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Background: Consumption of contaminated eggs with Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (SE) cause gastroenteritis in human. Aims: The present study examined the effect of probiotic and prebiotic compared to antibiotic on the colonization of SE in the ceca, and the quantity and quality of produced eggs in the laying hens challenged with SE. Methods: One hundred Hy-Line W-36 laying hens with 44-week-olds were studied for 13 weeks in a randomized complete block design containing five treatments and four replicates with five birds in each replicate. Treatments included: negative control, positive control, and antibiotic: diets containing antibiotic (Oxytetracycline 0.15 g/kg diet), probiotic (Bactocell® 0.1 g/kg diet), and prebiotic (Diamond V Original XPCTM 1.25 g/kg diet). All experimental groups except negative control were challenged with 1 ml of suspension solution containing 1 × 107 CFU/ml SE by oral gavage at the start of the ninth week of the experiment. Laying performance traits and cecal bacterial population were measured at the end of each week. Results: Probiotic and prebiotic showed a greater effect in the reduction of yolk cholesterol and blood cholesterol level before and after challenge with SE, respectively (P<0.05). In pre-challenge period, treatments had no effect on the cecal bacterial population; but after the challenge, three dietary supplements decreased the colonization of SE in the ceca of laying hens, and prebiotic showed more preventive effect (P<0.05). Conclusion: The result of this study showed that the prebiotic can be effective in reducing and preventing SE colonization in laying hens and act as an alternative to antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Salmonellosis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases in humans and animals worldwide. Aims: The main objective of this study was to report serovars, clonal relatedness, and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella strains isolated from human, different animal hosts including pigeons, broilers, cattle, camel, parrots, and hamsters in different regions of Iran. Methods: Twenty-four Salmonella isolates were confirmed at the genus level by biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by showing the presence of invA gene. Serovars were determined and their clonal relatedness was assessed by RAPD-PCR and antibiotic resistance profiles. Results: Overall, Salmonella Typhimurium was the most prevalent serovar (45.8%, 11/24), which was recovered from humans, pigeons, and camels. Salmonella Enteritidis (29.2%, 7/24) was the second common serovar that was recovered from cattle, broilers, humans, and hamsters. Salmonella Infantis (12.5%, 3/24) belonged only to broiler sources, and Salmonella Seftenberg (12.5%, 3/24) was isolated from eggs and a parrot. The major RAPD pattern was VI (33.3%) in which the two S. Typhimurium isolates (belonged to humans and pigeons) exhibited similarity in both RAPD pattern and resistance profile. Antimicrobial susceptibility test showed full resistance to tylosin and erythromycin (100%, 24/24). All isolates (100%, 24/24) were susceptible to ceftriaxone, cefixime, and gentamicin. In total, 75% of the isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR) and revealed 15 different antimicrobial resistance profiles (R-type). Conclusion: This study supports the potential transmission of Salmonella serovars via animal contacts. Thus, it is necessary to establish a national systematic monitoring program with one health approach for controlling Salmonella infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]