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The targets of carbon peak and carbon neutrality have been rapidly promoted in China since they were put forward. This arti⁃ cle systematically analyzes the challenges and opportunities faced by China to achieve these targets and discusses the areas and direc⁃ tions in which China can take actions. The analysis suggests that at this stage, China' s realization of the carbon peak and neutrality tar⁃ gets faces challenges such as high pressure concerning carbon emission reduction, tight time, high cost, insufficient technical reserves, unbalanced development, high cost of getting rid of the 'carbon lock-in', immature carbon pricing mechanism and complex interest ad⁃ justment. Meanwhile, the carbon peak and neutrality targets have created a green recovery opportunity for the low-carbon transformation of new infrastructure and traditional industries after the COVID-19 pandemic, extended the scope of ecological civilization and provid⁃ ed a systematic solution for its difficult problems. In the future, China should continue to make efforts in promoting scientific and tech⁃ nological progress, give full play to the role of carbon market and expanding green investment, boost the innovation drivers, strengthen green financial development, and deepen the construction of a community of shared future for mankind by adhering to the concept of win-win cooperation, mastering the voice of competition, and participating in global governance and cooperation from all aspects and multiple angles, so as to ensure the effective realization of the carbon peak and carbon neutrality targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the context of building maritime power, developing high-quality marine economy by relying on science and technology (S&T) innovation while paying attention to marine environmental protection is essential to the promotion of the sustainable development of China's marine system. This paper firstly summarizes the complex interactions between marine S&T, economy and environment from the perspective of relevance and coordination, and then constructs an integrated framework of a marine technological-economic environmental system. By constructing an indicator system, the coordinated development of the marine system in coastal areas of China is analyzed by using the coupling model and the combined prediction model. The results show that: ① The comprehensive development index of marine systems in the 11 coastal provinces sustains the growth trend from 2007 Lo 2016. The development index of three subsystem also grows significantly, while showing non-synergies in direction and degree. ② The average annual value of the coupling degree of these 11 provinces reaches 0. 74, attaining the intermediate coordination level. The technological-economic subsystem shows the largest change. With regard to the spatial difference, the coupling degree of the Bohai Rim region is the highest, followed by Yangtze River Delta region, with the Pan-Pearl River Delta being the lowest. ③ During the past 10 years, most of the marine systems among the 11 provinces have been transformed from economic-environmental coupling to technological-economic coupling, which means that the relationship between marine technology and economy is becoming closer, while the marine environment has been largely ignored. ④ Compared with the traditional scenario, the target scenario based on external expectations shows a higher degree of coupling prediction, indicating that it will be difficult to achieve sustainable requirements if the past marine development mode is continued. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the capacity of circulation supply in marine system, optimize the marine S&T investment and output structure, as well as implement more strict marine ecological protection policies to enhance the coordinated development of regional and national marine systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]