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Presently, 50-60 m 3 of water needed to produce a ton of paper and around 240-250 chemicals have been identified in effluents, which are produced at different stages of paper making in pulp and paper industry. The pulp and paper industry is typically associated with pollution problems related to high BOD, COD, toxicity, AOX, color, suspended solids, lignin and its derivatives and chlorinated compounds. Although numerous studies have looked ways by various researchers to remove COD, BOD, color etc. of pulp and paper effluents, the problem still persists. Number of microorganisms including bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes has been implicated to degrade the xenobiotic compounds present in pulp and paper mill effluent. This article review the origins and effects of major pollutants present in pulp and paper mill effluents and the progress made in their reduction through fungi, bacteria, algae and enzymes as well as further scope is also discussed.

This research focuses on how corporate social responsibility practices (CSR) have evolved over time in one of big companies in Indonesia’s pulp and paper industry. One of the challenges faced by big companies working in renewable industry is to assure that every of its supply chain truly comply with the principles of environment protection. It underlines the transformation of CSR practices particularly community development since the establishment to the position which the company has been growing rapidly. As most companies in emerging economy context especially emphasize only for maximizing profits as business reason, this company shows different direction by also practicing community development programs in quite massive ways and producing better impact to the society. Through in-depth case study, we argue that the company has been successfully created organizational trajectory to support their CSR practices since their establishment up to 2008. This research contributes in some ways as follows. First, by analyzing path-trajectory of CSR practices, it will enrich our understanding on how a big company as part of its global network develops its CSR practices, particularly in emerging economies context. Second, it provides the clearer evidences, milestones, and challenges of the importance of creating so-called CSR practices reflected local needs where the company exists. Third, in the end, it proposes further inquiry whether the company should continue make, buy or decide to collaborate in future CSR practices while the growth of its activities becomes mature and or changed rapidly.

Wastewater from pulp and paper mill is one of the most important sources of pollutants mainly due to the pulping and bleaching processes. This study evaluates the effectiveness of photo-Fenton's process in reducing organic and suspended solid in pulp and paper mill wastewater. The photo-Fenton's process produces the strongest oxidation and consumes lower Fe2+ compared to the conventional Fenton's process. The conditions of the photo-Fenton's process were optimized such as the initial pH, the H2O2 concentration and the FeSO4+7H2O concentration. It was found that the optimal pH for Fenton's process was pH 5. The optimal initial concentration of H2O2 and FeSO4+7H2O were 500 and 400 mg L-1, respectively. The overall efficiency of BOD, and TSS reduced by the Fenton's process under optimal conditions attained up to 87.5 and 87.0%, respectively. Thus, the photo-Fenton's process has the potential to be used in the treatment of pulp and paper effluent. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.

Bacterial strains isolated from the gut of the local termite Coptotermes curvignathus were inoculated into a buffered medium containing minerals and Whatman filter paper as the sole carbon source to observe the ability of the bacteria to digest solid substrate. The bacteria were Bacillus cereus strain Razmin A, Enterobacter aerogenes strain Razmin B, Enterobacter cloacae strain Razmin C, Acinetobacter strain Raminalimon and Chryseobacterium kwangyangense strain Cb. The Gen Bank NCBI/EMBL accession numbers for the bacterial strains were EU294508, EU305608, EU305609, EU332791 and EU169201, respectively. The ability of bacterial cultures to grow in this medium as well as to digest the filter paper was determined by visual observation after 30 days. All bacterial cultures showed growth as the medium turned cloudy and the filter paper became macerated. Chryseobacterium kwangyangense strain Cb showed yellow pigmented colonies on the filter paper. Bacillus cereus strain Razmin A showed clumps of degraded filter paper with black dots.

Paper currency is used in exchange for goods and services and so the circulation of paper currency from one individual to another potentially spreads microorganisms. If pathogenic bacteria contaminate these currencies, the rate of infection and death rate from these infectious agents will continue to rise. This study was conducted to survey the bacterial and fungal contamination of paper money and cellular phones samples in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia in May 2010. Each bill and phone was prepared using standard procedures. Of the 390 currency notes, 282 (72.3%) were contaminated with bacteria which included Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Candida spp., Penicillium spp., and Rhizopus spp. and bacteria which included Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella ozaenae, Cedecea davisae, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Acinetobacter iwoffii, Staphylococcus warneri, and Enterobacter agglomerans. All isolated bacterial species were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, ticarcillin, tobramycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The use of commercial disinfectants was only effective against Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus spp. Cellular phones were contaminated with Micrococcus and Staphylococcus species, and no fungal species were isolated from the sampled cellular phones. Prevention is the hallmark of reducing morbidity and mortality. An efficient health awareness campaign program should be fully implemented to inform the public of the hazards of contaminated paper currencies and even mobile phones.

Wesafu is an indigenous ecotype cichlid and a very important part of the fisheries of Epe lagoon in Lagos Nigeria. Investigation of the amino acids composition of tissue and blood samples of Wesafu, T. zillii and O. niloticus using paper chromatography (Ranjna, 1999) was conducted. Only 14 amino acids (Alanine, Cysteine, Asphatic acid, Phenylalanine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Lysine, Leucine, Methionine, Threonine, Valine, Tryptophan, Glutamic acid) were analyzed. In the muscles, 11 amino acids were identified with alanine, guanine and methionine absent in all three fish tissue sampled. Phenylalanine, isoleucine and valine were absent in O. niloticus but present in Wesafu and T. zillii while Tryptophan and Glutamic acid were present in O. niloticus but absent in the tissues of Wesafu and T. zillii. However, all 14 AA assayed were present in different proportions in the blood samples of the three species. This report further suggests that the Wesafu is different from either of the two species and warrant species identification at a level of molecular biology.

UNLABELLED The aim of the study is to compare the role of killed (KP) Lactobacillus acidophilus with living (LP) in reducing incidence of sepsis (NS) and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in neonates. Randomized double blind placebo study, included 150 neonates admitted to NICU at day 1, sixty received oral (LP) and 60 received (KP) and 30 received placebo. One gram of stools was collected on admission, at day 7, at end of the study, as well as on suspected NEC or NS and was sent for culture. RESULTS LP and KP were preventive factors for NEC with absolute risk reduction (AAR) 16, 15%, respectively and 18% for NS compared to placebo. Incidence of NEC and NS did not differ significantly between neonates supplemented with LP and those with KP. Preterm neonates supplemented with KP showed significantly lower incidence of NEC compared to placebo, while incidence of NS showed no significant difference between both groups. There is significant reduction in NS and NEC among neonates with positive Lactobacillus colonization of gut compared to those none colonized at day 7 (27.9 vs. 85.9%, 0 vs. 7.8%) and at day 14 (48.7 vs. 91.7% for NS and 0 vs. 20.8% for NEC). Overall comparison between the three groups showed statistical significant reduction in the incidence of NEC. Present conclusions are that early gut colonization with beneficial bacteria lowers the incidence of NEC and NS. KP retained similar benefits to live bacteria.