carried out to validate the information gleaned from the interviews and document analysis. The study's findings show that the primary challenges influencing history education in Sebeta town public secondary schools were teaching strategy, a lack of awareness about implementing participatory teaching methods, a lack of comprehensiveness of the contents of history education teaching materials, and the issue of the bulkiness and scope of history education texts being covered on time. The findings also indicate the significance of training history education teachers to use participatory teaching tactics, as well as the need for curriculum experts to better coordinate the range of history education content and teaching strategies. The findings of this study will help teachers, practitioners, scholars, policymakers, and educational professionals find solutions to significant problems in secondary school history education, as well as develop effective techniques for teaching history education in secondary schools that involve twenty-first century skills and abilities. more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
91. The History of Chinese Civilization
- Author
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Xianqun Bu and Xianqun Bu
- Subjects
- China—History, Civilization—History, Culture—Study and teaching
- Abstract
This book tracks the entire history of Chinese civilization from a broad historical view. Its narrative spans a long period between primitive society and contemporary civilization, which makes it a unique academic works.From an academic point of view, this book is accurate in history and combines historical theories. Although brief, it captures the main thrust of the development of Chinese civilization and achieves a broad outline. Important figures, historical events, and achievements of civilization in all times are involved and discussed.From a theoretical point of view, based on the characteristics of early Chinese civilization, the book discusses the connotation of key concepts such as'civilization'and'Chinese civilization', which have certain theoretical value.From a contemporary and practical perspective, the book helps readers understand the history of Chinese civilization and promotes cultural exchanges between China and the world and leads to a better understanding of today's China. more...
- Published
- 2023
92. Richard Bourke and Quentin Skinner (editors), History in the Humanities and Social Sciences
- Author
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Wallach, John R.
- Subjects
History in the Humanities and Social Sciences (Nonfiction work) -- Bourke, Richard -- Skinner, Quentin ,Books -- Book reviews ,Social sciences - Abstract
Author(s): John R. Wallach [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.253482.a, 0000 0001 0170 7903, Hunter College and The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, , New York City, [...]
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- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
93. Richard Bourke and Quentin Skinner (editors), History in the Humanities and Social Sciences
- Author
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O'Connor, Brian
- Subjects
History in the Humanities and Social Sciences (Nonfiction work) -- Bourke, Richard -- Skinner, Quentin -- Rorty, Richard -- Schneewind, J.B. ,Books -- Book reviews ,Social sciences - Abstract
Author(s): Brian O'Connor [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.7886.1, 0000 0001 0768 2743, University College Dublin, , Dublin, Ireland Philosophy and Historical Consciousness: The Case Renewed In 1984, the book Philosophy [...] more...
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
94. History of Mathematics : A Supplement
- Author
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Craig Smorynski and Craig Smorynski
- Subjects
- Mathematics--History
- Abstract
1 An Initial Assignment I haven't taught the history of mathematics that often, but I do rather like the course. The chief drawbacks to teaching it are that i. it is a lot more work than teaching a regular mathematics course, and ii. in American colleges at least, the students taking the course are not mathematics majors but e- cation majors— and and in the past I had found education majors to be somewhat weak and unmotivated. The last time I taught the course, however, themajorityofthestudentsweregraduateeducationstudentsworkingtoward their master's degrees. I decided to challenge them right from the start: 1 Assignment. In An Outline of Set Theory, James Henle wrote about mat- matics: Every now and then it must pause to organize and re?ect on what it is and where it comes from. This happened in the sixth century B. C. when Euclid thought he had derived most of the mathematical results known at the time from?ve postulates. Do a little research to?nd as many errors as possible in the second sentence and write a short essay on them. Theresponsesfarexceededmyexpectations. Tobesure,someoftheund- graduates found the assignment unclear: I did not say how many errors they 2 were supposed to?nd. But many of the students put their hearts and souls 1 MyapologiestoProf. Henle,atwhoseexpenseIpreviouslyhadalittlefunonthis matter. I used it again not because of any animosity I hold for him, but because I was familiar with it and, dealing with Euclid, it seemed appropriate for the start of my course. more...
- Published
- 2007
95. Richard Davenport-Hines, History in the House: Some Remarkable Dons and the Teaching of Politics, Character, and Statecraft
- Author
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Collini, Stefan
- Subjects
History in the House: Some Remarkable Dons and the Teaching of Politics, Character, and Statecraft (Nonfiction work) -- Davenport-Hines, Richard ,Books -- Book reviews ,Social sciences - Abstract
Author(s): Stefan Collini [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/013meh722, grid.5335.0, 0000 0001 2188 5934, University of Cambridge, , Cambridge, UK Christ Church is the largest and wealthiest of the colleges that [...] more...
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
96. Studying Regeneration Through History as a Way of Looking Forward.
- Author
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MacCord K and Maienschein J
- Subjects
- History, 20th Century, History, 19th Century, Animals, History, 21st Century, Regeneration
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
97. "At a Glance:" The Role of Diagrammatic Representations in Eugenics Appropriations of the "Infamous Juke Family".
- Author
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Ceccon A
- Subjects
- History, 20th Century, Humans, History, 19th Century, United States, Pedigree, Heredity, Eugenics history
- Abstract
The case of the Juke family is one of the most notable episodes of the history of eugenics in the USA. The Jukes were initially brought to the fore in the 1870s by a famous investigation that aimed at estimating the interplay of heredity and environment in determining the problems of poverty and crime. This inquiry triggered a harsh confrontation between two polar interpretations of the study, an "environmentalist" one and a "hereditarian" one. It was with the later reassessment of the case made by the Eugenics American Office (ERO) in the 1910s that the controversy was considered closed with the victory of the eugenicists' hereditarian stance. As a result, the family was made a living proof of the alleged hereditary nature of crime and pauperism and a case study in support of the eugenicists' plea for the sterilization of people deemed the bearers of hereditary defectiveness. In this article, I explore the role played by pedigrees and other diagrammatic representations in the eugenicists' appropriation of the meaning of the case of the Juke family and the role played by this appropriation in asserting the superiority of the ERO's method of work over rival approaches., (© 2024. The Author(s).) more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
98. "Resistance leads to self-destruction": how an (a)political strategy helped Karl von Frisch succeed during the Nazi era.
- Author
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Zupanc GKH and Wanninger S
- Subjects
- Humans, Male, History, 20th Century, National Socialism history, Zoology history
- Abstract
Karl von Frisch, one of the leading zoologists of the twentieth century and co-founder of the Journal of Comparative Physiology A, has been frequently portrayed as an opponent of the Nazi regime because he, as a 'quarter-Jew,' faced the threat of forced retirement from his position as a professor at the University of Munich during the Third Reich. However, doubts about an active opposition role have surfaced in recent years. A litmus test for assessing the validity of this notion is provided by our discovery that four of the six core members of the anti-Nazi resistance group 'White Rose'-Sophie Scholl, Hans Scholl, Christoph Probst, and Alexander Schmorell-were his students. When they were arrested, sentenced to death, and executed, he seemed to ignore this historic event, both during and after World War II-in line with his belief that resistance leads to self-destruction, and research can flourish only by ignoring what happens around oneself. On the other hand, this seemingly apolitical attitude did not prevent him from making use of politics when it served his interests. Such actions included his (pseudo-)scientific justification of forced sterilization of people suffering from hereditary disorders during the Third Reich and his praise of the Nazi government's efforts to "keep races pure." As unsettling as these and some other political views and actions of Karl von Frisch are, they enabled him to carry out several critical pieces of his research agenda during the Third Reich, which three decades later earned him a Nobel Prize., (© 2024. The Author(s).) more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
99. Ruth Beutler: the woman behind Karl von Frisch.
- Author
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Zupanc GKH
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, History, 20th Century, Physiology history, Zoology history
- Abstract
The Journal of Comparative Physiology A was founded in 1924 as the Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie by Karl von Frisch and Alfred Kühn. Given the marginalization of women in science at that time, it is remarkable that the first article in the Journal was authored by a female scientist, Ruth Beutler. Throughout her scientific career, she was affiliated with the Zoological Institute of the University of Munich, which, under the leadership of von Frisch, evolved into a world-class academic institution. Despite chronic health problems, Beutler was one of the first women who succeeded in obtaining the Habilitation as qualification for appointment to a professorial position. She was also one of the first scientists who applied methods from physiological chemistry to the study of zoological phenomena. Yet, for many years she was employed as a technician only, and she was never appointed to an Ordinarius (tenured full professorship) position. Her most important contributions to comparative physiology outside her own area of research were her support for, and protection of, Karl von Frisch, particularly during the Nazi era when he, as a 'quarter-Jew,' faced imminent threat of forced retirement; and after World War II, when her efforts as interim Ordinarius were instrumental in re-building the bombed-out Zoological Institute to persuade Karl von Frisch to return to Munich. It was also one of her observations that prompted him to revisit, and revise, his earlier (incorrect) model of how honeybees communicate, through their dances, the direction and distances of food sources from the hive., (© 2023. The Author(s).) more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
100. An Online Survey of Australian Medical Students' Perspectives on Spiritual History Taking and Spiritual Care.
- Author
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Wenham J, Best M, and Kissane DW
- Subjects
- Humans, Australia, Spirituality, Curriculum, Medical History Taking, Students, Medical, Spiritual Therapies
- Abstract
It is reported that little spiritual care communication skills training occurs in Australian medical schools. This survey explored the experience of final year students in this domain in order to inform the construction of a new curriculum. Medical students in their final year at four Australian medical schools were invited to participate in an online survey, which included questions about demographic details, exposure to spiritual history taking, perceived learning needs, and the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-being 12 item Non-Illness score. Two-hundred and sixty students from a cohort of 766 responded (34%). One in nine students had witnessed spiritual history taking, and one in ten students had been given the opportunity to do so. Barriers and enablers were identified. Two-thirds of the students reported no recollection of any training in spiritual care. When it did occur, it was limited in scope and structure. Final year medical students recognise that spiritual care deserves a place in the modern, broad-based medical school curriculum. This supports the argument for inclusion of spiritual care training as part of all medical student curricula in Australia., (© 2023. The Author(s).) more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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