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The aim of the study was to determine the number of lymphocytes, intracellular cytokines produced by lymphocytes, and the cell cycle of lymphocytes isolated from the blood of patients when exposed to various drugs, as well as to assess the functions of cultured lymphocytes when exposed to drugs in vivo and in vitro.Materials and methods. The study involved lymphocytes isolated from the blood of healthy women under various conditions. At the first stage of the study, T-lymphocytes were isolated from the blood of patients before exposure to the drug. The absolute and relative lymphocyte count, the number of intracellular cytokines, and the cell cycle were determined.At the second stage, the drugs were added to the nutrient medium, where lymphocytes isolated from the blood of patients who did not receive systemic drugs were cultured. The placental extract preparation was added to the lymphocytes isolated from the first group of patients, while the hyaluronic acid preparation was added to the lymphocytes isolated from the second group of patients.At the third stage, the lymphocytes isolated from the blood of patients after systemic exposure to the placental extract preparation or hyaluronic acid preparation were isolated and cultured, after which the same lymphocyte parameters were determined.Results. The number of T-lymphocytes increased with the systemic use of the placental extract and hyaluronic acid preparations and practically did not change compared with the baseline data, when these drugs were added to the nutrient medium. Placental extract and hyaluronic acid had a positive effect on the mitotic activity of cells; it is worth noting that the effect of placental extract was greater than that of hyaluronic acid. Both drugs did not have a negative effect on apoptosis of T-lymphocytes. Under the effect of placental extract, lymphocytes secreted more interleukins, which contributed to proliferation of keratinocytes.Conclusion. The placental extract and hyaluronic acid preparations have a stimulating effect on keratinocytes. The placental extract preparation has a stimulating effect on T-lymphocytes after systemic exposure of the body to it.

Background. Immune responses and inflammation play an important role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke.Aim. To analyze the involvement of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke.Results. Data on the contribution of neutrophil granulocytes to the development of local sterile inflammation and secondary brain injury in acute ischemic stroke were summarized. Mechanisms of neutrophil influence on thrombosis, neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis), protease release, and direct interaction with platelets with subsequent formation of platelet-leukocyte aggregates were discussed. Available information on the effectiveness of reperfusion therapy and an association of changes in neutrophil activity with development of infectious complications of stroke were presented. In addition, research data were presented on the contribution of neutrophils to atherogenesis, which is one of the most important etiological factors in ischemic stroke. The review showed that the contribution of neutrophils to the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke is associated with implementation of their secretory, regulatory, and phagocytic functions, as well as with NETosis.Conclusion. It was shown that neutrophils are involved in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and modulate a response to treatment.

Regulatory T-lymphocytes play a central role in the immunological tolerance system. To date, existence of many different subpopulations of regulatory T-cells have been described. However, a number of questions related to the function, differentiation, and homeostasis of these subpopulations in a body remain unclear. Interactions between the previously discovered pairs of helper and regulatory T-lymphocytes require further study. The main topic is identification and establishment of the functions of regulatory memory cells. Interstitial migration of activated regulatory T-lymphocytes is also a promising direction. In this review, we summarized the main findings in multiple subsets of regulatory T-lymphocytes, discussed unclear data that will require further studies, and showed an application for regulatory T-lymphocytes in medicine.

Over the past few decades, thanks to the use of new technologies, the spectrum of functional capabilities of neutrophil granulocytes has been significantly expanded. Their effector potential with respect to infectious agents, including phagocytosis, the production of active forms of oxygen and nitrogen, degranulation with the release of numerous enzymes and antimicrobial peptides, and the formation of extracellular traps were studied in detail. However, it has been found that many of the factors that neutrophils use to directly destroy pathogens have a regulating effect on other cells of the immune system and the neutrophils themselves. In addition, upon activation, neutrophils are capable of synthesizing a number of de novo biologically active molecules. Traditionally considered as inducers of an inflammatory reaction, neutrophils demonstrate the ability to simultaneously incorporate mechanisms that contribute to limiting and resolving inflammation. Ambivalent both helper and suppressor effects of neutrophils on cells of congenital and adaptive immunity testifies to their important immunoregulatory role both in homeostasis and various types of pathology, particularly in the development of malignant tumors.