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Background: Femoral shaft fractures are among the commonest fractures of the lower extremity in children and commonly require hospital admission.There are various modalities of treatments both operative and non-operative. The aim of treatment is to secure union, in good alignment with length restored and early rehabilitation Objective: To compare the results ofearly spica cast and skin traction followed by spicacast in the treatment of femoral shaft fractures in children (6 months to 10 years). Method: A total of 64 patients with fracture shaft femurof either sex aged 6 months-10 years with closed, isolated diaphyseal femur fracture were included in the study. Cases with clinical evidence of infection, pathological fractures, multiple injuries including neurovascular injuries were excluded from the study. The patients were randomly assigned into two groups; Group-I (n-32) patients who underwent early spica application while Group-II (n-32) patients underwent skin traction in followed by spica cast. Results: Mean age in group A was 5.06 years and 5.12 years in group B (range 6 months to 10 years). Ratio of males and female in Group A and Group B was 19:13 and 20:12 respectively. Average duration of hospital stay was 1.65 days and 11.65 days in group A and Group B respectively. Average total time of spica cast application was 45.13 days and 49.41 days in group A and group B patients respectively. Conclusion : There were no significant differences between early and delayed spica regarding the complications of treatment and functional outcome. But immediate spica decreased the hospitalization time and the cost of treatment significantly with increased availability of beds while having similar result as achieved by delayed spica application.

Aim: To study the effectiveness of probing in congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in children above 1 year of age.Methods: This study included 42 children undergoing probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction between Jan 2015 to Dec 2018. The children were divided into two groups, Group 1 (12-24 months) and group 2 (>24 months). Success was defined as complete resolution of signs and symptoms. The chi-square test was used to analyze the results.Results: The success rate in group A was 78.2% and in group B, 72.4%.There was no significant difference in the cure rate with increasing age. (p value 0.5460 Conclusion: Probing of NLD should remain the primary management choice for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in children between 1 to 5 years of age.

Aim: To study the effectiveness of probing in congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in children above 1 year of age.Methods: This study included 42 children undergoing probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction between Jan 2015 to Dec 2018. The children were divided into two groups, Group 1 (12-24 months) and group 2 (>24 months). Success was defined as complete resolution of signs and symptoms. The chi-square test was used to analyze the results.Results: The success rate in group A was 78.2% and in group B, 72.4%.There was no significant difference in the cure rate with increasing age. (p value 0.5460 Conclusion: Probing of NLD should remain the primary management choice for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in children between 1 to 5 years of age.

Background: Femoral shaft fractures are among the commonest fractures of the lower extremity in children and commonly require hospital admission.There are various modalities of treatments both operative and non-operative. The aim of treatment is to secure union, in good alignment with length restored and early rehabilitation Objective: To compare the results ofearly spica cast and skin traction followed by spicacast in the treatment of femoral shaft fractures in children (6 months to 10 years). Method: A total of 64 patients with fracture shaft femurof either sex aged 6 months-10 years with closed, isolated diaphyseal femur fracture were included in the study. Cases with clinical evidence of infection, pathological fractures, multiple injuries including neurovascular injuries were excluded from the study. The patients were randomly assigned into two groups; Group-I (n-32) patients who underwent early spica application while Group-II (n-32) patients underwent skin traction in followed by spica cast. Results: Mean age in group A was 5.06 years and 5.12 years in group B (range 6 months to 10 years). Ratio of males and female in Group A and Group B was 19:13 and 20:12 respectively. Average duration of hospital stay was 1.65 days and 11.65 days in group A and Group B respectively. Average total time of spica cast application was 45.13 days and 49.41 days in group A and group B patients respectively. Conclusion : There were no significant differences between early and delayed spica regarding the complications of treatment and functional outcome. But immediate spica decreased the hospitalization time and the cost of treatment significantly with increased availability of beds while having similar result as achieved by delayed spica application.

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is the most common cause of death from infectious disease world-wide. In India every year almost twelve lakh patients are notified as having newly diagnosed TB and the percentage of notified cases is only about 58%. This study evaluates the epidemiologic parameters of osteoarticular tuberculosis in a teaching hospital of north India primarily catering to rural population. Materials and Methods : All cases of osteoarticular tuberculosis diagnosed in our hospital between January 2014 to March 2016 were analysed for various epidemiologic parameters like age, sex, anatomical site, delay in presentation and associated pulmonary TB. Results: The spine was the most commonly affected anatomical site (50.77%) followed by hip seen in thirty-seven patients (19.17%). Males were affected more commonly than females. Eighty-seven percent of patients belonged to low socioeconomic strata. Cocnclusion: This study depicts the high prevalence of musculoskeletal tuberculosis in rural population. A high index of clinical suspicion coupled with radiologic examination is necessary to diagnose and treat bone and joint TB. Delayed diagnosis and treatment is associated with complications and poor outcome.

Introduction: Vitamin D insufficiency, even in its milder form, is associated with an increased risk of fracture through negative calcium balance. Clinical studies have indicated that intervention with vitamin D supplementation reduced the incidence of falling in elderly subjects. Vitamin D insufficiency is common worldwide irrespective of latitude of countries. Objective: In current study we intended to find prevalence and severity of vitamin D deficiency in patients, who presented with various type of fractures sustained following trivial trauma. Results: One hundred and four patients who suffered low velocity trauma, presented with various fractures were studied. Fractures around the hip were commonest (39.42 %), followed by Colles (24.03%) and vertebral fractures (17.30 %).Serum vitamin D levels of the patients showed 65.38% were having deficient levels, whereas 18.26 % were having insufficient levels. Conclusion: Our study indicates very high incidence of vitamin D deficiency among patients who suffered fractures following trivial trauma. The high incidence of fractures in elderly population with vitamin D deficiency probably is partly because of altered bone mass and strength, and partly because of poor muscular control because of pain and muscle weakness.

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is the most common cause of death from infectious disease world-wide. In India every year almost twelve lakh patients are notified as having newly diagnosed TB and the percentage of notified cases is only about 58%. This study evaluates the epidemiologic parameters of osteoarticular tuberculosis in a teaching hospital of north India primarily catering to rural population. Materials and Methods : All cases of osteoarticular tuberculosis diagnosed in our hospital between January 2014 to March 2016 were analysed for various epidemiologic parameters like age, sex, anatomical site, delay in presentation and associated pulmonary TB. Results: The spine was the most commonly affected anatomical site (50.77%) followed by hip seen in thirty-seven patients (19.17%). Males were affected more commonly than females. Eighty-seven percent of patients belonged to low socioeconomic strata. Cocnclusion: This study depicts the high prevalence of musculoskeletal tuberculosis in rural population. A high index of clinical suspicion coupled with radiologic examination is necessary to diagnose and treat bone and joint TB. Delayed diagnosis and treatment is associated with complications and poor outcome.

Introduction: Vitamin D insufficiency, even in its milder form, is associated with an increased risk of fracture through negative calcium balance. Clinical studies have indicated that intervention with vitamin D supplementation reduced the incidence of falling in elderly subjects. Vitamin D insufficiency is common worldwide irrespective of latitude of countries. Objective: In current study we intended to find prevalence and severity of vitamin D deficiency in patients, who presented with various type of fractures sustained following trivial trauma. Results: One hundred and four patients who suffered low velocity trauma, presented with various fractures were studied. Fractures around the hip were commonest (39.42 %), followed by Colles (24.03%) and vertebral fractures (17.30 %).Serum vitamin D levels of the patients showed 65.38% were having deficient levels, whereas 18.26 % were having insufficient levels. Conclusion: Our study indicates very high incidence of vitamin D deficiency among patients who suffered fractures following trivial trauma. The high incidence of fractures in elderly population with vitamin D deficiency probably is partly because of altered bone mass and strength, and partly because of poor muscular control because of pain and muscle weakness.