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In the process of knowing and understanding the world, the traditional media of books and paper have always played a very important role. However, with the emergence of new media and the skilled use of digital media technology, the traditional medium of book and paper media has gradually faded away in the eyes of mankind. Stereoscopic paper media is a three-dimensional paper media that can display three-dimensional virtual scenes on the display device based on the traditional paper books by using the camera of the display device to identify the logo card or the real scene, and then collect the virtual information and the real scene. In this paper, under Windows 10 operating system, the program is written by VC++ and ARtoolKit software development kit development tool, and based on augmented reality technology, virtual 3D scenes are built through 3D model modeling to achieve matching and integration with real scenes of paper books and realize 3D interaction. Based on this, a 3D interactive augmented reality system with a high degree of realism is realized. The main research contents include: customizing the paper media markers, reducing the system's misjudgment rate of the markers by combining the single-response matrix and calculating the image matching value with an optimization algorithm, realizing and tracking the recognition of the markers in real time; and optimizing the image segmentation method of the ARtoolKit software development kit, using the marker card to rotate 45° relative to the camera's position to simulate the situation when the scene has changed significantly. We use the minimum error method to calculate the gaps in real time to realize augmented reality; build a 3D model with animation effects based on the ARtoolKit software development tool and Unity development platform; accurately align the recognized markers with the virtual 3D model; add audio to the 3D model to match the content and add interactive functions to realize the control of 3D animation. Stereoscopic paper media breaks the traditional paper book book reading method, no longer just read the content of paper books, you can see and content-related virtual information on the display device of the mobile terminal, such as three-dimensional scenes, videos and so on. Stereoscopic paper media improves the reader's interest in reading and gives the reader a vivid and realistic reading experience.

Colorimetric detection using microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) and smartphones enable lowcost mobile chemical analysis solutions. However, variable illumination conditions and phone characteristics (i.e. camera hardware and software capabilities) limit the accurate interpretation and reproducibility of quantitative results. In this paper, we describe a method to automatically compensate an image captured by a smartphone camera under variable illumination conditions. By incorporating a two-step algorithm, we approximate the mobile camera picture color distribution to resemble a laboratory-grade measurement under reference illumination conditions. For every test image, the algorithm first applies a color mapping step that performs histogram matching of a set of color reference spots printed on the device to a laboratory reference measurement. After this initial correction step, a transformation matrix is computed via a least-square fit to minimize the differences between the device and the laboratory references. This matrix is then applied to the RGB channel values obtained from a µPAD to correct for illumination variations. The methodology was tested by correcting a test dataset captured using a smartphone to approximate to a calibration dataset acquired using a lab-grade camera. After correction, the relative error between the datasets fell to 10-20%, leading to an increase in classification accuracy between 12-33%. This approach enables colorimetric chemical analysis with smartphones outside the lab, removing the need to control external lighting conditions.

With new detectors that are capable of imaging across multiple wavelength bands, new methods need to be developed to reduce the lens count and improve performance across these multiple bands while minimizing the SWAP-c (Size, Weight, power and cost) of the system. One method that was proposed was using an update to the classical γν-ν diagram. This method which, uses instantaneous Abbe number and minimum dispersion wavelength to select materials that minimize the chromatic and thermal focal shift over the desired spectral region. A MWIR/LWIR lens was designed using this method to minimize the lens count. The lens has a continuous 3x zoom range. The lens was manufactured to determine the validity of the method that was used and to evaluate the new materials that are being developed. A comparison of the nominal design to the manufactured design is discussed. This includes a comparison of MTF performance.

Roughness of a paper surface is particularly important in paper and board destined to be printed. Surfaces are often coated and the amount of coating and method of application used depends on the roughness of the base paper. We present a method of measure of the roughness of the paper based in the analysis of speckle pattern on the surface. Images are captured by means of a simple configuration using a laser and a camera CCD. Then, we apply digital image processing using the co-occurrence matrix, so this method can be considered as a non-contact surface profiling method, that can be used online.

There are several paradigms for color generation in reflective displays (e-Paper) including RGBW color filtering or stacked RGB or CMY. Theoretically, the highest white state reflectance and best color gamut are achieved by stacking three layers of pixels. However, stacking 3 layers induces significant optical losses especially at high resolution and typically does not allow for video operation. Therefore RGBW color filtering is currently preferred for higher resolution and single-layer e-Paper, but only provides color at 25% of the area and a maximum theoretical white reflectance of 50%. Presented herein is a new bi-primary color-system that cooperatively displays two complimentary colors inside a single sub-pixel, and therefore doubles the white state reflectance and color gamut for single-layer e-Paper. Also discussed are candidate e-Paper technologies that may be able to adopt the bi-primary color system, including possible advantages and challenges for each technology.

In order to consummate the management of bank paper, a new algorithm which can recognize the areas of paper tape in bundle of paper money is presented. Image segmentation is used to divide the image into several sub-blocks. Specifically, image entropy is computed in each sub-block. Experimental in different algorithms, including color training algorithm and the median filter and edge detection algorithm, demonstrates its real-time, effectiveness and robustness.

This technical paper describes the requirements to effectively use thermal imaging as a means of monitoring rotating machine components in a paper machine. The present efforts are focused mainly on monitoring polymer-covered rolls in paper machine calenders, but the studies will be expanded in the future to monitoring the temperature profiles of paper machine press fabrics and press belts in shoe presses. The main challenges in these areas are the high speeds of the target surfaces, obtaining adequate temperature difference resolution at relatively low surface temperatures and challenging environmental conditions. Adaptive triggering is discussed as a synchronization method for obtaining an adequate number of images from the target. Also some image processing techniques, test results and required qualities of infrared camera technology are presented.

Ink jet printability is rapidly becoming a requirement for all multipurpose office papers. These papers must have an optimized balance of properties so they can perform equally well under various printing methods such as xerography, ink jet, and thermal imaging. The office paper of today truly must be a multipurpose copy paper capable of providing good toner adhesion as well as controlled absorption of aqueous ink jet solutions. The demand for ink jet paper is increasing rapidly. The global market for cut-size ink jet papers will expand to nearly 1.4 million tons by the year 2000. By that time the global market for all cut-size multipurpose plain printing papers will grow to nearly twenty million tons. The ink jet printing process places a large volume of aqueous ink on the surface of a substrate. The manner in which the substrate handles that volume of ink determines in large part the quality of the print. Multipurpose office papers are composed chiefly of cellulose fibers, inorganic fillers, and chemical additives. All of these components affect the quality of the sheet as an ink jet substrate. The particle morphology, surface area, and surface treatment of PCC fillers affect the ink jet printability of multipurpose office papers. This paper focuses on results from pilot paper machine and commercial trials performed in an effort to turn 'plain' office papers into high quality multipurpose papers capable of meeting or exceeding ink jet print quality specifications.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

A methodology has been developed to digitize images from photographic color paper (reflection prints) and store the spectral information as a function of the three dye density basis functions inherent to the paper film type. The result is a highly accurate digitization of the spectral information at each spatial pixel that can be digitally stored with very little additional storage space over conventional RGB-type methodologies.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

This report describes a method for the creation and automatic content verification of low-cost self-verifiable paper documents. The image of an original document is decomposed to symbol templates and their corresponding locations. The resulting data is further compressed and encrypted, and encoded in custom designed high-capacity color barcodes. The original image and barcodes are printed on the same paper to form a self-verifiable authentic document. During content verification, the paper document is scanned to obtain the barcodes and target image. The original image is reconstructed from data extracted from the barcodes, which is then registered with and compared to the target image. The verification is carried out hierarchically from the entire image down to word and symbol levels. For symbol level comparison, multiple types of features and shape matching are utilized in a cascade. The proposed verification method is inexpensive, robust and fast. Evaluation on 216 character tables and 102 real documents achieved greater than 99% alteration detection rate and less than 1% false positives at the word/symbol level.

In this work, two optical systems previously designed and implemented by our research team, were used to enable the surface and bulk inspection of the ink-paper interaction by image analysis. Basically, the first system works by ejecting micro-liter ink drops onto the papers surface while monitoring the event under three different views over time. The second system is used for sectioning the paper samples through their thickness and to simultaneously acquire images of the ink penetration of each section cut. In the performed experiments, three black inks of different brands and a common copy paper were chosen, used, and tested with the two developed optical systems. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses were carried out at the surface level and in the bulk of the paper. In terms of conclusions, it was shown that the three tested ink-paper combinations revealed very distinct characteristics.

Wet paper code is a complex model which mainly used in the field of image coding. This paper is based on the wet paper code model and human visual system, and constructs a new wet paper code steganographic method. According to the regional complexity and other characteristics of the host image, the secret bits are adaptively embedded into wavelet coefficients of image subbands with wet paper code. Secret information receivers do not need to know the specific method of secret writing, just do a simple matrix multiplication operation and can extract the secret information, which in many ways to improve the security of the steganographic algorithm. The experiments show that the method has good visual invisibility and resistance of active steganalysis attacks.

Due to the rise in performance of digital printing, image-based applications are gaining popularity. This creates needs for specifying the quality potential of printers and materials in more detail than before. Both production and end-use standpoints are relevant. This paper gives an overview of an on-going study which has the goal of determining a framework model for the visual quality potential of paper in color image printing. The approach is top-down and it is founded on the concept of a layered network model. The model and its subjective, objective and instrumental measurement layers are discussed. Some preliminary findings are presented. These are based on data from samples obtained by printing natural image contents and simple test fields on a wide range of paper grades by ink-jet in a color managed process. Color profiles were paper specific. Visual mean opinion score data by human observers could be accounted for by two or three dimensions. In the first place these are related to brightness and color brightness. Image content has a marked effect on the dimensions. This underlines the challenges in designing the test images.

Annotation watermarking (sometimes also called caption or illustration watermarking) denotes a specific application of watermarks, which embeds supplementary information directly in the media, so that additional information is intrinsically linked to media content and does not get separated from the media by non-malicious processing steps such as image cropping or compression. Recently, nested object annotation watermarking (NOAWM) has been introduced as a specialized annotation watermarking domain, whereby hierarchical object information is embedded in photographic images. In earlier work, the Hierarchical Graph Concept (HGC) has been suggested as a first approach to model object relations, which are defined by users during editing processes, into a hierarchical tree structure. The original HGC method uses a code-book decomposition of the annotation tree and a block-luminance algorithm for embedding. In this article, two new approaches for embedding nested object annotations are presented and experimentally compared to the original HGC approach. The first one adopts the code-book scheme of HGC using an alternative embedding based on Wet Paper Codes in blue-channel LSB domain, whereas the second suggests a new method based on the concept of intrinsic signal inheritance by sub-band energy and phase modulation of image luminance blocks. A comparative experimental evaluation based on more than 100 test images is presented in the paper, whereby aspects of transparency and robustness with respect to the most relevant image modifications to annotations, cropping and JPEG compression, are discussed comparatively for the two code-book schemes and the novel inheritance approach.

In this paper a new method is proposed to control a vision-based robot in large navigation spaces. In this case, visual features observed by an on-board camera can change drastically or even disappear completely between the initial image, as seen at the beginning of a task, and the final image, as seen at the desired position of the robot. These features are therefore not suffcient for controlling the entire motion of the robotic system from beginning to end. This problem requires a more complete definition and representation of the navigation space. This can be achieved by a topological representation, where the environment is directly defined in the sensor space by a data-base of images. In our approach, this data-base is acquired during an offline learning step. An image retrieval method then indexes and matches a request image, given by the camera, to the closest view within the data-base. In this way, an image path is extracted from the database to link the initial and desired images providing enough information to control the robot. The central point of this paper is focused on the closed-loop control law that drives the robot to its desired position using this image path. The method proposed does not require either a global reconstruction or a temporal planning step. Furthermore, the robot is not obliged to converge directly upon each image waypoint but chooses automatically a better trajectory. The visual servoing control law designed uses specific features which ensure that the robot navigates within the visibility path. Experimental simulations are given to show the effectiveness of this method for controlling the motion of a camera in three-dimensional environments (free-flying camera, or camera moving on a plane).

In this paper, we show that the communication channel known as writing in memory with defective cells is a relevant information-theoretical model for a specific case of passive warden steganography when the sender embeds a secret message into a subset C of the cover object X without sharing C with the recipient. The set C, which is also called the selection channel, could be arbitrary, determined by the sender from the cover object using a deterministic, pseudo-random, or a truly random process. We call this steganography "writing on wet paper" and realize it using a simple variable-rate random linear code that gives the sender a convenient flexibility and control over the embedding process and is thus suitable for practical implementation. The importance of the wet paper scenario for covert communication is discussed within the context of adaptive steganography and perturbed quantization steganography. Heuristic arguments supported by tests using blind steganalysis indicate that the wet paper steganography provides improved steganographic security and is less vulnerable to steganalytic attacks compared with existing methods with shared selection channels.

An automatic recognition system for Paper Currency Numbers was developed in this paper. The paper currency number can be recognized and recorded by this system at the same time of binding. At First, an image of 8 bits grey-scale was acquired by CCD camera, and then some output number clusters can be through process of segmentation by Grey Ridge-Valley algorithm, orientation by projection, and character recognition by structure-analyzing algorithm. Results of experiments demonstrated that the proposed algorithm of gray ridges and valleys can extract feature effectively, the algorithm of distance of traversing number body orientation acute, and this system achieves a high recognition rate and a fast recognition speed. It still reached the practical degree. The system has applied national patent.

High-resolving full-field OCT method is considered that provides increased resolution and interferometric data acquisition speed due to high optical magnification and electronic lateral scan provided by video camera. OCT data processing algorithm based on signal squaring with subsequent low-pass filtering is considered. Experimental results obtained when evaluating samples of paper material are presented and discussed.

A device has been designed for off-line optical paper inspection and quality control of stripes and holes in the cigarette paper. Hardware description is first presented including main paper characteristics to be measured. Typical paper stripe and holes structures are then discussed with image processing and analysis considerations to discriminate these structures, focusing in the problems derived from the small area of holes and of their internal structure that is analyzed with a confocal microscope. Algorithms for image processing and analysis are described. These algorithms involve equalization, binarization, stripes structure detection, holes distribution and statistics.

A non-supervised clustering based method for classifying paper according to its quality is presented. The method is simple to train, requiring minimal human involvement. The approach is based on Self-Organizing Maps and texture features that discriminate the texture of effectively. Multidimensional texture feature vectors are first extracted from paper images. The dimensionality of the data is then reduced by a Self-Organizing Map (SOM). In dimensionality reduction, the feature data are projected to a two-dimensional space and clustered according to their similarity. The clusters represent different paper qualities and can be labeled according to the quality information of the training samples. After that, it is easy to find the quality class of the inspected paper by checking where a sample is placed in the low-dimensional space. Tests based on images taken in a laboratory environment from four different paper quality classes provided very promising results. Local Binary Pattern (LBP) texture features combined with a SOM-based approach classified the test data almost perfectly: the error percentage was only 0.2% with the multiresolution version of LBP and 1.6% with the regular LBP. The improvement to the previously used texture features in paper inspection is huge: the classification error is reduced over 40 times. In addition to the excellent classification accuracy, the method also offers a self-intuitive user interface and a synthetic view to the inspected data.

The benefits of stereo vision are numerous and quickly become apparent when attempting to perform simple tasks without the aid of stereo cues. The proliferation of remotely operated vehicles and indirect viewing applications has resulted in an increased need to see the operational environment in stereo. Several approaches to the display of stereo imagery have been demonstrated. Stereoscopic displays typically require the user to wear special headgear. Autostereoscopic displays require no headgear but typically have tight limitations on the position of the viewer's head. Previous papers have described a new type of stereoscopic display based on dual liquid crystal displays. The new display provides a stereo view without temporal or spatial multiplexing. Several prototype displays have been built and demonstrated to potential users with favorable reviews. With a successful proof-of-principle prototype completed, the effort is focusing on improvements to the image quality, consolidating the electronics, and packaging the display for use in rugged environments. The results of this effort should produce a rugged, compact, multiuse stereo display.

In this paper, in order to de-noise a chaotic signal, we compare the time-frequency deconvolution method with the wavelets method. We apply our results on different dynamical systems and show the capability of wavelets' method to reconstruct the attractor of a chaotic time series. Then, we de-noise different data sets in order to re-built their attractor using the wavelets method. The applications concern temperatures and wind fluctuations, electricity spot prices and financial data sets.

The Center for Advanced Communications (CAC) at Villanova University has conducted several preliminary through-the-wall imaging experiments and collected real data on different settings behind the wall using a newly-integrated RF instrumentation suite. The full-polarization, 2D aperture data measurements are taken using an Agilent network analyzer, Model ENA 5071B, implementing a step frequency waveform over a 2-3 GHz frequency range. The room imaged is a typical computer lab that has been lined with radar absorbing material. Three different arrangements of the room's contents are considered: empty scene, calibration scene, and populated scene. The empty scene allows measurement of the noise/clutter background and supports coherent subtraction with the other two scenes. The calibration scene contains isolated reflectors that may be used to determine a fully-polarimetric radiometric calibration solution for the experimental system. The populated scene contains a number of common objects such as a phone, computer, tables, chair and filing cabinet. In addition, a jug of saline solution has been added to crudely approximate a human. Each scene is imaged with and without a wall. The wall is composed of plywood and gypsum board on a wood frame. The antennas are mounted on a 2D scanner that moves the antennas along and adjacent to the wall and is controlled by the network analyzer. Two additional antennas are fixed to the scanner frame and act as bistatic receivers. The paper provides a detailed description of the RF system and experimental conditions and provides a quick look at collected data products. The data measurements, technical details on collection instrumentation, auxiliary measurements, and scene truth data will be made available starting in April 05 to download from the Villanova CAC website at http://www.engineering.villanova.edu/cac/TWRI-experiments.

Application of colorimetry in color identification for checking electronic components and quality of pulp paper is proposed. Inspection of missing electronic components during the assembly of the printed circuit board and dirty portions on pulp paper can be done by an analysis of color image. This method helps to improve the image-processing speed. Additionally, the inspection accuracy can be attained by the use of color iso discrimination contour criterion.

A 128(H) x 64(V) x RGB CMOS imager is integrated with region-of-interest selection, RGB-to-HSI transformation, HSI-based pixel segmentation, 36-bins x 12bits HSI histogramming and sum-of-absolute-difference (SAD) template matching. 32 learned color templates are stored and compared to each image. The chip captures the R, G and B images using in-pixel storage before passing the pixel content to a multiplying digital-to-analog converter (DAC) for white balancing. The DAC can also be used to pipe in images for a PC. The color processing uses a biologically inspired color opponent representation and an analog look-up table to determine the Hue (H) of each pixel. Saturation (S) is computed using a loser-take-all circuit. Intensity (I) is given by the sum color components. A histogram of the segments of the image, constructed by counting the number of pixels falling into 36 Hue intervals of 10 degrees, is stored on chip and compared against the histograms of new segments using SAD comparisons. We demonstrate color-based image segmentation and object recognition with this chip. Running at 30fps, it uses 1mW. To our knowledge, this is the first chip that integrates imaging, color segmentation and color-based object recognition at the focal plane.

Inhomogeneous broadening in optically addressed solids provides a convenient technique for individually addressing a large number of optically active defects in a crystal. Such a capability is important for quantum computer development. However, the random nature of inhomogeneous broadening can limit scalability. Here, techniques that can be used to suppress inhomogeneous broadening will be reviewed including a recently proposed VLSI quantum computer design based on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond.

We present an overview of signal and image processing techniques developed for the concealed weapon detection (CWD) application. The signal/image processing chain is described and the tasks include image denoising and enhancement, image registration and fusion, object segmentation, shape description, and weapon recognition. Finally, a complete CWD example is presented for illustration.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Ink-jet printers (IJ) were developed in the early 1980s and recently, their use has spread in the fields of business applications and computer graphics. IJs feature a faster printing speed than a thermal transfer printer. The printing quality of IJs has been improved to 400 DPI. It is said that even 600 DPI can be realized. Accordingly, almost the same level of printing quality as that of a laser beam printer (LBP) is possible. A compact model requires space of less than 50% of an LBP and smaller power consumption also should expand the demand of IJs for business application. In addition, with the extension of computer graphics, IJ color printers have been increasing remarkably lately. IJs have many advantages compared with the conventional electro photographic system. In the use of color ink-jet printers, an image quality is important and it is influenced by the applied ink and paper. In this connection, the recent trends are explained.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Earlier studies of the human vision system suggest that a complex object may be recognized from the qualitative features associated with its boundary. Since the human vision system uses qualitative features for object recognition, it is extremely robust to deformation caused by noise, obstruction, scale change, or optical distortion. We considered various qualitative descriptors for digital images. The descriptors developed in this research are based on the estimated curvature function from digital boundaries and can discriminate features such as straightness of a contour segment, perpendicularity of two contour segments, parallelness of two straight contour segments, parallelness of two curved contour segments in a global sense, and the direction of convergence if two straight contour segments are not parallel. We demonstrated that the qualitative descriptors developed in this paper can be applied for identification of elementary shapes, such as cylinders, bricks, cones, etc. We also discussed the recognition of more complex shapes after decomposing them into simpler components.

Recent advances in aspheric technology have resulted in remarkable progress in the manufacture of compact zoom lenses for consumer use such as photographic cameras or video cameras. The aspheric technology consists of aspheric lens production technology and also aspheric lens design technology. The author discusses recent advances in the above technologies and typical examples of zoom lenses which are successfully commercialized as aspheric zoom solutions.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

By examining aspherical surface aberration contributions it is shown that aspheres can be used to simplify zoom lens construction and to improve image quality by allowing the designer to selectively correct aberrations at different zoom positions. 1.

Ten years ago infrared imaging systems available on the commercial market had reached a point in their development where accuracy, speed, thermal sensitivity and spatial resolution were sufficient to meet the vast majority of measurement requirements. They were severely limited in application potential, however, because the images produced by even the highest performing systems appeared on oscilloscope displays or Polaroid prints with no further image or data analysis offered. The development of the personal desk-top computer and its marriage to the commercial infrared imager was the key to an applications explosion for these systems. The addition of compatible videocassette recorders added even more to their versatility. This paper will trace the development of commercial infrared thermal imaging systems since the advent of the personal computer, provide an overview of some of the more outstanding features available today and make some projections into future capabilities.

Traditionally, multiple format recording emulsions for medical video imaging have utilized a film (transparent) base. The major reason for this is probably because the film and camera manufacturers felt the diagnostician is accustomed to viewing x-ray images on a film base and would prefer to view video images that way also. Because of the need to keep radiation exposure to patients at a minimum and the fact that photographic emulsions are generally very inefficient in utilizing x-ray radiation, a film base was the logical requirement for direct x-ray imaging as it enabled the image to be recorded by two emulsions rather than one. The transparent base thus allows viewing a photograph which is the result of the additive effect of the two emulsions. The use of transparent base imposed specific requirements that necessitated the development of a whole complex of equipment designed for the particular use of film such as the processing machines, their chemical solutions, and the famous viewbox and alternators that characterize the radiology departments of today.

Traditionally, multiple format recording emulsions for medical video imaging have utilized a film (transparent) base. The major reason for this is probably because the film and camera manufacturers felt the diagnostician is accustomed to viewing x-ray images on a film base and would prefer to view video images that way also. Because of the need to keep radiation exposure to patients at a minimum and the fact that photographic emulsions are generally very inefficient in utilizing x-ray radiation, a film base was the logical requirement for direct x-ray imaging as it enabled the image to be recorded by two emulsions rather than one. The transparent base thus allows viewing a photograph which is the result of the additive effect of the two emulsions. The use of transparent base imposed specific requirements that necessitated the development of a whole complex of equipment designed for the particular use of film such as the processing machines, their chemical solutions, and the famous viewbox and alternators that characterize the radiology departments of today.

Range-gated laser active imaging technology is an effective way to image detection and precise tracking of remote, dark, and small targets that overcomes the shortcomings of passive visible or infrared imaging technology, thus has important practical value and broad application prospects in the military. The paper based on the analysis of its principle, technical advantages and key technologies focus on the typical systems under atmospheric conditions at home and abroad and the latest research results, and discusses the development trends of this technology.

Sub-micron diffraction gratings have been used for two LED illumination applications. One is to create a transparent see through luminaire which can be used to illuminate and read a paper document or e-book. A second is a light sensor that can be used in a feedback loop to control a multicolor LED lamp. Optical design and experimental proof-of-principle are presented.

This paper describes recent advances in the field of autostereoscopic display development and introduces an appropriate integration of a novel user interaction technology. Beside technical aspects of the developed autostereoscopic display technology, the paper includes topics of our video-based interaction technique and introduces promising applications of autostereoscopic single user displays. Based on results of the European ATTEST project, the Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications (HHI) has developed the Free2C 3D display technology, which provides free positioning of a single viewer. The optics of the Free2C displays is designed such that extremely low crosstalk, excellent color reproduction and high brightness are achieved. Simple and intuitive interaction is a requirement for multi-modal 3D displays. For this reason, a novel technology has been integrated into the control console that can recognize a persons' hand and its gestures. Displayed 3D objects floating in front of the screen can be rotated by simple gestures and virtual buttons can be pressed by pointing at them (virtual 3D touch screen). Several applications are currently used by customers and have been presented at trade shows, exhibitions and showrooms. Feasible applications are based on computer generated content, live video created by stereoscopic cameras and films stored on hard disk. Immersive media presentations are one promising application for attractive stereoscopic representations. The Free2C Kiosk and the 3D Media Center combine a high-resolution autostereoscopic 3D display with a video-based hand-gesture recognition device for direct manipulation of virtual 3D objects floating in front of the screen.

A model has been developed to compare the system sharpness of continuous and discrete imaging systems. The continuous system consists of the traditional photographic process including the camera lens the film the printer lens and the photographic paper. The discrete system is an electronic still camera (ESC) and is built around a CCD imaging sensor and a laser printer the camera lens and the photographic paper are the same for both systems. The model uses CMT acutance to measure sharpness and introduces the concept of using the ratio of the aliased signal to the non-aliased signal as a measure of the probability of system aliasing. The model allows the user to study the trade offs between system sharpness and aliasing as a function of sensor resolution pixel size and the nature of the optical anti-aliasing pre-filter used in the ESC. The results of the model indicate that when a well-defined optical anti-aliasing pre-filter is made from a birefringent filter then when the pre-filter introduces a shift of about one-half the pixel pitch of the sensor then the potential for aliasing is minimized. For a given sensor resolution as the pixel size is reduced the potential for aliasing increases as does the system sharpness and when the potential for aliasing is minimized by use of the pre-filter the smaller pixel size still results in a greater potential for aliasing than for the pixels. For a given resolution it is possible to move from the Frame Transfer format to an Interline Transfer format and have the same system sharpness and potential for aliasing thus allowing flexibility in system design but the potential for aliasing is greater than the minimum value associated with the Frame Transfer format. As the system resolution increases the minimum in the potential for aliasing is more sharply defined as a function of the image shift introduced by the pre-filter. Also the potential for aliasing drops off sharply as the sensor resolution increases. In the case of the ESC system the number of lines used to form the final print can have a very large impact on the system sharpness and the amount of aliasing seen by the observer. 1.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

An experimental high resolution cathode ray tube (CRT) printer was developed to produce high quality 3. 5in. x 5 in. and 4 in. x 6 in. photographic prints. A monochrome CRT utilizing red green and blue filtration was used to sequenlially expose continuous-tone color images directly onto conventional photographic paper. A summary of the design and implementation of the printer at the systems level will be presented. The design approach taken to meet the system quality requirements is described from the electrical mechanical and optical points of view. In addition the presentation will emphasize the design challenges of implementing a CRT imager and the solutions to the unique problems it presents. Other concerns discussed in detail include spatial resolution and bit resolution image size and magnification colorimetry and paper response matching. Sample prints of test patterns and scanned images will be shown. 1.

An experimental high-resolution digital printer has been developed that is capable of directly exposing standard color photographic paper in any of four formats ranging in size from 8 in. by 12 in. to 20 in. by 30 in. The printer utilizes three visible wavelength gas lasers to expose continuous-tone color prints in 60 seconds. Each image contains 4000 pixels by 6000 lines of 8-bit red green and blue data at corresponding pixel pitches of 500 to 200 pixels per inch. Integral optical power measurement standards maintain consistent calibration. The ability to produce artifact-free continuous-tone images over this large area requires a critical design approach in all areas of optical mechanical and electronic design. A systems level discussion will illustrate the approaches taken to meet these design challenges. The printer hardware and calibration systems will be described and their performance will be presented. Sample prints of both internally generated test patterns and image scenes will be shown at the conference but could not be suitably reproduced for these proceedings. 1.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

With the popularization of various types of plastic cards with embossed pattern, such as credit cards and ID cards, there has been the need for hardcopy of embossed pattern to identify the user. At present, embossed pattern is copied with an inprinter using carbon paper. We have developed a method of making hardcopy of embossed pattern, based on a new concept. In this method, embossed pattern is read optically by a contact-type image sensor, and converted into electrical signals. The hardcopy of embossed pattern is obtained with an image printer. Using this method, not only embossed pattern but also image pattern can be processed and stored as electrical signals.

This paper based on a number of optical transfer function(0TF) experiments, has given a criterion which used for the evaluation on image-forming quality of camera lenses. And it put forward a proposal for further research and approach of getting an effective measures on OTF evaluation. It also describes an important factor which lead to the off-axis unsymmetrical error on OTF testing.

The optical design of a simple, compact, raster-scanning laser printer using three diode lasers and polygon deflection to produce continuous-tone color prints of high quality on photographic paper is described. Several important optical and calibration problems are discussed, and the results of image quality measurements are summarized.

This paper proposes a large depth-of-field (DOF) imaging method, which uses an image acquisition system equipped with a liquid lens. This paper also establishes the relationship between the focusing distance and the current value to estimate the object distance. The proposed method firstly uses a liquid lens to capture multi-focus images. Then the different objects in the scene are segmented by image processing algorithm. Then we apply an effective blur estimation algorithm on each object to determine the clearest image from all multi-focus images and obtain the corresponding current value. Finally, the clear images of different objects are combined to obtain a large DOF image, and meanwhile, the distances of different objects can be estimated, respectively. Experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively achieve large DOF imaging and measure approximate object distances.

Depression is a kind of mood disorder disease characterized by significant and lasting depression, which seriously affects people's physical and mental health. In recent years, the number of people suffering from depression has gradually increased. In order to improve the recognition rate of depression and reduce the workload of doctors, this paper proposes to apply the deep learning algorithm BiLSTM (Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory) and Attention to recognize depression. Among them, BiLSTM is used to extract contextual temporal information of text features and facial features. Attention is used to learn the correlation between vision and text modalities. This paper undertakes extensive experiments to demonstrate the network's effect. The experimental results show that this method has certain practical application value for depression recognition.

In order to make up for the lack of information caused by a single band image in fire detection, improve the ability of fire detection and early warning, and enhance the completeness and accuracy of the description of fire scenes, this paper proposes an image fusion algorithm based on NSST and feature weighting to detect the visible light in the fire area. Fusion with infrared images. First, the color visible light and infrared images are converted and grayed by HSI to obtain the source image required for fusion. Secondly, NSST transform is performed on the source image to obtain the low-frequency and high-frequency subband coefficients. Subsequently, the low-frequency coefficients are fused using contrast feature weighting and color transfer technology, and the high-frequency coefficients are fused using variance weighted information entropy feature weighting. Then, perform NSST inverse transform and HSI inverse transform on the fused coefficients to obtain the fused image. Finally, through subjective visual perception and objective evaluation indicators, the images fused with different algorithms are evaluated, and the performance difference between the traditional algorithm and the algorithm in this paper is discussed. The experimental results show that the image fused with the algorithm in this paper has higher contrast, richer texture, clearer outline and better visual effect.

This paper proposed an infrared and visible image fusion algorithm based on three-layer guided filter and a Composition Analysis Convolutional Neural Network (CACNN) to address the problems of background information not being delicate and some details being lost in the images fused by the traditional infrared and visible image fusion algorithm. Firstly, the original image is decomposed into the base layer and the detail layer through the multi-scale decomposition method of three-layer guided filter. Then, the CACNN model and the regional energy method are utilized to guide the fusion of the base and detail layers. Finally, the fused image is obtained by merging the base and detail layers. Experimental verification shows that compared with similar algorithms, the proposed model in this paper has a great improvement in evaluation metrics such as Average Gradient (AG) and Spatial Frequency (SF), and better retained and presented the detailed texture information of the images.

In order to quickly and effectively detect lung information in different medical images, this paper designs an improved VGG16 image-based lung opacity classification detection method based on deep transfer learning. This paper applies offline data enhancement technology to increase the number of samples, improves VGG, and employs transfer learning to train the lung recognition model. The results show that the improved VGG16 network has an accuracy rate of 85% for the classification and recognition of lung pictures, and can accurately detect lung pathological mutation information.

Image stitching adopts image registration and image fusion technology, which combines several images with overlapping areas into a wide-view, high-resolution panoramic image. Image Stitching is widely used in remote sensing image processing, medical diagnosis, military detection and many other fields. When the image is stitched, the feature points extracted by methods based on grayscale, frequency domain and image features are too redundant, and the feature points are not comprehensive enough. In order to solve the above problems, this paper proposes a network framework for extracting feature points of image stitching based on deep learning, which is called SA-LIFT. First, the image is divided into similar and non-similar areas by extracting model. Second, an improved LIFT model is proposed, which uses three convolutional networks to extract image feature points. The experimental results show that the method used in this paper has good effects in improving comprehensiveness and reducing redundancy when extracting the feature points of image stitching.

Millimeter wave and terahertz imaging technology is a frontier detection technology with practical application values for people's livelihood, national defense and other fields. This paper summarizes millimeter wave and terahertz imaging technology, consisting of its technical principle, historical development, research status and practical applications.In the paper,discusses focus on the applications of millimeter wave and terahertz imaging technology in security inspections.