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Objective. To share our experience in the prenatal diagnosis of agenesis of ductus venosus (ADV) secondary to interrupted inferior vena cava (IIVC) and how does this affect the outcome. Methodology. A prospective study has been conducted in our center regarding the ADV outcome, since October 2016. In all cases, the main features of abdominal fetal circulation were evaluated in all secondtrimester ultrasound scans, including the presence of a normal drainage of the umbilical vein, via ductus venosus, and the normal location of inferior vena cava (IVC). We present an analysis regarding the outcome of the ADV cases secondary to IIVC and we compare our data with those from the literature. Results. A total of five cases with prenatally diagnosed ADV and IIVC were identified. The gestational age at diagnosis ranged from 18 to 27 weeks. Karyotyping was performed in all cases but one, with an abnormal result in one case. Two cases were part of left isomerism syndrome and had an unfavorable outcome. Two cases did not present other anomalies and had a good outcome, according to the neonatal and pediatric cardiology follow-up. Conclusions. Postnatal outcome in cases with ADV and IIVC mainly depends on the presence of concomitant malformations. In isolated cases, the prognosis is generally good, but counseling is often difficult in such cases, and it is very important to exclude other structural or genetic anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colposcopy is today the gold standard investigation to diagnose cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) following a modified Pap smear. It is used for cervical image magnification and to guide cervical biopsy. Still, there can be other techniques that could facilitate the diagnosis of cervical neoplastic lesions and cervical cancer. This paper aims to analyze the advantages of modern cervical imaging techniques, namely confocal microscopy and digital automated colposcopy, in detecting and staging cervical neoplasia lesions. Confocal microscopy has a wide applicability as an endoscopic imaging technique and already proved useful in cases with cervical lesions. While colposcopy focuses on the macroscopic aspect of the cervical lesions, the advantage of confocal microscopy is that it provides information regarding the microscopic histological changes: architectural changes, increased volume or an increased ratio between the nuclear and cytoplasmic volumes in serial planes tangential to the epithelium, that can be reconfigured 3D. These changes are routinely diagnosed by histopathological examination of a biopsy specimen; however, the confocal microscopy has the ability to visualize these changes in vivo. This helps the diagnosis process and therapeutic decision by eliminating the time required for biopsy and histopathological examination. However, confocal microscopy is an expensive method, therefore digital colposcopy is more appropriate for the screening and diagnosis process, especially in low-income countries. In conclusion, confocal microscopy has the potential to become an important diagnostic and staging tool in cervical neoplastic lesions. The greatest benefit of this method is the ability to visualize in vivo changes that are currently detected by histopathological examination and thus to favorize a faster therapeutic management. However, because its limited accessibility, colposcopy remains the standard imaging method in the diagnosis of cervical lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]