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Abstract Renewable materials and material circularity are key priorities for the coming decades. While paper is the most utilized material in the packaging sector, its applications in food packaging are limited due to low barrier properties. Coating it with petroleum-based polymer barrier coatings renders it unrecyclable both mechanically and biologically. Bio-coated paper packaging, made from agricultural waste or by-products, presents environmentally favorable solutions that can benefit the biological cycle of the circular economy. The main objective of this study is to assess the applicability of grain and beer production by-products in wood pulp food packaging materials. It examines the effects of different grain by-products (industrial wheat grain processing residues and wheat bran) particles and concentrations (15 wt% and 40 wt%), as well as the impact of brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) at a concentration of 10 wt%, on the physical–mechanical and barrier properties of Northern bleached softwood kraft (NBSK) and chemithermomechanical (CTMP) pulps. Material composites were fabricated using a standard sheet forming method. Physical–mechanical properties were analyzed through tensile strength, strain at break, tear resistance, and bending stiffness tests. Barrier-related properties were analyzed through roughness, air permeance, and water contact angle tests. Results revealed that the vast majority of physical–mechanical properties decreased with the increase of both types of grain production fillers. Industrial wheat grain processing residues had a lower impact on physical–mechanical properties than wheat bran filler. A higher percentage of property decrease was absorbed in NBSK pulp than in CTMP. Roughness of CTMP can be improved by adding both industrial wheat grain processing residues and wheat bran. Wheat bran particles can increase hydrophobicity. CTMP pulp strength properties can be increased with the addition of yeast; however, the yeast additive’s effect on air permeance demonstrated a negative impact. In the case of NBSK pulp, which has higher primary strength properties, the addition of yeast does not make any significant changes. The conducted experiments demonstrated that, overall, the addition of these fillers resulted in a decline in physical–mechanical properties such as tensile strength, strain at break, tear resistance, and bending stiffness. This decline was more pronounced with higher concentrations of fillers. In the case of CTMP pulp, both types of fillers exhibited similar trends in affecting properties, whereas for NBSK pulp, wheat bran had a more significant impact compared to wheat grain processing residues. The addition of yeast generally led to a reduction in physical–mechanical properties, particularly in tensile strength and tear resistance. However, samples containing yeast displayed increased flexibility compared to controls. The influence on barrier properties varied: while yeast increased air permeability, it also enhanced surface hydrophobicity, thereby reducing the paper’s receptivity to liquids.

Abstract Large language models (LLMs) are an exciting breakthrough in the rapidly growing field of artificial intelligence (AI), offering unparalleled potential in a variety of application domains such as finance, business, healthcare, cybersecurity, and so on. However, concerns regarding their trustworthiness and ethical implications have become increasingly prominent as these models are considered black-box and continue to progress. This position paper explores the potentiality of LLM from diverse perspectives as well as the associated risk factors with awareness. Towards this, we highlight not only the technical challenges but also the ethical implications and societal impacts associated with LLM deployment emphasizing fairness, transparency, explainability, trust and accountability. We conclude this paper by summarizing potential research scopes with direction. Overall, the purpose of this position paper is to contribute to the ongoing discussion of LLM potentiality and awareness from the perspective of trustworthiness and responsibility in AI.

Abstract Autistic individuals often experience a wide range of barriers and challenges with employment across their lifetime. Despite their strengths and abilities to contribute to the workforce, many individuals experience unemployment, underemployment and malemployment. However, current supports and services are often inadequate to meet their needs. To allow autistic people to achieve vocational success, we explore four contributors to employment and expand upon the issues and potential solutions to each. These positions include the importance of family support and its consideration in the application of vocational support interventions, addressing transitional needs for autistic youth, building employer capacity, and conducting research that advises the development of meaningful programs and policies. By advocating for these positions, we aim to foster greater inclusivity and support for individuals with ASD in the workplace.

Abstract Students often recruit digital devices to complete their classroom activities. To determine best practices for the classroom, the present study explored the use of tablets relative to laptops and paper in the understudied context of brief, in-person, small group academic tasks. One-hundred twenty small groups of two to three undergraduate students were randomly assigned to one device (paper, laptop, or tablet) and one set-up (a single shared device or multiple individual devices) in a 3 × 2 between-subjects design. Data were collected in 2019 –2021. Students completed one group task that culminated in a knowledge quiz and a second group task that culminated in writing their own quiz together. They then individually rated group members as well as reported their perceptions of satisfaction, effort, and difficulty. Open-ended questions further assessed their perceptions of technology and the three devices in question. Results showed equivalency in group outcomes and individual perceptions across devices and set-ups, with very few exceptions. Quantitative and qualitative data supported that students found advantages and drawbacks to each device and believed that all were effective tools in such a context. Educators must consider the affordances of different technologies when encouraging their use in the classroom but should be open to students using their device of choice for groupwork.

Abstract Background of this research is suspension packaging: fragile goods are attached to a panel of cardboard by wrapping it in stretch film. The panel is then appropriately folded, and the whole thing is placed in a cardboard box of corresponding dimensions. The primary objective of this study is to identify paper types that might be used in future as a more sustainable alternative for stretch wrap film. The experimental methods that are utilized are basically variants of mechanical pulling tests on paper samples. Sample preparation and sample size are adopted from international standards, but displacement control is adopted to detect relevant stretchability properties. Some kraft papers show a high ultimate tensile stress and a moderate stretchability, mainly permanent stretch as expected. Although the ultimate tensile stress of paper from recycled fibers is lower, some of these paper grades show a considerable higher stretchability including a higher elastic stretch. It is concluded that both kraft paper and paper grades from recycled fibers may be applicable as a wrapping material for suspension packaging. Further experimental research is needed to identify appropriate wrapping parameters for each paper type.

Abstract This paper explores the potential for a system to be a co-author on an academic paper based on the criteria proposed by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). We used a third generation generative pretrained transformer (GPT-3) to write a review paper on the topic of its choice: The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Cognitive Function. The system was asked to fulfill the four main criteria for co-authorship as recommended by ICMJE, which includes contributions to the conception or design of the work; drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; final approval of the version to be published; and agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work. Our results showed that the system was able to fulfill the criteria, with significant difficulties with accurate and reliable referencing. We also explored the ethical implications of using AI systems for research and found that it is important to take a cautious approach when considering its use for scientific authorship. This case study provides a methodology for further investigations into the possibilities and limitations of automated writing.

The aim of this study is to employ a response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize experimental parameters in microfluidic paper-based analytical devices ([micro]-PADs). The independent parameters include concentrations and volumes of acetylcholinesterase, acetylthiocholine iodide, and 5,5-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid). Their effect on mean color intensity was tested and optimized. From the analysis of variance, high regression and fitting values were obtained between the experimental and RSM predicted mean color intensity. Under optimum conditions, satisfactory linearity (R.sup.2 > 0.9990) in the range of 0.25-16 mg/L was obtained for the studied pesticides. The limit of detection (LOD) varies from 0.13 to 0.27 mg/L; high precision (RSD of 3.8-8.0%), reproducibility (RSD of 7.2-11.0%), and recovery (78-97%) were achieved. The RSM approach has been demonstrated to be more efficient than the traditional approach. It resulted in a [micro]-PAD system with less amount of reagent usage and better LOD compared with a univariate approach., Author(s): Sheleme Beshana [sup.1] , Ahmed Hussen [sup.1] , Seyoum Leta [sup.1] , Takashi Kaneta [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.7123.7, 0000 0001 1250 5688, Center for Environmental Science, College of [...]

Article highlights Automated control system for paper production has been developed, which has increased the accuracy and stability of regulating the weight of paper web. Fiber consumption rates decreased by 2%. The standard deviation of the weight of the paper web decreased by 1.5-2%.

Abstract Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are devices capable of effectively harvesting electrical energy from mechanical motion prevalent around us. With the goal of developing TENGs with a small environmental footprint, herein we present the potential of using rubber and paper as biological materials for constructing triboelectric nanogenerators. We explored the performance of these TENGs with various contact material combinations, electrode sizes, and operational frequencies. The optimally configured TENG achieved a maximum open circuit output voltage of over 30 V, and a short circuit current of around 3 µA. Additionally, this optimally configured TENG was capable of charging various capacitors and achieved a maximum power output density of 21 mW/m 2 . This work demonstrates that biologically derived materials can be used as effective, sustainable, and low-cost contact materials for the development of triboelectric nanogenerators with minimal environmental footprint.

A test device based on cellulose paper is proposed for the identification and classification of natural mineral waters. It contains indicator zones for determining total hardness, alkalinity, and pH of water, and also concentrations of chlorides and sulfates. The colorimetric parameters of the indicator zones of the test device after its contact with test water are determined using a smartphone. The analytical signal (A.sub.r) is presented by the values of the colorimetric parameters of each indicator zone in the RGB system: [Formula omitted] The data array is processed by principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis using the XLSTAT software. The identification and classification of 33 na-tural mineral waters (eight of which were carbonated) was performed., Author(s): V. G. Amelin [sup.1], Z. A. Ch. Shogah [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.171855.f, 0000 0000 9825 6119, Vladimir State University, , 600000, Vladimir, Russia Digital colorimetry is increasingly used [...]

Technopoiesis was previously identified as the juvenile phase of expression of a technique that spontaneously evolves towards technopraxis as soon as the perspectives of practical use of the end-products overcome the cosmological resonance of the process itself. This view is re-examined considering the data and analyses exposed in 'Refining technopoiesis: Measures and Measuring Thinking in Ancient China,' in which a coexistence of the technopoiesis and technopraxis approaches of technics is suggested., Author(s): Nissim Amzallag [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.7489.2, 0000 0004 1937 0511, Department of Bible, Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern Studies, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, , Beer Sheba, Israel [...]

A simple and an available method is proposed for the determination of quinolone antibiotics using solid-phase fluorescence digital colorimetry. The intrinsic fluorescence of 17 quinolones and the quinolone-sensitizedfluorescence of europium on cellulose paper (CP) and a thin silica layer are studied. Upon the irradiation of quinolone solutions applied to a matrix with ultraviolet light (365 nm), blue (CP, high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)) and pink (CP-Eu, HPTLC-Eu) fluorescence is observed. Measurement of the fluorescence intensity on the surface of matrices is carried out using a smartphone. The values of colorimetric parameters in the RGB system are used as the analytical signal (A.sub.r): A.sub.r = [Formula omitted] The limits of detection and determination are 0.2-4 and 0.6-12 [micro]g/mL, respectively, for all analyzed analytes. The analytical ranges are 0.6-500 [micro]g/mL. A procedure for the determination of fluoroquinolones in medicinal preparations is proposed. The relative standard deviation of the results of analysis does not exceed 5%., Author(s): V. G. Amelin [sup.1] [sup.2], Z. A. Ch. Shogah [sup.1], D. S. Bol'shakov [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.171855.f, 0000 0000 9825 6119, Vladimir State University, , 600000, Vladimir, Russia [...]

Abstract The construction and present condition of Picasso’s Bottle of Vieux Marc, Glass, Guitar and Newspaper 1913, in the Tate collection since 1961, are described. Technical examination, materials analysis and microfading have been carried out on both the support and the collage elements, which include handmade paper, two elements made from broderie anglaise pattern pieces ironed onto paper, damaged water-resistant flock wallpaper and old newsprint. These indicate that the collage is not poorly constructed, but is sensitive to light as was expected, especially the support, pattern pieces and wallpaper. Based on the microfading, the current display recommendation for light exposure is 12 months in 4 years, which is half the exposure recommended for typical works on paper at Tate, at 50–80 lx without ultraviolet light.

Abstract The dry strength properties of hot-pressed moist paper improved as stiff high-yield pulp fibers soften and the sheet density increased. Very high wet strength was also achieved without adding strengthening agents. This research focuses on a new hot-pressing methodology based on a steel belt-based pilot cylinder press with infrared heating. The heated steel belt transports the moist paper into the cylinder nip with two adjacent steel rollers with adjustable nip pressure. The temperature ranges up to 300 °C, maximum speed is 5 m/min, maximum pulling force from the steel belt is 70 kN and the line load in the two press nips is 15 kN/m each. High peak pressures are possible due to the hard press nip between steel rolls and steel belt, allowing a good heat transfer to the paper. The long dwell time allows strained drying of the paper which results to high density and high wet strength. Paper samples from high-yield pulps were tested at different nip pressures, temperatures and machine speeds while the dry content was kept constant at about 63%. High nip pressure showed the largest effect on densification and dry strength. While high temperature and long dwell time seem to be most important in achieving high wet strength.

Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy is one of the preferred techniques for the analysis of forensic samples. However, the potential of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy for the classification of papers has not been established and remains unclear. In this work, a total of 150 ATR-FTIR spectra of white copy paper of three different manufacturers were analyzed using two advanced statistical methods, i.e., principal component analysis (PCA) and classification and regression tree (CART). Based on simple visual examination alone, the IR spectra did not allow any definite discrimination. However, the IR spectral differences between the papers were revealed by PCA and CART methods. A region at 1500-1200 cm.sup.-1 was determined to be the most discriminative. In conclusion, coupling of IR spectrum and CART provides a novel and non-destructive alternative for solving classification tasks in forensic context., Author(s): Loong Chuen Lee [sup.1] [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.412113.4, 0000 0004 1937 1557, Forensic Science Program, Fakulti Sains Kesihatan, Basemen 1, PTSL, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, , 43600, Bangi, Malaysia [...]

This article discusses the epistemology of design as a process, arguing specifically that sketching and drawing are essential modes of thinking and reasoning. It demonstrates that the commonly accepted notion of a spontaneous and intuitive vision in the mind's eye-encapsulated in the cliché of the napkin sketch-obscures the exploratory inferences that are made while scribbling with a pencil on a sheet of paper. The draughtsperson, along with their work tools (such as the 6B), modes of notation, specific techniques, and epistemic strategies as well as the resulting design artefacts form milieus of reflection that facilitate complex processes of exploration. Case studies, including the genesis of the Mini by Alec Issigonis, samples of work by Alvar Aalto, and a reinterpretation of student sketches from a classical design study by Gabriela Goldschmidt, serve to illustrate how drawing inferences with pencil and paper occurs., Author(s): Sabine Ammon [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.6734.6, 0000 0001 2292 8254, Institute of Vocational Education and Work Studies, Technische Universität Berlin, , Secretariat MAR 1-1, Marchstraße 23, 10587, Berlin, [...]

Borax, salicylic acid, nitrite, and nitrate have been used as food additives during processing for preserving, coloring, and stabilizing food. These four chemical food additives impact consumer health, e.g., liver cancer and gastric cancer. To maintain the high quality of food and to comply with food safety, a paper-based analytical device (PAD) coupled with a colorimetric method is proposed to simultaneously determine these four chemical food additives in this work. The Griess reaction can be used for the determination of nitrite, and nitrate was reduced to nitrite on the PAD in the section with a hydrophilic channel coated with zinc dust prior to detection by the Griess reaction. Borax and salicylic acid were determined using the complexation reactions with curcumin and FeCl.sub.3, respectively. This work presents the development of colorimetric methods on a PAD for the simultaneous determination of borax, salicylic acid, nitrite and nitrate in food samples. Limits of detection were (mg/L) 10 for borax, 35 for salicylic acid and 0.4 for nitrite and nitrate. Our PAD with a colorimetric method was also used for the determination of borax, salicylic acid, nitrite and nitrate in real food samples. Our detection limits were 3-5 times lower than those of commercial test kits, and the results from the real food samples were not statistically significantly different from those obtained via UV-Vis spectrophotometry at the 95% confidence level (t-test paired samples). Our proposed PAD can rapidly determine four chemical food additives in food with a high sensitivity and is an instrument-free technique., Author(s): Nalin Ratnarathorn [sup.1] Wijitar Dungchai [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.412151.2, 0000 0000 8921 9789, Organic Synthesis, Electrochemistry and Natural Product Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King [...]

Fast-growing scientific papers bring the problem of rapidly and accurately finding a list of reference papers for a given manuscript. Reference paper recommendation is an essential technology to overcome this obstacle. In this paper, we study the problem of personalized query-focused astronomy reference paper recommendation and propose a heterogeneous information network embedding based recommendation approach. In particular, we deem query researchers, query text, papers and authors of the papers as vertices and construct a heterogeneous information network based on these vertices. Then we propose a heterogeneous information network embedding (HINE) approach, which simultaneously captures intra-relationships among homogeneous vertices, interrelationships among heterogeneous vertices and correlations between vertices and text contents, to model different types of vertices as vector formats in a unified vector space. The relevance of the query, the papers and the authors of the papers are then measured by the distributed representations. Finally, the papers which have high relevance scores are presented to the researcher as recommendation list. The effectiveness of the proposed HINE based recommendation approach is demonstrated by the recommendation evaluation conducted on the IOP astronomy journal database.

Author(s): John Hulland [sup.1] , Mark B. Houston [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.213876.9, 0000 0004 1936 738X, Department of Marketing, Terry College of Business, University of Georgia, , Athens, GA, [...]

This comment is analysing the last section of a paper by Piotr Blaszczyk, Mikhail G. Katz, and David Sherry on alleged misconceptions committed by historians of mathematics regarding the history of analysis, published in this journal in the first issue of 2013. Since this section abounds of wrong attributions and denouncing statements regarding my research and a key publication, the comment serves to rectify them and to recall some minimal methodological requirements for historical research., Author(s): Gert Schubring[sup.1] Author Affiliations: Gert Schubring is a retired member of the Institut für Didaktik der Mathematik , a research institute at Bielefeld University, and at present is visiting [...]

Abstract Process industry suffers from production management in terms of efficiency promotion and waste reduction in large scale manufacturing due to poor organization of the intricate relational databases. In order to enhance the suitability of intelligent manufacturing systems in process industry, this study proposed an innovative top-down structure Knowledge Graph (KG) for process fault diagnosis, and papermaking was taken as a case study. The KG consists of a normalized seven-step-built ontology, which extracted instances of papermaking knowledge via Protégé software. The exported OWL file was imported into Neo4j software for visualization of the KG. The application in papermaking drying process for fault diagnosis shows that it can depict the material and energy flows throughout the process with a clearer relationship visualization than traditional measures. They also enable rationale search for faults and identification of their potential causes. The built KG efficiently manages the vast knowledge of the process, stores unstructured data, and promotes the intelligent development of process with high reusability and dynamicity that can rapidly import new production knowledge as well as flexibly self-updating.

Article History: Registration Date: 30/09/2004

We propose a Drawing-Frequency based Layered (DFL) Canvas approach to reduce a synchronization delay in collaborative web applications. The synchronization delay consists of a network delay and a drawing delay. The network delay is well-argued topic by various researches. We focus on the drawing delay, which is a primary bottleneck of Canvas objects synchronizations. We introduce the DFL Canvas approach in order to solve the drawing problem. The DFL Canvas divides Canvas objects by drawingfrequency. We implemented a collaborative paper editing support system with the DFL Canvas. Users can edit the same document and share Canvas objects on papers in real-time on web browsers. We present an evaluation result that indicates the approach is suited for collaborative paper editing support systems.

Byline: Wen-Ching Chen (1,2), Jung-Der Wang (1,3), Jing-Shiang Hwang (4), Chiao-Chicy Chen (5), Chia-Huei Wu (6), Grace Yao (6) Keywords: Comparison; Reliability; Validity; Web version; WHOQOL-BREF Abstract: The purpose of this study was to test whether the web version is an alternative to the paper version of the short version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life assessment (WHOQOL-BREF). Two studies were conducted. Study 1 used crossover self-controlled trials with 80 participants to compare the web and paper versions and to determine the test--retest reliability of the web version. Study 2 used data from 1,016 web participants to analyze the internal consistency and concurrent and construct validity of the web version. The correlations of domain scores between the web and paper versions ranged from 0.71 to 0.85. Dependent t tests showed no significant differences in domain scores between these two versions. The intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) for test--retest reliability of web version ranged from 0.79 to 0.91. The Cronbach's [alpha] for internal consistency reliability ranged from 0.60 to 0.83. Multiple regression models indicated that the web version has good concurrent validity. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for the second-order hierarchical factor model also supported the construct validity of the web version. The web version of the WHOQOL-BREF can be the alternative to the paper version for health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) evaluation. Author Affiliation: (1) Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (2) Yuli Hospital, Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Taiwan (3) Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (4) Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (5) Song De Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (6) Department of Psychology, College of Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sect. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan Article History: Registration Date: 20/10/2008 Received Date: 08/01/2008 Accepted Date: 19/10/2008 Online Date: 05/11/2008

We compare Fresco's analysis of the Turing machine-based notion of computation with that of others, in particular with functional programming and with the reversible computing paradigm of Toffoli and others. We conclude that, although much useful philosophical work can be done by the sort of analysis that Fresco proposes, there is, nevertheless, always likely to be a number of individually viable but different accounts of computation. Keywords Analysis of computation * Functional programming * Reversible computing, 1 Introduction Fresco's article asks whether really existing computers can be considered as information processors, and, in order to answer this question, it considers four current notions of information: Shannon's [...]

The oxidation of 1,2,4-triacetoxybenzene (Pyrogallol A) and 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzydine by air oxygen in presence of tris-(2,2'-dipyridyl)ruthenium(II) as a photosensitizer is studied upon irradiation by visible light. The photooxidation of pyrogallol A was inhibited selectively by benzoate at pH 9-11. The rate of the reaction was not affected by other carboxylic acids but was influenced by short-chained aliphatic amines and transition metals. We developed a semiquantitative procedure for the determination of benzoate by paper chromatography. Therein, a common solution of pyrogallol A and a photosensitizer were used for the visualization followed by irradiation with an incandescent bulb. Benzoate was detected as a light spot with [R.sub.f] ~ 0.3 against a brown background. The measurement of reflectance intensity for the spot by reflectometry allowed the determination of 1 x [10.sup.-5]-0.01 M benzoate within a precision of half-order of magnitude. The procedure was validated by comparison to the data of capillary electrophoresis and used to test beverages containing benzoate at levels of [10.sup.-4]-[10.sup.-3] M. DOI: 10.1134/S1061934810010120, Despite the fact that photochemical processes have a broad application in chemical analysis [1, 2], the number of applicable indicatory reactions is rather limited, so there are a limited number [...]

Byline: A. Yu. Budantsev (1) Abstract: Computer-assisted photometric determination of chemical compounds in paper matrices (chromatographic paper circles 10 mm in diameter) is described. A device with a video camera attached to a computer was developed for image density measurements. Matrices containing certified neutral-density glass filters and Congo Red in different concentrations were used. It was shown that the digital recording and computer-assisted photometric analysis of matrix images can be used for determining analyte concentrations in the matrices and assessing the optical homogeneity of these matrices. The advantages and areas of application the method were discussed. Author Affiliation: (1) Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Institutskaya 3, Pushchino, Moscow oblast, 142290, Russia Article History: Registration Date: 04/10/2004

Byline: V. G. Amelin (1), A. V. Tret'yakov (1) Abstract: The possibility of using three groups of azo compounds in chemical tests based on the principles of precipitation paper chromatography is considered. The first group consists of the reagents showing the highest affinity to cellulose (Congo Red, Brilliant Yellow, Stilbazo, Cadion IREA, Sulfarsazen, and Titan Yellow). These reagents are immobilized on paper and are not washed out of it in acidic, alkaline, and neutral solutions. The immobilization of the reagents results in a bathochromic shift of their absorption bands with respect to their solutions and enhances the acidic properties of the reagents. The second group comprises compounds that are immobilized on paper only in acidic solutions (mono- and bisazo derivatives of chromotropic acid: Arsenazo II, Arsenazo III, Orthanilic K, Sulfochlorophenol S, Chlorophosphonazo III, and Carboxyarsenazo). Their immobilization on paper does not lead to a shift in the absorption spectra and acidic properties. The third group consists of compounds that are immobilized on paper either in acidic or in alkaline solutions (Acid Chrome Dark Blue, Eriochrome Black T, Magneson KhS, and Eriochrome Blue Black R). They are absorbed by cellulose as free acids in acidic solutions and as sodium salts in alkaline solutions. Test procedures have been developed for the determination of acids alkalis (0.1--100 mM) the total alkalinity of water (0.2--35 mM) the total acidity of water (0.2--20 mM) Cd, Al, and Pb (1--200 mg/L) Al, Th, U, and Zr (0.5--200 mg/L) and the total hardness of water (0.05--40 mM). The length of the colored zone in test strips laminated into a polymer film and contacting the test solution through a narrow edge is the analytical signal. The relative standard deviation does not exceed 30% the analysis time is 10--15 min. Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Chemistry and Ecology, Vladimir State University, ul. Gor'kogo, 87, Vladimir, 600000, Russia Article History: Registration Date: 11/10/2004

Byline: Linda J. Sax (1), Shannon K. Gilmartin (2), Alyssa N. Bryant (2) Keywords: nonresponse bias; response rates; online survey research; college student surveys Abstract: Using data collected as part of the second pilot administration of Your First College Year (YFCY), a national survey of first-year college students, this study was designed to examine both response rates and nonresponse bias across four survey administration groups: paper-only, paper with web option, web-only with response incentive, and web-only without response incentive. Findings indicate that response rates vary by mode of administration. Moreover, predictors of response differed by administration group. Results are discussed in light of the recent surge of interest in online survey research. Author Affiliation: (1) Higher Education Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 3005 Moore Hall, Mailbox 951521, Los Angeles, CA, 90095--1521 (2) Higher Education Research Institute, Graduate School of Education &amp Information Studies, University of California, Los Angeles Article History: Registration Date: 03/10/2004

Byline: Robert M. Carini (1), John C. Hayek (2), George D. Kuh (2), John M. Kennedy (3), Judith A. Ouimet (4) Keywords: survey mode; student engagement; Web survey; NSSE Abstract: We examined the responses of 58,288 college students to 8 scales involving 53 items from the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) to gauge whether individuals respond differently to surveys administered via the Web and paper. Multivariate regression analyses indicated that mode effects were generally small. However, students who completed the Web-based survey responded more favorably than paper on all 8 scales. These patterns generally held for both women and men, and younger and older students. Interestingly, the largest effect was found for a scale of items involving computing and information technology. Author Affiliation: (1) National Survey of Student Engagement, Indiana University, Center for Postsecondary Research and Planning, Ashton Aley Hall Suite 102, 1913 East Seventh Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405 (2) National Survey of Student Engagement, Indiana University Bloomington, India (3) Center for Survey Research, Indiana University Bloomington, India (4) Community College Survey of Student Engagement, University of Texas at Austin, USA Article History: Registration Date: 03/10/2004

Byline: Patricia Altenbernd Johnson (1) Author Affiliation: (1) College of Arts and Sciences, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, 45469-1546, USA Article History: Registration Date: 14/12/2009 Received Date: 08/12/2009 Accepted Date: 12/12/2009 Online Date: 05/01/2010

Byline: Patricia Altenbernd Johnson (1) Author Affiliation: (1) College of Arts and Sciences, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, 45469-1546, USA Article History: Registration Date: 07/12/2009 Received Date: 09/02/2009 Accepted Date: 09/10/2009 Online Date: 24/12/2009

Abstract -- Capillary electrophoresis was used for determining Belofors, which are used as optical bleaching agents for improving the whiteness of writing paper. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used as [...]

Byline: V. G. Amelin (1) Abstract: Compounds for the impregnation of indicator papers were proposed for the determination of ammonia, aniline, phenol, active chlorine, chromium(VI), nickel, nitrites, and pH of natural waters, soils, and atmospheric precipitation by test methods. The determination is performed by the intensity or tint of the test liquid after the introduction of prepared indicator papers. Test procedures were developed for the determination of the above components in air and natural and waste waters. The relative standard deviation is no higher than 50%. Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Chemistry and Ecology, Vladimir State University, ul. Gor'kogo 87, Vladimir, 600000, Russia Article History: Registration Date: 29/09/2004

Byline: Scott A. Davison (1) Author Affiliation: (1) Morehead State University, 150 University Boulevard, Morehead, KY, 40351, USA Article History: Registration Date: 20/10/2008 Received Date: 14/10/2008 Accepted Date: 16/10/2008 Online Date: 04/11/2008

Byline: Michael S. Cole (1), Hubert S. Feild (2), William F. Giles (2), Stanley G. Harris (2) Keywords: Personnel selection; Resumes; Recruitment; Personality Abstract: Research shows recruiters infer dispositional characteristics from job applicants' resumes and use these inferences in evaluating applicants' employability. However, the reliability and validity of these inferences have not been empirically tested. Using data collected from 244 recruiters, we found low levels of estimated interrater reliability when they reviewed entry-level applicants' resumes and made inferences regarding applicants' personality traits. Moreover, when recruiters' inferences of applicant personality were correlated with applicants' actual Big Five personality scores, results indicated that recruiters' inferences lacked validity, with the possible exceptions of extraversion and openness to experience. Finally, despite being largely unreliable and invalid, recruiters' inferences of applicants' extraversion, openness to experience, and conscientiousness predicted the recruiters' subsequent employability assessments of the applicants. Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Management, M.J. Neeley School of Business, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, 76109, USA (2) Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA Article History: Registration Date: 23/10/2008 Online Date: 28/11/2008

Byline: Ronald L. Hall (1) Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Philosophy, Stetson University Unit 8250, DeLand, FL, 32720, USA Article History: Registration Date: 23/06/2008 Received Date: 11/05/2008 Accepted Date: 10/06/2008 Online Date: 09/07/2008

Abstract -- A sensitive biotest for determining acetylcholinesterase inhibitors has been developed on the basis of a paper matrix and an electric eel (Electrophorus electricus) tissue preparation with high enzymatic [...]

Abstract -- The possibility of using a microplate reader (MicroReader 4, Hyperion, USA) and 96-well plates for the quantitative photometric analysis of paper tests is demonstrated. In order to decrease [...]

Byline: V. G. Amelin (1), I. S. Kolodkin (1) Abstract: A method was proposed for the chemical immobilization of 1-naphthylamine on cellulose paper. Indicator paper was used for the test determination of nitrates, nitrites, anesthesine, novocaine, aniline, sulfadimesine, and 1-naphthylamine in liquid media. Three techniques for determining the analyte concentration were described: (1) by the length of the colored zone on a strip (3 x 80 mm) of test paper sealed into a polymer film and contacting with the test solution by one end (2) by the diameter of the colored elliptic zone on a paper strip (10 x 80 mm) sealed into a polymer film and contacting with a test solution through a 0.3--0.5-mm perforation in the film and (3) by the color intensity of indicator paper treated with 20 mL of a test solution using a test. The analytical ranges were 0.001--100 mg/L for nitrites, 0.05--1000 mg/L for nitrates, and 0.5--1000 mg/L for aromatic amines the relative standard deviation was no worse than 30%. Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Chemistry and Ecology, Vladimir State University, ul. Gor'kogo 87, Vladimir, 600026, Russia Article History: Registration Date: 08/10/2004

Byline: O. Yu. Nadzhafova (1), S. V. Lagodzinskaya (1), V. V. Sukhan (1) Abstract: A test paper for the determination of aluminum(III) was developed on the basis of chromatographic cellulose paper impregnated with Chrome Azurol S. The test paper was applied to monitoring the concentration of aluminum(III) in potable and natural water within the range 0.05--0.6 mg/L using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy or visual detection. Chromaticity measurements were used to construct a visual test scale. Author Affiliation: (1) Chemistry Department, Shevchenko National University, Kiev, Vladimirskaya ul. 64, Kiev, 252033, Ukraine Article History: Registration Date: 08/10/2004

Byline: Ursula Klein (1) Abstract: This paper studies the semiotic,epistemological and historical aspects of Berzelianformulas in early nineteenth-century organicchemistry. I argue that Berzelian formulas wereenormously productive `paper tools' for representingchemical reactions of organic substances, and forcreating different pathways of reactions. Moreover, myanalysis of Jean Dumas's application of Berzelianformulas to model the creation of chloral from alcoholand chlorine exemplifies the role played by chemicalformulas in conceptual development (the concept ofsubstitution). Studying the dialectic of chemists'collectively shared goals and tools, I argue thatpaper tools, like laboratory instruments, areresources whose possibilities are not exhausted byscientists' attempts to achieve existing goals, butrather whose applications generate new goals. The term`paper tools' is introduced to emphasize that thepragmatic and syntactic aspects of symbol systems arefully comparable to physical laboratory tools. Author Affiliation: (1) Max-Planck-Institut fur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Wilhelmstrasse 44, 10117, Berlin, Germany Article History: Registration Date: 12/10/2004

Byline: V. M. Ostrovskaya (1), E. A. Reshetnyak (2), N. A. Nikitina (1), A. V. Panteleimonov (1), Yu. V. Kholin (1) Abstract: A test procedure is proposed for determining total metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, and Zn) using irregular 1-(2-carboxyphenyl)-5-(4-methyl-6-methoxypyrimidine-2-yl)formazan-6-cellulose as an indicator paper. Regions of unreliable color reactions were determined for each of the metals and total metals present in equal concentrations. Statistical processing showed that the Weibull distribution function best describes the experimental results in the unreliable reaction regions. Unreliable reaction was observed in the range (3.6--4.4) x 10.sup.--3 mg/L for the test procedure with preconcentration and in the range 1.7--3.4 mg/L for the procedure without preconcentration the detection limits are 4.4 x 10.sup.--3 and 3.4 mg/L, respectively. A synergetic effect of the component mixture was observed in determining total metals. The visual, reflectometric, and atomic absorption determination of total Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Zn in natural and tap water was studied it was shown that the results of test determination agree well with the data of other methods. Author Affiliation: (1) Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow, 119991, Russia (2) Karazin National University, pl. Svobody 4, Kharkov, 61077, Ukraine Article History: Registration Date: 18/12/2004

Byline: F. Corfu (1) Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, PB 1047, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway Article History: Registration Date: 27/10/2006 Received Date: 17/02/2005 Accepted Date: 24/10/2006 Online Date: 18/11/2006 Article note: Communicated by I. Parsons.

Byline: Panagiotis Liargovas (1) Abstract: This paper makes an assessment of the homo-genous approach and policy measures towards SMEs, adopted by the White Paper on Growth, Competitiveness and Employment and by national policies in Greece. It is demonstrated that there is a key distinction between the structure of competitive, high-tech, highly-specialized SMEs in advanced countries, whose size is determined by the size of the international niche market where they compete, on the one hand and on the other, SMEs in Greece or in other less developed member-states, whose (micro) size is determined by the local markets they serve, while in most cases they do not have the marketing skills/approach to address export markets. Copying successful instruments for SMEs in advanced countries can thus be most dangerous for the less developed countries, since the industrial organization of the typical SME is very different from those SMEs in Northern Europe. Therefore, the effects of policy measures, without further modifications, will be different from those envisioned by the EU policy-makers. Increasing the utilization of assistance by SMEs in less developed member-states is likely to be more effective if the assistance focuses on incentives and services, which support cooperative action in local and foreign markets, rather than on direct SME financing. Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Athens, Athens, Greece Article History: Registration Date: 06/10/2004

INTRODUCTION Exact sciences cherish approximations. More often than not, resorting to approximations is a matter of necessity: that is the case when a problem cannot in principle be solved exactly. [...]

Building on the agenda setting theory of Kingdon (1984), this paper develops a collaboration forming model to explain the creation of multi-party initiatives as an addition to Gray's (1985 and 1989) explanation for collaborations as a response to environmental turbulence, crisis, or complexity. It tests this model by examining the Paper Task Force, a collaboration of five multinational companies, an environmental group, and a university intended to determine environmentally sound guidelines for paper procurement. The study finds that multi-stakeholder collaborations can require 'collaborative windows' for their formation. These windows occur when four process streams - problem, policy, organizational, and social/political/economic - converge. In the case of the Paper Task Force, the problem stream was an increasing recognition of the environmental burdens throughout the lifecycle of paper production. The policy stream included new governmental initiatives to make paper-making processes cleaner and use paper with more recycled content. The organizational stream consisted of an increasing willingness among corporations to improve their environmental performance combined with their development of paper making technology with lower environmental impacts. The social/political/economic stream included strong public support for the environment in the United States and demand for chlorine free paper in Europe. A collaborative entrepreneur, the Environmental Defense Fund, working with the other Task Force members, was able to join solutions to problems. Implications for other collaborative ventures are developed.