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The classic literature describes the transverse humeral ligament (THL) as a distinct anatomic structure with a role in biceps tendon stability; however, recent literature suggests that it is not a distinct anatomic structure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the gross and microscopic anatomy of the THL, including a specific investigation of the histology of this ligament. Thirty frozen, embalmed cadaveric specimens were dissected to determine the gross anatomy of the THL. Seven specimens were evaluated histologically for the presence of mechanoreceptors and free nerve endings. Two tissue layers were identified in the area described as the THL. In the deep layer, fibers of the subscapularis tendon were found to span the bicipital groove with contributions from the coracohumeral ligament and the supraspinatus tendon. Superficial to this layer was a fibrous fascial covering consisting of distinct bands of tissue. Neurohistology staining revealed the presence of free nerve endings but no mechanoreceptors. This study's findings demonstrate that the THL is a distinct structure continuous with the rotator cuff tendons and the coracohumeral ligament. The finding of free nerve endings in the THL suggests a potential role as a shoulder pain generator., (Copyright 2013, SLACK Incorporated.)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of 3.0-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to accurately assess knee articular cartilage lesions. Sixteen patients who had knee 3.0-T MRI and underwent knee arthroscopy for partial meniscectomy were included. Three fellowship-trained sports medicine orthopedic surgeons reviewed all images. Articular lesions on MRI were graded from I to IV and compared with arthroscopic grading using the Outerbridge and the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) classifications. The articular surface was divided into 6 regions. Based on MRI findings, of the 288 articular surface evaluations, 113 (39%) surface evaluations were classified as disease-positive (grade 2 to 4). Kappa interrater reliability scores for MRI evaluation, Outerbridge classification, and ICRS classification were 0.13, 0.54, and 0.41, respectively. Using the Outerbridge classification as a reference standard, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 57%, 71%, and 63%, respectively. Using the ICRS classification, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 59%, 71%, and 69%, respectively. When isolating the articular grading to the senior author on MRI evaluation vs Outerbridge classification, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 54%, 92%, and 75%, respectively. Based on the current findings, 3.0-T MRI is as an invaluable noninvasive tool with good diagnostic value for assessing articular cartilage lesions of the knee, although it may not be as sensitive and accurate as previously reported., (Copyright 2013, SLACK Incorporated.)

Femoral tunnel intersection in combined anterior cruciate ligament and posterolateral corner reconstruction has been reported to be high. The purpose of this study was to examine the risk of intersection between an anatomic femoral anterior cruciate ligament tunnel created with a retrograde reaming device and femoral lateral collateral ligament reconstruction tunnels of varying trajectory in a synthetic femur model., (Copyright 2013, SLACK Incorporated.)

Participation in competitive bicycling has increased substantially over the past decade, and bicycle injuries have increased accordingly. Cycling has been reported in several studies to have higher rates of injury than other sports and recreational activities; accordingly, riders must be cognizant of the potential for injury and protect themselves appropriately. The purpose of the current study was to survey an established competitive Los Angeles-based road cycling team to determine the epidemiology of and circumstances for traumatic cycling injuries., (Copyright 2013, SLACK Incorporated.)

Total elbow arthroplasty is the current gold standard of treatment for unreconstructable distal humerus fractures; however, longevity of the implant remains a concern in younger, more active patients. Distal humerus hemiarthroplasty offers an alternative and may allow for more durable results. The authors retrospectively evaluated the short-term clinical outcomes of 10 patients who underwent elbow hemiarthroplasty for distal humerus fractures. This short-term review suggests that distal humerus hemiarthroplasty may be an effective treatment for certain distal humerus fractures. Additional studies must be conducted to further define the role of elbow hemiarthroplasty for the treatment of complex fractures of the distal humerus., (Copyright 2012, SLACK Incorporated.)

Novel allograft processing methods are available from tissue banks to decrease disease transmission. This study evaluated the effects of 3 of these techniques on the initial mechanical properties of bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) allografts: (1) aseptic harvest with low-dose radiation processing, (2) BioCleanse Tissue Processing System, and (3) Clearant Process. Ten-mm BPTB allografts were potted in an MTS 858 machine (MTS Systems Corp, Eden Prairie, Minnesota), cycled, and loaded to failure at a strain rate of 100%/s. Data were critically analyzed for graft dimensions and age and sex of donor. The 10th cycle and last cycle stiffness after 1000 cycles were measured at the toe region and at all points. The 2% yield stress (MPa), Young's modulus (MPa), elongation failure (mm), strain fracture (%), ultimate stress (MPa), and toughness (kJ) were measured. Forty-two tendons were tested (15 control, 11 BioCleanse, and 16 Clearant). No statistically significant differences were detected between the groups at their 10th cycle and last cycle stiffness (P>.05). Yield stress ranged from 19 to 28.8 MPa without a statistically significant difference (P>.05). Young's modulus ranged from 178.3 to 213.8 MPa without a statistically significant difference (P>.05). Similarly, elongation to failure, strain to failure, ultimate stress, and toughness showed no statistically significant differences among the 3 groups (P>.05). These processing techniques did not affect the time zero mechanical properties of the BPTB allograft tendons under these testing conditions. Clinical use of allografts should proceed with caution for selected patients., (Copyright 2010, SLACK Incorporated.)