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Current display technologies are limited in projecting floating ultra-high definition images on multiple layers, preventing applications in augmented reality for medical education. Computer-generated holography (CGH) with custom algorithms allows for displaying floating 3D images for augmented reality applications. The limitation of existing 3D display technologies is the lack of clearly-defined anatomical structures and models for medical education The custom algorithm was based on microoptical adaptation of the natural superposition compound human eye with the help of a virtual Gabor superlens and a layering technique. High-resolution Spatial Light Modulators (SLMs) can enable increasing the field of view and display size in CGH. The 3D holographic projection applications require an enlarged field of view for multi-user purposes and can be implemented to deliver presentations from remote settings and as non-invasive practical education in medicine. This technology targets academic medical centres, hospitals and clinics as well as research laboratories. In this work, a layered holographic projection method was developed to display high-resolution (3840×2160 px) 3D floating images in direct-view mode targeting medical education. A computational algorithm was created based on a phase retrieval algorithm and a virtual Gabor superlens to project a hologram on the Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCoS) display panel of an UHD SLM. A code was programmed for generating multilayer 3D in-eye projections by adding multiple retrieved holograms with an independent Gabor zone plate into each single hologram. The reconstructions were obtained with a HeNe laser (633 nm, 5 mW) and the UHD SLM with reflective phase modulation. 3D holograms were directly observed floating as a ghost image at variable focal distances.

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) examination was performed to investigate the effectiveness of high-luminance monitors in digital X-ray mammography. For this purpose, an original breast phantom consisting of adipose and fibroglandular equivalent tissues with an identical X-ray absorption characteristic over the entire mammographic photon energy range was developed. Furthermore, the phantom’s fibroglandular density and distribution could be changed arbitrarily. Three types of lesions, microcalcification, mass, and spiculated, were inserted into the breast phantom, and the ROC examination was performed by five radiological technologists certified in screening mammography, to obtain the area under the curve. A liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor with 5 megapixels in a 21-inch display size calibrated to a grayscale standard display function curve was used for the observation. The monitor was set to 600, 900, and 1200 cd/m2 in maximum luminance. The experimental details were fibroglandular density of 25%, respective 50 positive and negative images, and free observation time and distance. As a result, the dependence on monitor luminance differed according to the lesion type. The detectability of microcalcification increased with the increase in the luminance of the monitor. Spiculated lesions were similar for all luminance changes. The detectability of mass lesions was significantly higher at 900 cd/m2 than at 600 cd/m2 . There was no significant difference between those at 900 cd/m2 and 1200 cd/m2 . In conclusion, the maximum luminance of the diagnostic LCD monitor for mammography should be at least 900 cd/m2 to guarantee stable detectability.

We present an advanced optical design for a high-resolution ultra-compact VR headset for high-end applications based on multichannel freeform optics and 4 OLED WUXGA microdisplays developed under EU project LOMID [1]. Conventional optical systems in VR headsets require large distance between lenses and displays that directly leads to the rather bulky and heavy commercial headsets we have at present. We managed to dramatically decrease the required display size itself and the display to eye distance, making it only 36 mm (to be compared to 60-75 mm in most conventional headsets). This ultra-compact optics allows reducing the headset weight and it occupies about a fourth of volume of a conventional headset with the same FOV. Additionally, our multichannel freeform optics provides an excellent image quality and a large field of view (FOV) leading to highly immersive experience. Unlike conventional microlens arrays, which are also multichannel devices, our design uses freeform optical surfaces to produce, even operating in oblique incidences, the highest optical resolution and Nyquist frequency of the VR pixels where it is needed. The LOMID microdisplays used in our headsets are large-area high-resolution (WUXGA) microdisplays with compact, high bandwidth circuitry, including special measures for high contrast by excellent blacks and low-power consumption. LOMID microdisplay diagonal is 0.98” with 16:10 aspect ratio. With two WUXGA microdisplays per eye, our headset has a total of 4,800x1,920 pixels, i.e. close to 5k. As a result, our multichannel freeform optics provides a VR resolution 24 pixels/deg and a monocular FOV of 92x75 degs (or 100x75 with a binocular superposition of 85%).

A multi-view autostereoscopic three-dimensional (3D) system is built by using a 2D display screen and a customized parallax-barrier shutter (PBS) screen. The shutter screen is controlled dynamically by address driving matrix circuit and it is placed in front of the display screen at a certain location. The system could achieve densest viewpoints due to its specially optical and geometric design which is based on concept of “eye space”. The resolution of 3D imaging is not reduced compared to 2D mode by using limited time division multiplexing technology. The diffraction effects may play an important role in 3D display imaging quality, especially when applied to small screen, such as iPhone screen etc. For small screen, diffraction effects may contribute crosstalk between binocular views, image brightness uniformity etc. Therefore, diffraction effects are analyzed and considered in a one-dimensional shutter screen model of the 3D display, in which the numerical simulation of light from display pixels on display screen through parallax barrier slits to each viewing zone in eye space, is performed. The simulation results provide guidance for criteria screen size over which the impact of diffraction effects are ignorable, and below which diffraction effects must be taken into account. Finally, the simulation results are compared to the corresponding experimental measurements and observation with discussion.

Recent demonstrations of high dynamic range (HDR) television have shown that superb images are possible. With the emergence of an HDR television production standard (ITU-R Recommendation BT.2100) last year, HDR television production is poised to take off. However research to date has focused principally on HDR image display only under “dark” viewing conditions. HDR television will need to be displayed at varying brightness and under varying illumination (for example to view sport in daytime or on mobile devices). We know, from common practice with conventional TV, that the rendering intent (gamma) should change under brighter conditions, although this is poorly quantified. For HDR the need to render images under varying conditions is all the more acute. This paper seeks to explore the issues surrounding image display under varying conditions. It also describes how visual adaptation is affected by display brightness, surround illumination, screen size and viewing distance. Existing experimental results are presented and extended to try to quantify these effects. Using the experimental results it is described how HDR images may be displayed so that they are perceptually equivalent under different viewing conditions. A new interpretation of the experimental results is reported, yielding a new, luminance invariant model for the appropriate display “gamma”. In this way the consistency of HDR image reproduction should be improved, thereby better maintaining “creative intent” in television.

We present novel advanced optical designs with a dramatically smaller display to eye distance, excellent image quality and a large field of view (FOV). This enables headsets to be much more compact, typically occupying about a fourth of the volume of a conventional headset with the same FOV. The design strategy of these optics is based on a multichannel approach, which reduces the distance from the eye to the display and the display size itself. Unlike conventional microlens arrays, which are also multichannel devices, our designs use freeform optical surfaces to produce excellent imaging quality in the entire field of view, even when operating at very oblique incidences. We present two families of compact solutions that use different types of lenslets: (1) refractive designs, whose lenslets are composed typically of two refractive surfaces each; and (2) light-folding designs that use prism-like three-surface lenslets, in which rays undergo refraction, reflection, total internal reflection and refraction again. The number of lenslets is not fixed, so different configurations may arise, adaptable for flat or curved displays with different aspect ratios. In the refractive designs the distance between the optics and the display decreases with the number of lenslets, allowing for displaying a light-field when the lenslet becomes significantly small than the eye pupil. On the other hand, the correlation between number of lenslets and the optics to display distance is broken in light-folding designs, since their geometry permits achieving a very short display to eye distance with even a small number of lenslets.

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Due to its wide prevalence, effective screening tools are necessary. The purpose of this project is to design and evaluate a system that enables portable, cost effective, smartphone based visual field screening based on frequency doubling technology. The system is comprised of an Android smartphone to display frequency doubling stimuli and handle processing, a Bluetooth remote for user input, and a virtual reality headset to simulate the exam. The LG Nexus 5 smartphone and BoboVR Z3 virtual reality headset were used for their screen size and lens configuration, respectively. The system is capable of running the C-20, N-30, 24-2, and 30-2 testing patterns. Unlike the existing system, the smartphone FDT tests both eyes concurrently by showing the same background to both eyes but only displaying the stimulus to one eye at a time. Both the Humphrey Zeiss FDT and the smartphone FDT were tested on five subjects without a history of ocular disease with the C-20 testing pattern. The smartphone FDT successfully produced frequency doubling stimuli at the correct spatial and temporal frequency. Subjects could not tell which eye was being tested. All five subjects preferred the smartphone FDT to the Humphrey Zeiss FDT due to comfort and ease of use. The smartphone FDT is a low-cost, portable visual field screening device that can be used as a screening tool for glaucoma.

Date of Conference: 28 January - 2 February 2017 Conference Name: SPIE OPTO, 2017 Even barely acceptable quality holographic 3D video displays require hundreds of mega pixels with a pixel size in the order of a fraction of a micrometer, when conventional flat panel SLM arrangement is used. Smaller pixel sizes are essential to get larger diffraction angles. Common flat display panels, however, have pixel sizes in the order of tens of micrometers, and this results in diffraction angles in the order of one degree. Here in this design, an array of commonly available (similar to high-end mobile phone display panels) flat display panels, is used. Each flat panel, as an element of the array, directs its outgoing low-diffraction angle light beam to corresponding small portion of a large size paraboloid mirror; the mirror then reflects the slowly-expanding, information carrying beam to direct it at a certain exit angle; this beam constitutes a portion of the final real ghost-like 3D holographic image. The collection of those components from all such flat display panels cover the entire 360-degrees and thus constitute the final real 3D table-top holographic display with a 360-degrees viewing angle. The size of the resultant display is smaller compared to the physical size of the paraboloid mirror, or the overall size of the display panel array; however, an acceptable size table top display can be easily constructed for living-room viewing. A matching camera can also be designed by reversing the optical paths and by replacing the flat display panels by flat wavefront capture devices.

Holography is an ideal three-dimensional (3D) display technique, because it produces 3D images that naturally satisfy human 3D perception including physiological and psychological factors. However, its electronic implementation is quite challenging because ultra-high resolution is required for display devices to provide sufficient screen size and viewing zone. We have developed holographic display techniques to enlarge the screen size and the viewing zone by use of microelectromechanical systems spatial light modulators (MEMS-SLMs). Because MEMS-SLMs can generate hologram patterns at a high frame rate, the time-multiplexing technique is utilized to virtually increase the resolution. Three kinds of scanning systems have been combined with MEMS-SLMs; the screen scanning system, the viewing-zone scanning system, and the 360-degree scanning system. The screen scanning system reduces the hologram size to enlarge the viewing zone and the reduced hologram patterns are scanned on the screen to increase the screen size: the color display system with a screen size of 6.2 in. and a viewing zone angle of 11° was demonstrated. The viewing-zone scanning system increases the screen size and the reduced viewing zone is scanned to enlarge the viewing zone: a screen size of 2.0 in. and a viewing zone angle of 40° were achieved. The two-channel system increased the screen size to 7.4 in. The 360-degree scanning increases the screen size and the reduced viewing zone is scanned circularly: the display system having a flat screen with a diameter of 100 mm was demonstrated, which generates 3D images viewed from any direction around the flat screen.

To meet the requirements of the current projection display system. This paper present an ultra-short throw catadioptric projection lens with a freeform mirror. This catadioptric structure consists of two parts. The first part is a set of rotationally symmetrical refractive lenses and the second part is a freeform mirror. In our design, Texas Instruments's Digital Light Processing (DLP) is chosen as the image source. A 0.65inch DMD is employed as the spatial light modulator. The two parts of system are firstly designed respectively, and then they are combined for final design. And a three-dimensional direct design method is firstly employed to design the freeform mirror. The final designed projection lens composes of nine lenses and a XY polynomial mirror, of which the F number is 3.5, the focal length is 6.05mm, and the screen size is 60inch. The designed system achieves projected the display screen with a projection distance of 440mm, which the throw ratio is 0.29. Results show that the MTF of all the FOVs are over 30% at 66lp/mm. The maximum distortion is less than 4%. Due to the high optical performance and compact structure, this designed projection lens is suitable for household and educational applications.

An important chain link in modeling of three dimensional data (3D data), 3D prototyping, CAD-CAM, computerintegrated manufacturing (CIM), PC gaming, global 3D teleconferencing, future e-commerce, product advertisement and mobile infotainment is the visualization of 3D data and 3D objects. On the one hand, there is an increasing demand for 3D displays providing natural three dimensional viewing experience, but on the other hand there is a lack of available 3D displays capable of generating all depth cues. Available state of the art 3D displays can provide only a few depth cues and a very limited 3D experience. This is due to the inherent physical limits of the different approaches used. Holographic displays, for instance based on space bandwidth limited wave segment reconstruction, can provide all depth cues and a large viewing volume. They can provide satisfying 3D visualization. But still they are not available. Thick hologram gratings 1 , which also can be referred to as Bragg diffraction based volume gratings, are key components, which enable small form factor holographic 3D displays. Manufacturing large, display size Bragg diffraction based volume gratings is challenging. Collimators are key components within interference lithographic exposure setups. Using off-axis parabolic mirrors (OAPM) as collimating optical elements enables the generation of exact plane waves by using a single reflective surface. Thus, off-axis parabolic mirrors are preferred in order to realize the collimation of large wave fronts. The surface roughness has to be very low. The relationship between holographic 3D displays and specific requirements, which have to be taken into account when manufacturing off-axis parabolic mirrors, will be presented.

Holography has been regarded as one of the most ideal technique for three-dimensional (3D) display because it records and reconstructs both amplitude and phase of object wave simultaneously. Nevertheless, many people think that this technique is not suitable for commercialization due to some significant problems. In this paper, we propose an electronic holographic 3D display based on macro-pixel with local coherence. Here, the incident wave within each macro-pixel is coherent but the wave in one macro-pixel is not mutually coherent with the wave in the other macro-pixel. This concept provides amazing freedom in distribution of the pixels in modulator. The relative distance between two macro-pixels results in negligible change of interference pattern in observation space. Also it is possible to make the sub-pixels in a macro-pixel in order to enlarge the field of view (FOV). The idea has amazing effects to reduce the data capacity of the holographic display. Moreover, the dimension of the system is can be remarkably downsized by micro-optics. As a result, the holographic display will be designed to have full parallax with large FOV and screen size. We think that the macro-pixel idea is a practical solution in electronic holography since it can provide reasonable FOV and large screen size with relatively small amount of data.

Equipment to enjoy a 3D image, such as a movie theater, television and so on have been developed many. So 3D video are widely known as a familiar image of technology now. The display representing the 3D image are there such as eyewear, naked-eye, the HMD-type, etc. They has been used for different applications and location. But have not been widely studied for the transparent 3D display. If transparent large 3D display is realized, it is useful to display 3D image overlaid on real scene in some applications such as road sign, shop window, screen in the conference room etc. As a previous study, to produce a transparent 3D display by using a special transparent screen and number of projectors is proposed. However, for smooth motion parallax, many projectors are required. In this paper, we propose a display that has transparency and large display area by time multiplexing projection image in time-division from one or small number of projectors to active screen. The active screen is composed of a number of vertically-long small rotate mirrors. It is possible to realize the stereoscopic viewing by changing the image of the projector in synchronism with the scanning of the beam.3D vision can be realized by light is scanned. Also, the display has transparency, because it is possible to see through the display when the mirror becomes perpendicular to the viewer. We confirmed the validity of the proposed method by using simulation.

Human visual system (HVS) “resolution” (a.k.a. visual acuity) varies with illumination level, target characteristics, and target contrast. For signage, computer displays, cell phones, and TVs a viewing distance and display size are selected. Then the number of display pixels is chosen such that each pixel subtends 1 min-1. Resolution of low contrast targets is quite different. It is best described by Barten’s contrast sensitivity function. Target acquisition models predict maximum range when the display pixel subtends 3.3 min-1. The optimum viewing distance is nearly independent of magnification. Noise increases the optimum viewing distance.

This study investigated the benefits of a curved display compared to a flat display and proposed the optimal radius of curvature for a monitor. The study was carried out in two steps. For identifying the optimal radius, a bendable monitor prototype was used to enable subjects to adjust the display radius manually. Each subject was instructed to search for an optimal radius according to individual preference and visual comfort. Six different themes were applied for the display content. The subjects also reported the radius in which a visual distortion occurred. As a result, it was found that curvature with a radius equal to 600 mm to 700 mm is optimal for a 23-inch diagonal display, while 700 mm to 800 mm is appropriate for a 27-inch diagonal display. Moreover, when the radius of curvature was smaller than 600 mm, a majority reported distortion regardless of the display size. Next, a validation test confirmed that the subjects read the texts faster on the curved display than on the flat display. Based on the empirical results of two experiments, the excellence of a curved monitor in terms of visual comfort, preference, and immersion was verified.

Three-dimensional (3D) display usually provides binocular disparity to observer. To construct 360degree table-top display, lots of views are required. In order to display a large amount of views to observer, time-multiplexing technique is applied. We suggest a new structure for view-sequential 360-degree table-top display system. In my system, a transmissive screen is used and digital micromirror device (DMD) image is projected on it. This system defines the direction of bundle of rays to configure the sequential view. It has some advantages resulting from the transmissive flat screen. When the transmissive screen is used instead of the reflective one, the light power efficiency is improved. Moreover, the arrangement of the pixel is more uniform when the screen is flat instead of a static conic screen. We construct a table-top display with about 288views around 360degree and its feasibilities are confirmed.

In this paper, the design and produce of the wedge-shaped waveguide head-mounted display (HMD) based on reflection holographic optical element (RHOE) are described. A variety of factors were considered when designing, such as loss of efficiency, volume, wide field of view (FOV), and eye box. The thickness of the designed wedge-shaped waveguide can be reduced to two times in comparison with the system that uses the conventional reflective optics in the waveguide. The measured optical efficiency of the monocular HMD using HOE is 34%, with 15° FOV and a large eye box. The results confirm that the designed and fabricated waveguid e can be employed in future commercial HMD. Keywords: Holographic optical element, head mounted display, field of view 1. INTRODUCTION The HMD comes to be an important device along with two technological environment changes, i.e. widespread use of mobile video contents such as digital broadcasts and video download services via cellular phone networks or wireless players and mobile TV devices which weights and sizes are esse ntially determined by the size of those displays [1-3]. It has mainly three advantages beyond a direct-viewing mobile display; hands-free, high privacy nature, and larger screen size. Undoubtedly, the HMD has a huge potential market when used as a mobile display, and in applications for mixed reality, games, and navigation. Therefore, it will need to be more affordable and attractive enough so that users may easily adopt them. The major issues for an HMD de signer are price, performance, and features. Using a waveguide, the physical display, and electronics can be moved to the side and a fully unobstructed view of the world can be achieved, therefore opening up the possibilities to true augmented reality experiences. Various waveguide techniques have existed for some time for see-through HMDs. These techniques include polarized optics, reflective optics, diffraction optics [4, 5], and holographic optics. In comparison with other waveguide HMDs, the holographic waveguide technique has the advantage of having a small volume, low price, and good command of angular and spectral selectivity of optical elements. The requirements for each specific application lead to the HMD design process using a holographic waveguide. The various waveguide structures and designed HOE changed the beam paths through the system. From the existing light path in a waveguide structure, we attempt to determine the ap propriate design for the system by investigating the features of the HOE and the light path, according to the waveguide struct ure. Certainly, to obtain a satisfactory FOV, a variety of factors were considered during the design process, such as the volume and reducing efficiency loss. In this work, the design and proof of the concept of a wide angle holographic waveguide for monocular HMD’s are present. Even though the conventional reflective optics without holographic mirror can make the TIR, the main problem arises due to the limited size of the resulting eye box and the thickness of the waveguide optics.

In recent years based on security, quality supervision, inspection and medical for the urgent need of infrared temperature measurement and infrared display technology, coupled with embedded system to achieve rapid development, which is widely used in the electronic products and the field of intelligent instruments and industrial control, this paper has designed a kind of more comprehensive, more efficient and more intuitive infrared thermometer. Unlike previous handheld infrared thermometer, we regard an embedded Linux system as the system, with its open source code, support most mainstream hardware platforms, unified peripheral interface and can be customized, to build an embedded infrared system that has provided strong system support; the pseudocolor techniques and Qt interface display technology make the image more colorful and the picture function more diverse; With ARM microprocessor as the display and temperature measuring platform, it costs reduction and reduce volume and power consumption; the FrameBuffer interface technology and multithreading technology realize the smooth real-time display. And ultimately the display size of real-time infrared image is 640 * 480 at a speed of 25 frames / sec. What is more, display is equipped with the menu option so that thermometer can be required to complete the operation through the button. The temperature display system aims at small volume, easy to use and flexible. I believe this thermometer will have a good application prospect.

Normally, it requires a huge amount of spatial information to increase the number of views and to provide smooth motion parallax for natural three-dimensional (3D) display similar to real life. To realize natural 3D video display without eye-wears, a huge amount of 3D spatial information is normal required. However, minimum 3D information for eyes should be used to reduce the requirements for display devices and processing time. For the 3D display with smooth motion parallax similar to the holographic stereogram, the size the virtual viewing slit should be smaller than the pupil size of eye at the largest viewing distance. To increase the resolution, two glass-free 3D display systems rear and front projection are presented based on the space multiplexing with the micro-projector array and the special designed 3D diffuse screens with the size above 1.8 m× 1.2 m. The displayed clear depths are larger 1.5m. The flexibility in terms of digitized recording and reconstructed based on the 3D diffuse screen relieves the limitations of conventional 3D display technologies, which can realize fully continuous, natural 3-D display. In the display system, the aberration is well suppressed and the low crosstalk is achieved.

The popularity of mobile communication devices is increasing day by day among students, especially for e-learning activities. “Always-ready-to-use” feature of mobile devices is a key motivation for students to use it even in a short break for a short time. This leads to new requirements regarding learning content presentation, user interfaces, and system architecture for heterogeneous devices. To support diverse devices is not enough to establish global teaching and learning system, it is equally important to support various formats of data along with different sort of devices having different capabilities in terms of processing power, display size, supported data formats, operating system, access method of data etc. Not only the existing data formats but also upcoming data formats, such as due to research results in the area of optics and photonics, virtual reality etc should be considered.This paper discusses the importance, risk and challenges of supporting heterogeneous devices to provide heterogeneous data as a learning content to make global teaching and learning system literally come true at anytime and anywhere. We proposed and implemented a sustainable architecture to support device and data format independent learning system.

We measured accommodation responses under integral photography (IP), binocular stereoscopic, and real object display conditions, and viewing conditions of binocular and monocular viewing conditions. The equipment we used was an optometric device and a 3D display. We developed the 3D display for IP and binocular stereoscopic images that comprises a high-resolution liquid crystal display (LCD) and a high-density lens array. The LCD has a resolution of 468 dpi and a diagonal size of 4.8 inches. The high-density lens array comprises 106 x 69 micro lenses that have a focal length of 3 mm and diameter of 1 mm. The lenses are arranged in a honeycomb pattern. The 3D display was positioned 60 cm from an observer under IP and binocular stereoscopic display conditions. The target was presented at eight depth positions relative to the 3D display: 15, 10, and 5 cm in front of the 3D display, on the 3D display panel, and 5, 10, 15 and 30 cm behind the 3D display under the IP and binocular stereoscopic display conditions. Under the real object display condition, the target was displayed on the 3D display panel, and the 3D display was placed at the eight positions. The results suggest that the IP image induced more natural accommodation responses compared to the binocular stereoscopic image. The accommodation responses of the IP image were weaker than those of a real object; however, they showed a similar tendency with those of the real object under the two viewing conditions. Therefore, IP can induce accommodation to the depth positions of 3D images.

A large-screen autostereoscopic display enables life-size realistic communication. In this study, we propose the tiling of frameless multi-view display modules employing flat-panel displays. A flat-panel multi-view display and an imaging system with a magnification greater than one are combined to construct a multi-view display module with a frameless screen. The module screen consists of a lens and a vertical diffuser to generate viewpoints in the observation space and to increase the vertical viewing zone. When the modules are tiled, the screen lens should be appropriately shifted to produce a common viewing area for all modules. We designed and constructed the multi-view display modules, which have a screen size of 27.3 in. and a resolution of 320 × 200. The module depth was 1.5 m and the number of viewpoints was 144. The viewpoints were generated with a horizontal interval of 16 mm at a distance of 5.1 m from the screen. Four modules were constructed and aligned in the vertical direction to demonstrate a middle-size screen system. The tiled screen had a screen size of 62.4 in. (589 mm × 1,472 mm). The prototype system can display almost human-size objects.

We present a methodology to assess objective visual quality of multi-view and light-field displays. We consider the display as a signal processing channel and study its ability to deliver a signal while introducing negligible distortions. We start by creating a model of a display, which represents its output as a set of rays in a specific (x, y, o) coordinate space. We created a simulation framework that can use the model and render the expected output of the display for a given observation position. The framework employs an image analysis block, which aims to predict the perceptual effect of the introduced distortions and judge if the original signal is still predominant in the output. Using the framework, we can try a large set of test signals against the display model and find the ones, which are represented with sufficiently low distortion levels. We use test signals, which contain gradually changing frequency components, and use the results of the tests to build the so-called 3D passband of the display. The 3D passband can be used as a quantitative measure of the display’s ability to faithfully represent image details. The size of the passband is indicative of the spatial and angular resolution of the display. We created two display models to serve as an example case for out framework. One model represents a typical multiview display, and the other is representing a typical projection-based light-field display. We estimate the passband for each display model and present the results. The resulting passbands suggest, that for a given “ray-budget”, the ray distribution typical for light-field displays results on a wider and more uniform passband than in the case with multiview displays.

Visualizing data on tablets is challenging due to the relatively small screen size and limited user interaction capabilities. Standard data visualization apps provide support for pinch-and-zoom and scrolling operations, but do not provide context for data that is off-screen. When exploring data on tablets, the user must be able to focus on a region of interest and quickly find interesting patterns in the data. We present visualization techniques that facilitate seamless interaction with the region of interest on a tablet using context-providing bar graphs and scatter plots. Through aggregation, fisheye-style, and overview+detail representations, we provide context to the users as they explore a region of interest. We evaluated the efficacy of our techniques with the standard, interactive bar graph and scatter plot applications on a tablet, and found that one of our bargraph visualizations - Fisheye-style Focus+Context visualization (BG2) resulted in the fewest errors, least frustration and took the least amount of time. Similarly, one of our scatter plot visualizations - User Driven Overview+Detail (SP3) - resulted in the fewest errors, least frustration and took the least amount of time. Overall, users preferred the context-providing techniques over traditional bar graphs and scatter plots, that include pinch-and-zoom and fling-based scrolling capabilities.

This paper presents a complete framework for capturing, processing and displaying the free viewpoint video on a large scale immersive light-field display. We present a combined hardware-software solution to visualize free viewpoint 3D video on a cinema-sized screen. The new glasses-free 3D projection technology can support larger audience than the existing autostereoscopic displays. We introduce and describe our new display system including optical and mechanical design considerations, the capturing system and render cluster for producing the 3D content, and the various software modules driving the system. The indigenous display is first of its kind, equipped with front-projection light-field HoloVizio technology, controlling up to 63 MP. It has all the advantages of previous light-field displays and in addition, allows a more flexible arrangement with a larger screen size, matching cinema or meeting room geometries, yet simpler to set-up. The software system makes it possible to show 3D applications in real-time, besides the natural content captured from dense camera arrangements as well as from sparse cameras covering a wider baseline. Our software system on the GPU accelerated render cluster, can also visualize pre-recorded Multi-view Video plus Depth (MVD4) videos on this light-field glasses-free cinema system, interpolating and extrapolating missing views.

Introduction: The presentation of surgical contents to undergraduate medical students can be challenging, as the surgical approach is often different from the anatomist’s perspective that is reproduced in textbooks. Although there are many options to record endoscopic, microscopic as well as “open” surgical procedures, presentation of contents still can be costly and entail a loss in picture quality including depth impression. Material and methods: We presented seven stereoscopic clips of 30 seconds to minute and 20 seconds each to 64 medical students (43 female / 21 male) as part of the “sensory organs” course module in 4th year; using one 55” LCD 3D screen with line-alternating, circular polarization. Students were asked for their subjective viewing impression and about their opinion on the usefulness of 3D presentations in medical lectures. Results: 63% of students returned their questionnaires completed. The main results (multiple answers allowed) were: 70% noted that 3D presentations made complex anatomy easier to comprehend from an unknown perspective, 48% would feel better motivated to learn surgical procedures, and 38% would generally prefer a 3D lecture to a 2D lecture, while 23% would not see any advantage of 3D presentations whatsoever. Conclusion: While the screen size compared to audience size was far from ideal, it gave medical students, who had not been exposed to surgical procedures in the operating theatre yet, an impression of general approach to microsurgery and how the choice of surgical approach in relation of vital structures can minimize trauma and unwanted effects to the patient. The availability of larger screens, however, may necessitate changes in production of 3D material from the microscope camera onward.

Even though digital holography was invented a number of decades ago, many people think there are still several problems for holographic display to be commercialized. The main problem results from the small space-bandwidth product of the spatial light modulators, since the holographic displays generally need enormous data capacity in comparison with other traditional display. But, if we define our target as a holographic display for a single user, it is feasible to build a holographic display with a reasonable screen size. In this paper, we introduce two kinds of digital holographic displays recently studied.

We propose a 3D display simulator based on mixed reality technology. Proposed simulator system calculates light distribution and crosstalk using parameters required for the design of multi-displays, and projects the light distribution onto the ground from the top of the viewing zone. Mixed reality merges real and virtual worlds to produce new environments and visualizations. In this paper, this mixed reality is exploited to simulate multi-view display by merging physically simulated virtual space and real space where viewers belong to. Projected light distribution is scaled to the corresponding display size. Thus, the viewer experiences the real light distribution in the real space like living room. Crosstalk information is also provided through the interaction between a viewer's local position in real space and calculated virtual space. Our proposed simulator makes it possible to design and measure light distribution finding out optimized viewing zone without implementing the display in real space.

This paper presents a new holographic three-dimensional display technique that increases both viewing zone angle and screen size. In this study, a spatial light modulator (SLM) employing microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology is used for high-speed image generation. The images generated by the MEMS SLM are demagnified horizontally and magnified vertically using an anamorphic imaging system. The vertically enlarged images, which are elementary holograms, are aligned horizontally by a galvano scanner. Reconstructed images with a screen size of 4.3 in and a horizontal viewing zone angle of 15° are generated at a frame rate of 60 fps. The reconstructed images are improved by two methods: one reduces blur caused by scan and focus errors, and the other improves grayscale representation. In addition, accommodation responses of eyes to the reconstructed images are explained.

Because holography can reconstruct the wavefront of the light emitted from an object, eyes might focus on holographically generated three-dimensional (3D) images. Therefore, eye accommodation is considered to function properly for holographic 3D images. However, the measurement of the accommodation responses to 3D images generated by electronic holographic displays have not been reported, because their viewing zone angle and screen size are limited and the observation of the reconstructed 3D images with both eyes is difficult. In the recent study, we have developed a horizontally scanning holographic display that enables the increase of both horizontal viewing zone angle and screen size. The reconstructed images can be observed with both eyes. In this study, we measured the accommodation responses to the 3D images generated by the horizontally scanning holographic display. We found that the accommodation responses to the 3D images were similar to the responses to real objects.

The imminent deployment of new devices such as TV, tablet, smart phone supporting stereoscopic display creates a need for retargeting the content. New devices bring their own aspect ratio and potential small screen size. Aspect ratio conversion becomes mandatory and an automatic solution will be of high value especially if it maximizes the visual comfort. Some issues inherent to 3D domain are considered in this paper: no vertical disparity, no object having negative disparity (outward perception) on the border of the cropping window. A visual attention model is applied on each view and provides saliency maps with most attractive pixels. Dedicated 3D retargeting correlates the 2D attention maps for each view as well as additional computed information to ensure the best cropping window. Specific constraints induced by 3D experience influence the retargeted window through the map computation presenting objects that should not be cropped. The comparison with original content of 2:35 ratio having black stripes provide limited 3D experience on TV screen, while the automatic cropping and exploitation of full screen show more immersive experience. The proposed system is fully automatic, ensures a good final quality without missing fundamental parts for the global understanding of the scene. Eye-tracking data recorded on stereoscopic content have been confronted to retargeted window in order to ensure that the most attractive areas are inside the final video.

Front digital projection (FDP) displays have the features of being portable, economical and scalable for large size displays. Unfortunately, existing FDP technologies suffer with poor image contrast in well-lighted environments, due to the "black-level" issues of the conventional white diffusive screens. More powerful projectors can be applied to enhance contrasts by increasing the brightness, at the expenses of significantly increased cost, weight, power consumption, and viewer eye fatigue due to the bright projection. In this joint paper, we demonstrate an innovative full color, high contrast front projective display system on a black emissive screen (BES). It comprises of a novel transparent fluorescent screen on pitch-black substrate, and a digital image projector with optic output that excite the fluorescent screen. The fluorescent layered screen is comprised of at least 3 layers of RGB emissive materials, which are made in fully transparent form. The "excitation" projector is based on DLP® projector platform, where a UHP lamp is filtered by a color filter wheel which sequentially excites the RGB emissive layers resulting in RGB emissions from the screen. This display combines the best of both worlds of front projection and emissive display technologies. Like projection displays, it is scalable and economic at large displays, the screen has no pixel structure and can be manufactured using a roll to roll method. Like emissive displays (e.g. plasma or field emission displays with phosphor screen), the quality of the emissive images on black back-plate is superior, with large viewing angles and superior contrasts in any environments. The new projection display can favorably compete with existing flat panel displays and other projection displays.

This paper explores the mathematical relationships between the scene geometry, camera parameters, and viewing environment and their influence on the viewer's perception of 3D. The current practice of using horizontal image translation to set convergence has an effect on the shape ratio and 3D magnification factor of the resulting images and is not well understood by the industry. This paper examines the gap between the creative processes used by stereographers and the mathematical relationships affected by those creative processes. Examples images varying the aforementioned parameters will be demonstrated.

More and more numerous 3D movies are released each year. Thanks to the current spread of 3D-TV displays, these 3D Video (3DV) contents are about to enter massively the homes. Yet viewing conditions determine the stereoscopic features achievable for 3DV material. Because the conditions at home - screen size and distance to screen - differ significantly from a theater, 3D Cinema movies need to be repurposed before broadcast and replication on 3D Blu-ray Discs for being fully enjoyed at home. In that paper we tackle that particular issue of how to handle the variety of viewing conditions in stereoscopic contents delivery. To that extend we first investigate what is basically at stake for granting stereoscopic viewers' comfort, through the well-known - and sometimes dispraised - vergence-accommodation conflict. Thereby we define a set of basic rules that can serve as guidelines for 3DV creation. We propose disparity profiles as new requirements for 3DV production and repurposing. Meeting proposed background and foreground constraints prevents from visual fatigue, and occupying the whole depth budget available grants optimal 3D effects. We present an efficient algorithm for automatic disparity-based 3DV retargeting depending on the viewing conditions. Variants are proposed depending on the input format (stereoscopic binocular content or depth-based format) and the level of complexity achievable.

In this paper, we present a method to reconfigure 3D movies in order to minimize distortion when seen on a different display than the one it has been configured for. By their very nature, 3D broadcasts come with a stereoscopic pair to be seen by the left and right eyes. However, according to reasons that we ought to explain in the paper, the cameras used to shoot a movie are calibrated according to specific viewing parameters such as the screen size, the viewing distance and the eye separation. As a consequence, a 3D broadcast seen on a different display (say a home theater or a PC screen) than the one it has been configured for (say an IMAX R screen) will suffer from noticeable distortions. In this paper, we describe the relationship between the size of the 3D display, the position of the observer, and the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of the cameras. With this information, we propose a method to reorganize the stereoscopic pair in order to minimize distortion when seen on an arbitrary display. In addition to the raw video pair, our method uses the viewing distance, a rough estimate of the 3D scene, and some basic information on the 3D display. An inpainting technique is used to fill disoccluded areas.

In this paper, we present a novel approach for the adaptation of large images to small display sizes. As a recent study suggests, most viewers prefer the loss of content over the insertion of deformations in the retargeting process.1 Therefore, we combine the two image retargeting operators seam carving and cropping in order to resize an image without manipulating the important objects in an image at all. First, seams are removed carefully until a dynamic energy threshold is reached to prevent the creation of visible artifacts. Then, a cropping window is selected in the image that has the smallest possible window size without having the removed energy rise above a second dynamic threshold. As the number of removed seams and the size of the cropping window are not fix, the process is repeated iteratively until the target size is reached. Our results show that by using this method, more important content of an image can be included in the cropping window than in normal cropping. The "squeezing" of objects which might occur in approaches based on warping or scaling is also prevented.

We present an approach to measure and model the parameters of human point-of-gaze (PoG) in 3D space. Our model considers the following three parameters: position of the gaze in 3D space, volume encompassed by the gaze and time for the gaze to arrive on the desired target. Extracting the 3D gaze position from binocular gaze data is hindered by three problems. The first problem is the lack of convergence - due to micro saccadic movements the optical lines of both eyes rarely intersect at a point in space. The second problem is resolution - the combination of short observation distance and limited comfort disparity zone typical for a mobile 3D display does not allow the depth of the gaze position to be reliably extracted. The third problem is measurement noise - due to the limited display size, the noise range is close to the range of properly measured data. We have developed a methodology which allows us to suppress most of the measurement noise. This allows us to estimate the typical time which is needed for the point-of-gaze to travel in x, y or z direction. We identify three temporal properties of the binocular PoG. The first is reaction time, which is the minimum time that the vision reacts to a stimulus position change, and is measured as the time between the event and the time the PoG leaves the proximity of the old stimulus position. The second is the travel time of the PoG between the old and new stimulus position. The third is the time-to-arrive, which is the time combining the reaction time, travel time, and the time required for the PoG to settle in the new position. We present the method for filtering the PoG outliers, for deriving the PoG center from binocular eye-tracking data and for calculating the gaze volume as a function of the distance between PoG and the observer. As an outcome from our experiments we present binocular heat maps aggregated over all observers who participated in a viewing test. We also show the mean values for all temporal properties separately for x, y and z direction averaged over all observers. We show the typical size of a binocular area of interest for a portable autostereoscopic display, as well as typical time the 3D vision can react to sudden changes in a 3D scene.

A projector array-based 70-inch screen display, which is our first prototype, has a smooth horizontal parallax and gives a dense viewpoint interval that is narrower than half of the interocular distance. Our final goal is to develop advanced autostereoscopy so that viewers are not compelled to wear 3D glasses and can avoid watching under insufficient resolution. We believe that larger screen size, higher image quality, and such natural image appearances as motion parallax and multiple viewer capability are priority targets for professional 3D display applications. By combining a proprietary screen and our developed projector array, we've designed and implemented a kind of autostereoscopic projection display. Enough pixels to render true high definition are assigned for every viewpoint. The initial implementation has more than 100 million pixels. The actual observed horizontal motion parallax is smooth and reduces flipping. This feasibility study clarified the following two factors: the strong requirement of an array friendly feature ready projector, and the existence of some image glitches. The appearances of moires and ghost images are the most significant factors of visual fatigue in our implementation. Some of these problems were tackled and suppressed. The projectors for the array must be prepared to manage color space, brightness, geometric image compensation, and accurate frame synchronization. Extracting and examining the practical problems with an autostereoscopic projection display are the first steps of our feasibility study. Our goal is to establish an autostereoscopic display with natural and superior horizontal parallax.

To reduce the number of views required for a super multi-view (SMV) display, two or more views are generated with an interval smaller than the pupil diameter, only around a viewer's left and right eyes. The positions of the views are changed referring to the viewer's eye positions to increase viewing freedom. The reduced-view SMV display is implemented using a lenticular-type three-dimensional (3D) display. A cylindrical lens constituting a lenticular lens projects a group of pixels of a flat-panel display to generate a group of views. The pixel group generating the left view group and that generating the right view group through an identical cylindrical lens are spatially separated to separate the view groups. The left and right pixel groups for different cylindrical lenses are interlaced horizontally on the flat-panel display. A prototype reduced-view SMV display was constructed. Each view group consisted of eight views, and the interval of the views was 2.6 mm. An LCD panel with a slanted subpixel arrangement was used. The screen size was 2.57 in, and the 3D resolution was 256 × 192 pixels. A USB camera was attached to the SMV display to detect the viewer's position. The frame rate of face detection and image updating was 30 Hz.

One of the key issues associated with 3D TVs is the tradeoff between comfort and 3D visual impact. Big disparity is often preferred for strong visual impact but often lead to viewer discomfort depending on viewer's condition, display size and viewing distances. The algorithm proposed in this paper is to provide viewers a tool to adjust disparity according to the environment, contents and their preference in order to have more comfortable and higher quality 3D experiences. More specifically, given a planar stereoscopic display, the algorithm takes in a stereoscopic image pair that causes viewing discomfort/fatigue, and outputs a modified stereoscopic pair that causes less or no viewing discomfort/fatigue. The algorithm fulfills the functions of disparity estimation, occlusion detection, disparity adjustment and view synthesis. A novel pixel weighting mechanism in regularized-block-matching based disparity estimation helps improve the robustness, accuracy and speed of matching. Occlusion detection uses multiple cues in addition to matching errors to improve the accuracy. An accommodation/vergence mismatch visual model is used in disparity adjustment to predict discomfort/fatigue from the disparity information, the viewing conditions and display characteristics. The hole filling is in the disparity map of the new view instead of the new view itself to reduce the blurriness.

Three-dimensional (3D) display has attracted considerable attention in recent years because of development in display technology. Various methods for realizing 3D display have been proposed; among them, multi-view display could be practical to implement before aspiring 3D display. The term of multi-view display system based on autostereoscopic display has the meaning of view splitting; the view images are projected to the pre-defined positions from the same display device. Therefore the users located at the correct positions can see corresponding images. Although the multi-view display technique has been studied by many research groups, the fundamental importance of the sound with display has not, so far, been noticed nor has been examined in detail. The purpose of this paper is to realize a multi-view display system with directional sound, which allows the individual observer to experience directional sound in multi-view display environment. The explanation and experimental results of the proposed system are provided.

A liquid crystal display (LCD) recently comes into common use. It is possible for this display unit to provide the same size of displaying area as the image screen on the panel. Thus the conventional display can show only one screen, but it is impossible to enlarge the size of a screen, for example twice. To enlarge the display area, the authors have developed an enlarging method of display area using a mirror. Our extension method enables the observers to show the virtual image plane and to enlarge a screen area twice. In the developed display unit, we made use of an image separating technique using polarized glasses, a parallax barrier or a lenticular lens screen for 3D imaging. The mirror can generate the virtual image plane and it enlarges a screen area only twice. In this paper, we present a new extension method to enlarge a screen area quadruple.

A frameless hologram display module employing a modified resolution redistribution system is proposed. The frameless display modules can be aligned two-dimensionally so as to realize a large screen size. The modified resolution redistribution system is constructed by the combination of a one-lens imaging system and a lens placed on the image plane to achieve a frameless display screen. By making the magnification of the one-lens imaging system larger than unity, the screen size can be made larger than the imaging lens. The prototype module was constructed using a spatial light modulator with a resolution of 1,980×1,080 and with a pixel pitch of 8.0 μm. The horizontal resolution increased by four times and the magnification of the imaging system was 2.88. The horizontal resolution was increased to 7,920 and the horizontal pixel pitch was reduced to 5.8 μm. The screen size of the module was 2.0 inches and the horizontal viewing zone angle was 6.3°.

We present visual acuity metrics, human factors issues, and technical considerations in the construction of a stereo-rendered reality test in the spirit of the Turing test, Alan Tu ring’s famous artificial intelligence test designed to explore the boundaries between human and machine interaction. The overall aim of this work is to provide guiding principles in the design of a stereoscopic reality test. Keywords: reality test, photorealism, stereoscopy, rendering, presence 1. INTRODUCTION We propose a simple reality test between two objects - one vi rtual and one physical. We control for a number of factors which allow an observer to differentiate between real and virtual objects including rendered and displayed in stereo with sufficient definition to match the acuity of the human eye. St ereoscopic depth of a virtual object is a primary mediating property for realism. Filtering techniques which preserve depth serve can lower the fidelity of the physical object and thereby increase the observer’s sense that a virtual object is real or physically present. As an analytical work, our research began with the question: What tools, methods, or tests exist for measuring the visual subtleties between physical objects and stereo-rendered photorealistic objects? And within this battery of tests, by what metric is human visual acuity tested, measured, and controlled? We also present co nsiderations in the development and modification of reality tests as applied to immersive environment research. We addr ess human factors issues in the context of display size and image fidelity as virtual objects become indistinguishable from real objects. Our initial hypothesis is that the inclusion of ‘convincing’ stereo-photorealism will provide researchers with new boundaries to explore human computer interaction (HCI) and human factors issues in the following disciplines: psycho-physiological sciences, neuro-physiology and the science of sight, tele-medicine, and machine vision. A replicable and reliable battery of realism tests must accompany research in these fields as we prepare for th e intersection of 3d displays, photorealistic re ndering, and immersive environments. 1.1 Immersive displays and impetus for reality tests Display technologies and computer rendering techniques are approaching a level of realism and definition which could challenge our ability to discern between virtual and physical objects. Computer rendered motion pictures and high-end gaming platforms are also approaching this level of realism. Large format projection displays are becoming common fixtures in the consumer home. Wall-to -wall immersive projection may not be ava ilable to the consumer today, but if projection technology (diode laser arrays) continues to obey Moore’s law, doubling density every ~2 years, the affordability of ultra-resolutio n projection will soon enter the consumer market and home. Today, an 8000×4000 pixel projection system, 16 times denser than 1080p, is set for pl anetarium installations. By 2016, will consumers be able to afford such technology capable of delivering 32 megapixels? Possibly so, if Moore’s law holds throughout the projection technology pipeline and standards evolve to meet such pace. Current projection technology is lacking in holographic photorealism but even simple projectors have the ability to project objects and environments at full scale – one key criteria for immersion. Multi-projector display techniques are capable of increasing the image field of view (FOV) well beyond peripheral vision by seamless blending of the projected beam edge. Edge-blending presupposes

A super multi-view (SMV) display is one of the candidates for a natural three-dimensional (3D) display that would eliminate visual fatigue caused by the accommodation-vergence conflict. In this study, a novel SMV display system that increases the number of viewpoints is proposed. The proposed SMV display consists of multiple multi-view flat-panel displays and a multi-projection system. One projection lens is corresponded to one flat-panel 3D display to create one projection system. All of the projection systems are arranged two-dimensionally and all of the 3D images generated by all the flat-panel 3D displays are superimposed on the common image plane. The viewpoints of the flat-panel 3D display are produced in the pupil of the corresponding projection lens. The horizontal positions of the projection lenses are made different to make the lens pupils continuous in the horizontal direction. A lens is placed on the common image plane to image the viewpoints in the lens pupils at a fixed distance to generate continuous viewpoints for viewers. A vertical diffuser is placed in the common image plane to enlarge the vertical viewing zone. Sixteen flat-panel 3D displays having 16 viewpoints were employed to construct a SMV display having 256 viewpoints (SMV256). The 3D resolution was 256×192. The screen size was 10.3". The horizontal interval of viewpoints was 1.3 mm.

A study of virtual-reality system has been popular and its technology has been applied to medical engineering, educational engineering, a CAD/CAM system and so on. The 3D imaging display system has two types in the presentation method; one is a 3-D display system using a special glasses and the other is the monitor system requiring no special glasses. A liquid crystal display (LCD) recently comes into common use. It is possible for this display unit to provide the same size of displaying area as the image screen on the panel. A display system requiring no special glasses is useful for a 3D TV monitor, but this system has demerit such that the size of a monitor restricts the visual field for displaying images. Thus the conventional display can show only one screen, but it is impossible to enlarge the size of a screen, for example twice. To enlarge the display area, the authors have developed an enlarging method of display area using a mirror. Our extension method enables the observers to show the virtual image plane and to enlarge a screen area twice. In the developed display unit, we made use of an image separating technique using polarized glasses, a parallax barrier or a lenticular lens screen for 3D imaging. The mirror can generate the virtual image plane and it enlarges a screen area twice. Meanwhile the 3D display system using special glasses can also display virtual images over a wide area. In this paper, we present a monocular 3D vision system with accommodation mechanism, which is useful function for perceiving depth.

The military display market is analyzed in terms of all fully electronic and many electro-mechanical displays used on combat platforms across all DOD Services. The military market for displays is defined by parameters such as active area, bezel-to-bezel measurement and technology. Other characteristics such as luminance, contrast ratio, gray levels, resolution, viewing angle, color, video capability, and night vision imaging system compatibility are noted. This study takes into account all displays that are either installed or funded for installation. In some cases, planned displays are also included. Display sizes having aggregate defense applications of 5,000 units or greater and having DOD applications across 10 or more platform fleets, are tabulated. The issue of size commonality is addressed where distribution of active area across platform fleets, individually, in groups of two through nine, and ten or more, is illustrated. Military displays are also analyzed by technology, where total quantities of such displays are broken out into CRT, LCD, AMLCD, EM, LED, Incandescent, Plasma and TFEL percentages. Custom, versus rugged commercial, versus commercial off-the-shelf designs are contrasted. High and low information content designs are identified. Displays for several high-profile military programs are discussed, to include both technical specifications and program history. This defense-wide study, an up-date to our paper delivered April 2006, documents 642 weapons system platforms comprising 1,194,199 displays in 1,217 sizes, of which 1,197 are direct-view and 20 are virtual-view. Defense display sizes range from 0.082 in.. 2 to 10,625 in. 2 in 18 technologies, mostly flat panel display (FPD) technologies based on thin-film transistor active matrix liquid crystal displays (TFT AM LCD), with cathode ray tube (CRT) second and dropping rapidly. This paper provides an overview of the DOD display market, allowing government, academia and industry highlights of information provided in the "Military Display Market: Fifth Comprehensive Edition" technical report.

High-quality stereoscopic image content must be viewable in a variety of visual environments, from 3-D theaters to 3-D mobile devices. Stereoscopic effects, however, are affected by screen size, viewing distance, and other parameters. In this study, the authors focus on the stereoscopic image quality experience of viewing 3-D content on a mobile device in order to compare it with that of viewing 3-D content on a large screen. The stereoscopic image quality experience was evaluated using Interpretation Based Quality (IBQ) methodology, which combines existing approaches to image quality evaluation, such as the paired comparison and interview, and assesses the viewer experience using both quantitative and qualitative data. Five stereoscopic images were used in the experiment. The results of the experiment suggest that the discomfort felt while viewing stereoscopic images on a 3-D mobile device arise from not only visual fatigue but also the effects of the smaller screen size. The study also revealed the types of stereoscopic images that are suitable for viewing on 3-D mobile devices.

A novel autostereoscopic display system, the Integrated-Screen autostereoscopic display system, has been developed to substantially increase the total number of pixels on the screen, which in turn increase both the resolution and number of view-zones of the 3D display. In this system, a series of miniature projectors are arrayed and the projection images are tiled together seamlessly to form an image of ultra high resolution. For displaying 3D images, a lenticular screen with pre-designed tilted angle is used to distribute the pixels into the plural view-zones. In this paper, an Integrated-Screen autostereoscopic display system with 30" screen in diagonal and 15 view-zones is presented. The total resolution of the tiled image is 2930×2700, which is much higher than traditional Full HD display, and the resulted 3D resolution in each view-zone is 880×600.

To be able to accommodate different viewing conditions (e.g. different display sizes, display types, viewing distance), a 3D format is required where the depth effect can be adjusted. Within MPEG, the image-and-depth format has been standardized. This format is bandwidth efficient, highly flexible and therefore well suited to introduce 3D content into for example the home environment. Extensions to this format have been proposed to enable occlusion handling, by introducing more image-and-depth layers, containing image data located behind the foreground objects, to enable looking around such foreground objects. In the presence of such a multi-layer representation, a next extension is to add transparency information to the layers, allowing for alpha matting (offering significant gains in rendering quality) and inclusion of semi-transparent objects in the scene. Due to the multi-layer nature, it is then still possible to tune the amount of depth. In this paper, we report on our design choices to arrive at the Declipse 2 format, by going through the whole video chain, from content creation, to looking at the effects of video compression and finally real-time 3D rendering and display of such multi-layer content with transparency information, showing the feasibility of the approach under practical conditions.