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In 2009, at the height of the economic crisis, and after implementing in 2008 a large €35 billion stimulus plan to rescue the banking and corporate sectors, the French government decided to launch a vast structural support program, the “Investment Programme for the Future” (PIA, programme d’investissement d’avenir), to accelerate the country’s adaptation to a rapidly changing international context, and prepare the French economy to rebound quickly when the crisis ends.