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Among various weed management strategies, chemical weed control is considered the most effective method. However, optimum dose and suitable combination of herbicide with adjuvants play a vital role in controlling weeds at an acceptable level and produce maximum crop yield. A field study was conducted to investigate the effect of post-emergence herbicide isoproturon alone or with combination of adjuvants on winter wheat and its associated weeds. The treatments were isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ha-1, 140 g a.i. ha-1 and 105 g a.i. ha-1 applied alone or with adjuvants Ad-500 or Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 each and weedy check as a control treatment. Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 was most effective treatment for control of Melilotus indica, Anagallis arvensis, Phalaris minor and Fumaria indica as it decreased the photosynthetic activity, fresh and dry biomass of these weeds. In case of wheat, highest productive tillers, plant height, 1000-grain weight, biological and grain yield were achieved with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. However, highest values of gas exchange parameters of wheat were observed where no herbicide was sprayed. It can be concluded that isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 might be a profitable approach to achieve optimal yield of wheat by causing the maximum suppression of these tested weeds. Moreover, the herbicide at reduced dose with adjuvants was not much effective in terms of weed control or increased yield.

Littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor) is the second most serious and problematic grass weed in wheat fields in Iran, and has developed resistance to ACCase inhibiting herbicides. Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis was used to assess genetic variation between and within ACCase inhibitor-resistant and susceptible P. minor populations in Iran and to determine the origin of resistance and its dispersal. Sixteen P. minor populations from different regions in Iran were analysed using seven primers. Genetic relationships generated using UPGMA analysis indicated the presence of more than one genotype among the herbicide resistant populations. The results indicated that the high genetic similarity and physical proximity among the resistant P. minor populations in the different regions is mainly due to cross pollination, mechanical seed dispersion and local ecological factors. These findings suggested that independent selection as well as movement of resistant seeds had occurred, which could explain the presence and dispersion of ACCase inhibitor-resistance in these populations.

Use of herbicide mixtures has been advocated as most effective strategy for avoidance and management of herbicide resistant weeds. Effect of twelve selected treatments of four herbicides (clodinafop-propargil, metribuzin, pinoxaden and sulfosulfuron) two-way mixtures at different doses was investigated against fenoxaprop-p-ethyl resistant and susceptible populations of P. minor grown along the wheat plants. In repeated experiment, herbicides mixtures were applied at 3 to 4 leaf stage of P. minor under greenhouse conditions. All the herbicide mixtures were effective to control resistant as well as susceptible P. minor. Mixtures having 75% lethal dose of each mixture component provided best control against P. minor. Mixtures with 50% lethal dose of each herbicide also provided more than 80% control of P. minor. Surviving P. minor plants after exposure to herbicide mixtures showed reduced growth and seed production potential. No mixture combination produced phytotoxic effects on wheat plant up to 75% of lethal dose of each mixture component. Mixtures including clodinafop-propargil + metribuzin, pinoxaden + sulfosulfuron and pinoxaden + metribuzin at 100% dose of each mixture component produced minor phytotoxic effects on wheat plants and caused no reduction in terms of ultimate growth and grain yield. However, mixture of sulfosulfuron + clodinafop-propargil at 100% dose of each component was phytotoxic to wheat and caused significant reduction in term of growth and grain yield. So, farmers can use these mixtures even at 75% of recommended dose of mixture component to control susceptible and resistant P. minor in wheat. RESUMO O uso de misturas de herbicidas tem sido visto como a estratégia mais eficaz para prevenção e controle de plantas daninhas resistentes a herbicidas. Os efeitos de 12 tratamentos, selecionados entre quatro herbicidas (clodinafop-propargil, metribuzin, pinoxadene e sulfosulfuron) com misturas de duas vias em doses diferentes, foram estudados para as populações de P. minor resistentes e suscetíveis ao fenoxaprop-p-ethyl e que cresciam ao longo de plantas de trigo. Em experimentos repetidos, as misturas de herbicidas foram aplicadas em três a quatro estádios de crescimento da folha de P. minor em casa de vegetação. Todas as misturas de herbicidas foram eficazes para controlar plantas de P. minor resistentes e suscetíveis. As misturas com 75% de dose letal de cada componente ofereceram melhor controle de P. minor. As misturas com 50% da dose letal de cada herbicida também proporcionaram controle de mais de 80% de P. minor. As plantas que sobreviveram após serem expostas às misturas de herbicidas apresentaram deficiência de crescimento e de produção de sementes. Nenhuma combinação das misturas gerou efeitos fitotóxicos para o trigo em até 75% da dose letal de cada componente. As misturas com clodinafop-propargil + metribuzin, pinoxadene + sulfosulfuron e pinoxadene + metribuzin a 100% da dose de cada componente produziram leves efeitos fitotóxicos em plantas de trigo e não causaram redução em termos de crescimento final e rendimento de grãos. No entanto, a mistura de sulfosulfuron + clodinafop-propargil a 100% da dose de cada componente foi fitotóxica ao trigo e causou redução significativa do crescimento e produtividade de grãos. Portanto, os agricultores podem utilizar essas misturas, mesmo a 75% da dose recomendada de componente, para controlar plantas de P. minor suscetíveis e resistentes ao trigo.

The phytotoxic composition of Achyranthes aspera was identified through HPLC, and its herbicidal potential was investigated against two narrow leaf weeds viz., Phalaris minor Retz. and Avena fatua L.; and four broad leaf weeds viz. Lathyrus aphaca L., Vicia sativa L., Convolvolus arvensis L. and Asphodelus tenuifolius L. through bioassays. Weed seeds were grown in the aqueous extracts of various plant parts (roots, leaf, stem, fruit and whole plant) of A. aspera at 5% (w/v) concentration. The extracts of all plant parts caused significant reductions with differential degree in germination percentage and mean germination time. Phalaris minor, A. fatua, L. aphaca, V. sativa and A. tenuifolius completely failed to germinate whereas C. arvensis showed the lowest GP (20%) in response to 5% fruit extract of A. aspera. Inhibition of seed germination of all weeds was higher with the fruit extract than with the root, stem, leaf and whole plant extracts of A. aspera. Seed germination of all narrow leaf weeds was completely inhibited at the 5% fruit extract of A. aspera. The highest phytotoxic inhibitory effect of A. aspera fruit extract was proved to be due to the presence of gallic acid (88.4 mg kg-1), caffeic acid (519.2 mg g-1) and m-coumaric acid (51.4 mg kg-1) as assessed by their HPLC analyses. The study, therefore, showed that A. aspera exerts an inhibitory effect on germination of weeds and can be further explored as a pre- or post-emergence herbicide to provide natural alternative to chemical herbicides in the future. RESUMO A composição fitotóxica de Achyranthes aspera foi identificada através de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), e o potencial herbicida da espécie foi investigado em relação a duas plantas daninhas de folhas estreitas (Phalaris minor Retz. e Avena fatua L.) e quatro de folhas largas (Lathyrus aphaca L., Vicia sativa L., Convolvolus arvensis L. e Asphodelus tenuifolius L.), através de bioensaios. As sementes das plantas daninhas foram cultivadas nos extratos aquosos de várias partes das plantas (raízes, folhas, caule, frutos e plantas inteiras) de A. aspera na concentração de 5% (p/v). Os extratos de todas as partes da planta causaram reduções significativas, em graus diferentes, na porcentagem de germinação e no tempo médio de germinação. Phalaris minor, A. fatua, L. aphaca, V. sativa e A. tenuifolius simplesmente não germinaram, enquanto a espécie C. arvensis obteve o PG mais baixo (20%) em resposta ao extrato a 5% dos frutos de A. aspera. A inibição da germinação de sementes de todas as plantas daninhas foi maior com o extrato dos frutos do que com os extratos de raiz, caule, folha e planta inteira de A. aspera. A germinação das sementes de todas as plantas daninhas de folhas estreitas foi completamente inibida no extrato a 5% de A. aspera. O maior efeito inibitório fitotóxico do extrato dos frutos de A. aspera foi devido à presença de ácido gálico (88,4 mg kg-1), ácido cafeico (519,2 mg kg-1) e ácido m-cumárico (51,4 mg kg-1), conforme as análises de CLAE. O estudo, portanto, mostrou que a espécie A. aspera exerce efeito inibitório na germinação de plantas daninhas e pode ser mais bem explorada como um herbicida aplicado em pré ou pós-emergência, a fim de fornecer uma alternativa natural aos herbicidas químicos, no futuro.

Resistance evolution in weeds against all major herbicide groups demand investigations to identify various factors responsible for resistance development. Herbicide hormesis has not yet been included in the list of factors promoting the evolution of resistance. Studies were conducted to evaluate the degree of hormesis in fenoxaprop-p-ethyl susceptible and resistant Phalaris minor to provide a first indication of whether hormesis is a potential factor in the development of resistance. In the first experiment, a wide range of doses up to 160% of the recommended field rate was used to identify potential hormetic doses for resistant and susceptible P. minor populations. Doses below 40% have been designated as potential hormetic doses. In the second experiment, ten different doses of fenoxaprop below 40% (0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28 and 32% of the recommended rate) were sprayed at the 4-5 leaf stage of both resistant and susceptible P. minor populations. At fifteen days after spraying, dose range of 2-12% and 2-20% caused a significant increase (up to 22% and 24%) in growth traits of susceptible and resistant populations, respectively. At maturity, dose range of 2-12% for susceptible and 2-24% for resistant populations caused a significant increase (up to 20% and 57%) in growth and seed production potential (13% and 17%), respectively. The upper limit of the hormetic dose range (16 to 24%) for the resistant population was inhibitory for the susceptible populations. These results indicate that fenoxaprop hormesis could play a vital role in the evolution of fenoxaprop resistance in P. minor.

Recent increases in the development of herbicide resistance in Phalaris minor worldwide demand alternative non-chemical strategies to control this weed. A series of experiments were conducted under laboratory and greenhouse conditions to explore the herbicidal potential of four allelopathic crops, including maize, rice, sorghum and sunflower, at different concentrations of aqueous extracts (2.5% and 5%), residues (1%, 2% and 4%) and mulches (4, 8, and 12 ton ha-1) against fenoxaprop-resistant P. minor. Aqueous extracts, residues and mulches provided 86-100%, 73-100% and 16-40% control of this resistant weed biotype, respectively. The dry biomass reduction due to aqueous extracts, residues and mulches was 48-100%, 48-100% and 20-54%, respectively. Mulches also caused 17-41% reduction in the seed production potential of P. minor. Lower concentrations of allelochemicals showed hormesis (positive effect) against some emergence and growth traits of P. minor. The phytotoxic chemicals of these four crops have a strong herbicidal potential against herbicide-resistant P. minor, and can be used as an organic alternative to control herbicide resistant P. minor, thus ensuring a sustainable wheat production. RESUMO: Aumentos recentes no desenvolvimento da resistência a herbicidas em Phalaris minor no mundo inteiro exigem estratégias não químicas alternativas para controlar essa planta daninha. Uma série de experimentos foi conduzida em condições laboratoriais e de estufa para explorar o potencial herbicida de quatro culturas alelopáticas, incluindo milho, arroz, sorgo e girassol, em diferentes concentrações de extratos aquosos (2,5% e 5%), resíduos (1%, 2% e 4%) e coberturas (4, 8 e 12 toneladas ha-1), contra P. minor resistente ao fenoxaprop. Os extratos aquosos, resíduos e coberturas proporcionaram controle de 86-100%, 73-100% e 16-40%, respectivamente, desse biótipo de planta daninha resistente. A redução na biomassa seca devido a extratos aquosos, resíduos e coberturas foi de 48-100%, 48-100% e 20-54%, respectivamente. As coberturas causaram também redução de 17-41% no potencial de produção de sementes de P. minor. Menores concentrações de aleloquímicos mostraram hormese (efeito positivo) contra algumas características de emergência e crescimento de P. minor. Os produtos químicos fitotóxicos dessas quatro culturas têm forte potencial herbicida contra P. minor resistente a herbicidas e podem ser usados como uma alternativa orgânica para controlá-la, garantindo uma produção sustentável de trigo.

Using an adjuvant to optimize and increase the foliar activity of post emergence herbicides is an acceptable way to reduce their side effects. Field researches were conducted to detect a suitable adjuvant for two post-herbicides namely, isoproturon+tribenuron and pyroxsulam against little seed canary grass (Phalaris minor) and field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis). Treatments were, isoproturon+tribenuron at 1,025 g a.i. ha-1 (recommended dose) and pyroxsulam at 140.6 g a.i. ha-1 (recommended dose) alone or their reduced dose (75% of the recommended dose) isoproturon+tribenuron at 769 and pyroxsulam at 105.5 g a.i. ha-1, tank mixed with three different adjuvants viz. alkylethersulphate sodium salt at 400, fatty alcohol ethoxylate at 200 and sunflower oil at 1,000 mL ha-1. These treatments were applied at the two to three leaf stages of weeds. All the adjuvants enhanced the efficacy of herbicides; however, maximum herbicide efficacy against P. minor (93.50-97.66%) and C. arvensis (82-100%) was achieved with the application of isoproturon+tribenuron plus alkylethersulphate sodium salt, showing the lowest total weed dry weight (1.48, 0.88 g m-2). The maximum NPK-uptake was associated to the untreated control. Nutrient saving (55-95% N, 43-92% P, 55-95% K) was enhanced by the addition of all adjuvants to herbicides, with better weed control. The maximum yield (41 - 43% increase over weedy check) and yield attributes were recorded with reduced rates of isoproturon+tribenuron plus alkylethersulphate sodium salt, followed by the recommended rate of the same herbicide applied alone. In contrast, sunflower oil with pyroxsulam exerted greater control of little seed canary grass and field bindweed with more yield and yield related traits than alkylethersulphate sodium salt and fatty alcohol ethoxylate with pyroxsulam. These results demonstrated the improvement in the performance of reduced rates of isoproturon+tribenuron with the inclusion of alkylethersulphate sodium salt, with a dose higher than or equal to the recommended dose of the same herbicide, and this is the most cost-effective combination. RESUMO: O uso de adjuvantes para otimizar e aumentar a atividade foliar de herbicidas pós-emergência é uma forma aceitável de reduzir seus efeitos colaterais. Pesquisas de campo foram conduzidas para detectar um adjuvante adequado para dois herbicidas, nomeadamente isoproturon + tribenuron e pyroxsulam, em erva-cabecinha (Phalaris minor) e corriola (Convolvulus arvensis). Os tratamentos foram: isoproturon + tribenuron at 1,025 g i.a. ha-1 (dose recomendada) e pyroxsulam at 140,6 g i.a. ha-1 (dose recomendada) isolado ou a sua dose reduzida (75% da dose recomendada), isoproturon + tribenuron at 769 g i.a. ha-1 e pyroxsulam at 105,5 g i.a. ha-1, misturados com três adjuvantes diferentes: alquiletilsulfato de sódio at 400, álcool gordo etoxilado at 200 e óleo de girassol at 1.000 mL ha-1. Os tratamentos foram aplicados nas fases de duas a três folhas das plantas daninhas. Todos os adjuvantes melhoraram a eficácia dos herbicidas; no entanto, a eficácia máxima do herbicida em P. minor (93,50-97,66%) e C. arvensis (82-100%) foi obtida com a aplicação de isoproturon + tribenuron mais alquietilsulfato de sódio, mostrando a menor massa seca total das plantas daninhas (1,48 e 0,88 g m-2). A absorção máxima de NPK foi associada ao controle não tratado. A assimilação de nutrientes (55-95% N, 43-92% P e 55-95% K) foi aumentada pela adição de todos os adjuvantes aos herbicidas, com melhor controle de plantas daninhas. O rendimento máximo (aumento de 41 a 43% em relação ao controle de plantas daninhas) e as características de produção foram registrados com taxas reduzidas de isoproturon + tribenuron mais alquietilsulfato de sódio, seguidos da taxa recomendada do mesmo herbicida aplicado isoladamente. No entanto, o óleo de girassol com pyroxsulam exerceu maior controle em erva-cabecinha e corriola, com maior rendimento e características de rendimento que o alquiletilsulfato de sódio e álcool gordo etoxilado com pyroxsulam. Os resultados demonstraram melhor desempenho de taxas reduzidas de isoproturon + tribenuron com a inclusão de alquiletilsulfato de sódio, com uma dose maior ou igual à dose recomendada do mesmo herbicida, sendo esta a combinação mais eficiente.

To test resistance status of Phalaris minor (littleseed canary grass) to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl in Pakistan, a field survey was conducted during 2014. Uncontrolled P. minor plants were selected for seed collection from wheat fields where fenoxaprop-P-ethyl was used to control P. minor. Seeds were collected from eight different locations near Fasialabad, Pakistan. Susceptible plants were also selected near Faisalabad having no history of fenoxaprop-P-ethyluse for comparison. These seeds were grown in pots for resistance confirmation using completely randomized design with factorial arrangement having four replicates. Four doses of fenoxaprop-P-ethylcontrol (0X), 46.9 (0.5X), 93.7 (1X) and 187 (2X) g a.i. ha-1 were sprayed at 3 to 4 leaf stage of P. minor. Three weeks after fenoxaprop-P-ethyl spray, percent mortality and biomass of different biotypes were recorded. Dose killing 50% plants (LD50) and resistance index (RI) were calculated on the basis of percent mortality. Results revealed that out of eight biotypes (PM-FS-1, PM-FS-2, PM-FS-3, PM-FS-4, PM-FS-5, PM-FS-6, PM-FS-7 and PM-FS-8) four biotypes (PM-FS-1, PM-FS-2, PM-FS-6 and PM-FS-7) showed resistance to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl. Percent mortality for the resistant biotypes was 51 to 71% even at 2X. Resistance index of the resistant biotypes was 2.13-6.00. Biomass reductions were also significantly lesser in resistant biotypes. Evolution of P. minor resistance to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl is first case of herbicide resistance in Pakistan. Research is needed to assess the infestation of herbicide resistant P. minor area in other locations and suggest control measures to evolve the effective management strategy to control the future spread of resistant biotypes. RESUMO A fim de testar o status de resistência de Phalaris minor (erva-cabecinha) ao fenoxaprop-p-ethyl no Paquistão, uma pesquisa de campo foi realizada durante o ano de 2014. Plantas de P. minor sem controle foram selecionadas para coleta das sementes em campos de trigo em que o fenoxaprop-p-ethyl havia sido usado para controle de P. minor. As sementes foram coletadas a partir de oito locais diferentes próximos a Fasialabad, no Paquistão. Plantas suscetíveis também foram selecionadas próximo a Faisalabad, sem histórico de uso de fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, para fins de comparação. Essas sementes foram semeadas em vasos para confirmar sua resistência, usando um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com arranjo fatorial e quatro réplicas. Quatro doses de fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, controle (0X), 46,9 (0,5X), 93,7 (1X) e 187 (2X) g i.a. ha-1, foram pulverizadas no estádio de 3 a 4 folhas de P. minor. Três semanas após a pulverização de fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, o percentual de mortalidade e biomassa dos diferentes biótipos foi registrado. A dose capaz de eliminar 50% das plantas (LD50) e o índice de resistência (RI) foram calculados com base no percentual de mortalidade. Os resultados revelaram que, dos oito biótipos (PM-FS-1, PM-FS-2, PM-FS-3, PM-FS-4, PM-FS-5, PM-FS-6, PM-FS-7 e PM-FS-8), quatro (PM-FS-1, PM-FS-2, PM-FS-6 e PM-FS-7) mostraram resistência ao fenoxaprop-p-ethyl. O percentual de mortalidade para os biótipos resistentes foi de 51 a 71%, mesmo a 2X. O índice de resistência dos biótipos resistentes foi de 2,13-6,00. As reduções de biomassa também foram significativamente inferiores nos biótipos resistentes. A evolução da resistência de P. minor ao fenoxaprop-p-ethyl é o primeiro caso de resistência a herbicidas no Paquistão. Pesquisas adicionais são necessárias para avaliar a infestação da área de P. minor resistente ao herbicida em outros locais e sugerir medidas de controle para a evolução da estratégia de manejo eficaz no controle da infestação futura de biótipos resistentes.

Hormetic effects of herbicides at ultra-low doses have been proved against range of crop species, although available data of herbicides hormesis about the weeds growth is very limited. This study investigates the promotive effect of low doses of fenoxaprop-Pethyl on growth and seed production of littleseed canarygrass and wild oat. Pot experiments were conducted twice in Wire House at Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, during 2014-15. Seven different concentrations of fenoxaprop-P-ethyl [0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 g a.i. ha-1] were applied as post emergence herbicide at 3-4 leaves stage of the weeds. Results revealed that increase in growth occurred within first two weeks after spraying at fenoxaprop-P-ethyl doses 1, 3 and 6 g a.i. ha-1. More growth stimulation as compared to all other treatments was observed at fenoxaprop-P-ethyl dose 6 g a.i. ha-1. This initial increase in growth sustains with time up to the maturity of both weeds and positively influences seeds production ability. Up to 28% and 17% increase in number of seeds per plants were occurred in littleseed canarygrass and wild oat, respectively. Doses above 6 g a.i. ha-1 negatively affect the weeds growth and seed production ability. RESUMO Os efeitos horméticos dos herbicidas em doses ultrarreduzidas foram comprovados em relação a uma série de espécies de culturas, embora os dados disponíveis relativos à hormesis dos herbicidas em relação ao crescimento de plantas daninhas sejam bastante limitados. Este estudo investiga o efeito promotor de doses reduzidas de fenoxaprop-P-ethyl sobre o crescimento e a produção de sementes de erva-cabecinha e aveia-brava. Experimentos em vasos foram realizados duas vezes na Wire House at Agronomic Research Area, Universidade de Agricultura, Faisalabad, durante 2014-15. Sete concentrações diferentes de fenoxaprop-P-ethyl [0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15 g i.a. ha-1] foram aplicadas como herbicidas pós-emergência com as plantas daninhas no estágio de 3-4 folhas. Os resultados revelaram que houve um aumento no crescimento dentro das duas primeiras semanas após a aspersão de fenoxaprop-P-ethyl nas doses de 1, 3 e 6 g i.a. ha-1. Um estímulo maior do crescimento em comparação com todos os outros tratamentos foi observado para o fenoxaprop-P-ethyl na dose de 6 g i.a. ha-1. Esse aumento inicial do crescimento é mantido com o tempo até a maturação de ambas as plantas daninhas e influencia positivamente a capacidade de produção das sementes. Um aumento de até 28% e 17% no número de sementes por planta ocorreu para a erva-cabecinha e a aveia-brava, respectivamente. Doses acima de 6 g i.a. ha-1 afetaram negativamente o crescimento das plantas daninhas e a capacidade de produção de sementes.

Chlorophyll fluorescence measurement is a precise research technique that can be used for studying the effect of herbicides with different modes of action on photosynthetic apparatus. The aim of the present project was to study the variation of the fluorescence induction curve (Kautsky curve) and its variables affected by pinoxaden (ACCase inhibitor) and mesosulfuron-methyl + iodosulfuron herbicide (ALS inhibitor) in littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor Retz.) and wild oat (Avena ludoviciana Durieu). This study was carried out at the Greenhouse of Collage of Agriculture at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, during 2013. Experiments were performed based on a completely randomized design in form of a dose-response test with six doses of each herbicide plus an untreated control. The maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) was measured 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 days after spraying (DAS). The results obtained in the study indicated that the estimated EDs parameters differed based on herbicide types or weed species. For example, ED90 varied from 11.67 to 28.61 g active ingredient (a.i.) ha-1. Moreover, the results showed that application of mesosulfuron-methyl + iodosulfuron at doses higher than 9 g a.i. ha-1 changed the shape of the chlorophyll fluorescence induction curve (Kautsky curve) in littleseed canarygrass at 7 DAS while herbicide doses of mesosulfuron-methyl + iodosulfuron did not change the shape of the Kautsky curve in wild oat. In addition, the Kautsky curve was observed to have an approximate permanent drop for littleseed canarygrass species at 2 DAS by pinoxaden. Comparing the fluorescence parameters in wild oat and littleseed canarygrass treated with two herbicides showed that Fv/Fm, the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII and Fvj, variable fluorescence at the J step of littleseed canarygrass decreased more than the mentioned parameters in wild oat. Furthermore, there was a strong relationship ranging from 0.53 to 0.79 between dry weights after 4 weeks and fluorescence parameters at 7 DAS depending on the herbicide type and weed species. Applying fluorescence parameters a few days after treatment to predict biomass production can be a defining criterion in research and development stages of herbicides to eliminate the need for whole plant bioassay. This method can also be applied to shorten the bioassay screening period and function as a suitable and cost effective indicator for monitoring of ACCase and ALS inhibitors. This approach also demonstrates serious damages to plant photosynthesis apparatus on crop during herbicide misapplication. RESUMO: A medição da fluorescência da clorofila é uma técnica de pesquisa precisa que pode ser usada para o estudo do efeito de herbicidas com diferentes modos de ação no aparato fotossintético. O objetivo deste projeto foi estudar a variação da curva de indução de fluorescência (curva de Kautsky) e suas variáveis afetadas pelos herbicidas pinoxaden (inibidor da ACCase) e mesosulfuron-methyl + iodosulfuron (inibidores da ALS) na erva-cabecinha (Phalaris minor Retz.) e no aveião (Avena ludoviciana Durieu). Este estudo foi realizado na casa de vegetação do College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, durante o ano de 2013. Os experimentos foram feitos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, na forma de avaliação dose-resposta, com seis doses de cada herbicida e um controle não tratado. A eficiência quântica máxima do fotossistema II (PSII) foi medida 1, 2, 3, 5 e 7 dias após a pulverização (DAS). Os resultados indicaram que houve diferenças nos parâmetros estimados de DE, de acordo com os tipos de herbicidas ou espécies de plantas daninhas. Por exemplo, a DE90 variou de 11,67 a 28,61 g de ingrediente ativo (i.a.) ha-1. Além disso, os resultados mostraram que a aplicação de mesosulfuron-methyl + iodosulfuron em doses superiores a 9 g i.a. ha-1 modificou a forma da curva de indução da fluorescência da clorofila (curva de Kautsky) na erva-cabecinha aos 7 DAS, enquanto as doses dos herbicidas mesosulfuron-methyl + iodosulfuron não alteraram a forma da curva de Kautsky no aveião. Além disso, observou-se queda permanente aproximada na curva de Kautsky para a espécie erva-cabecinha aos 2 DAS, em função do pinoxaden. A comparação dos parâmetros de fluorescência no aveião e na erva-cabecinha, tratados com dois herbicidas, mostrou que Fv/Fm, eficiência quântica máxima do PSII e Fvj e fluorescência variável no passo J da erva-cabecinha tiveram maior redução do que os mesmos parâmetros para o aveião. Além disso, houve forte relação (com variação de 0,53 a 0,79) entre os pesos secos após quatro semanas e os parâmetros de fluorescência aos 7 DAS, dependendo do tipo de herbicida e da espécie de planta daninha. A aplicação de parâmetros de fluorescência alguns dias após o tratamento para prever a produção de biomassa pode ser um critério de definição em estádios de pesquisa e desenvolvimento de herbicidas para eliminar a necessidade de bioensaio com a planta inteira. Esse método também pode ser aplicado para encurtar o período de rastreio do bioensaio e funcionar como um indicador adequado e rentável para o monitoramento dos inibidores da ACCase e da ALS. Essa abordagem também demonstra sérios danos ao aparato fotossintético das plantas na cultura durante a aplicação incorreta do herbicida.