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The initiation and expansion of women's formal instruction in India in the pre-Independence time is the legacy of both colonialism and the nineteenth-century reform movement among Indians. The latter, to an extent, was a response to the Westernisation embedded in the colonial processes. In pre-colonial India, institutional and formal education was a rarity for womenfolk, and until the mid-nineteenth century, zenana education or instruction imparted at home was the accepted norm. Several scholars have noted that the nineteenth century saw an intense debate on women's schooling, especially in relation to the wisdom of educating women, the form it should take, and the purpose it should serve. Historically, women's education was viewed by most communities as meaningless. Large sections of the population of both Hindu and Muslim communities were content with extending conventional approaches of learning to women and were vehemently opposed to changing it in favour of a modern education either in government schools or missionary schools. At home, women were taught to read religious scriptures and to read and write the vernacular language, although the focus was on learning home crafts and subjects of domestic and practical utility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While Western thinking is a linear belief system set in motion by Christianity, Chinese reasoning conceives changes within a circular process that holds together repetition and transformation. Making sense of this is simply to recognize that depending on how we consider the nature of history, we will also partake in a different imprint on society as a whole. The transition from socialist to post-socialist China is also the drift from the stability guaranteed by Chinese philosophy to the individualism offered by the logic of marketization. Over the sociological implosion of Chinese cyclicity, China places its quest for a new identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to reconsider 'pornification' as a universal concept to describe the mediatized process of proliferation of pornographic images in cultural spaces. Based on a textual and discursive analysis of newspaper clippings from the 1990s, autobiographical books and semi-structured interviews with Hungarian porn industry participants, this article explores the local factors that made Hungary an ideal place for the international porn industry to expand production after 1989. This article contributes to the growing body of literature in Porn Studies, which emphasizes the importance of the industrial nature and global inequalities in porn production. We examine the local discourses that justified the 'porn boom' as a sign of westernization and the country's catching-up to the West and present the key factors in the capitalist reintegration process that led to the expansion of the Hungarian porn industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, a small but growing body of scholarly work has emerged on the Hanfu movement in China. Researchers have drawn attention to globalisation, westernisation, national lifestyles, and development, the renaissance of Chinese culture, Han racism, Han ethnocentrism and xenophobia as drivers for the movement. In this article, we suggest that of all the extant literature that currently exists on the movement, the ethnography conducted by Kevin Carrico is the most accurate portrayal of the movement as it stands. However, and drawing upon visual and interview-based fieldwork with members of the movement in 2013 and 2015, our main argument is that existing scholarship has not attended to several nuances in the movement that problematise ideas of race, the way the movement views the recent past and the othering of Manchurian subjects. Unpacking these problematics, this study advances upon existing scholarship: 1) by drawing attention to the way Hanfu enthusiasts demonstrate a great deal of reflexivity around the notion of race; 2) by focusing on the approaches by which Hanfuists interpret the Chinese past beyond narratives of Han ethnic decline; 3) by investigating the mode by which Hanfuists indirectly "other" Manchurian subjects; and 4) by exploring the manner in which Hanfuists hold a broad or "mass" societal "other" as responsible for a new era of moral decline in contemporary China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Punk in China suffers from the stigma of inauthenticity and the dilemma of belatedness. That is, it comes 'after' the original punk moment in the West and is understood as derivative and therefore inauthentic. It does not follow, however, that in places that came 'late' to punk, such as China, punk is merely an echo of Western practice. Recent scholarship has embraced the concept of 'global punk', alongside projects to decolonize punk studies, to destabilize Western-centric understandings of punk authenticity. Consistent with this agenda, we undertake a comparative analysis of 60 seminal 1970s UK and US punk songs and 60 Chinese punk songs released since the founding of Chinese punk in the 1990s, to analyse the translocal durability of punk. Punk in China, we argue, mobilizes a durable ethic of do-it-yourself resistance to interrogate local political conditions and adds weight to the catch-cry that 'punk is not dead'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internationalization has become a strategic policy priority for many Chinese higher education in the process of becoming world-class universities. However, there is little research focusing on students' experiences of internationalization at home. This research investigates how Chinese undergraduates interpreted and experienced internationalization at a prestigious university in China. Data for the study were collected through policy document analysis, semi-structured interviews with students, and site visits. The results of the study reveal that students perceive internationalization as Westernization, question the prominence of English in the university's internationalization in both formal and informal curricula, and raise concerns about unequal access to internationalization. The study interrogates the unidirectional orientation of internationalization between China and the developed Western world. It calls for an approach to the de-Westernization of internationalization, reclaiming indigenous Chinese epistemology, language, and culture. The findings have important implications for an alternative social imaginary of internationalization for researchers and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political constitutionalism emerged on the Chinese academic scene in the mid-2000s as a countermovement to the rights-based, court-centered, and textual mainstream in Chinese constitutional scholarship. On the surface, it has launched a biting and sophisticated critique of academic and institutional Westernization and reasserted a sense of Chinese constitutional particularity. However, contrary to its intellectual self-representation as a genuinely Chinese phenomenon, the movement's academic formation, methodological agenda, and theoretical vocabulary are inseparable from global ideological trends and draw heavily on European and American precedents. Consequently, the movement is troubled by a set of performative contradictions. These include the contradiction between its transnational genealogy and nationalist agenda; its pluralist theoretical makeup and anti-pluralist political rhetoric; as well as its putatively value-neutral sociological methodology and the politically selective application of said methodology. These antinomies, I argue, speak to the recurring dilemmas of "national" self-assertion in a globalized world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'The world's shortest highway' is 1 metre long and was built in 2019 by a Romanian businessman as part of the campaign 'Romania wants highways'. This brought interesting evolutions to the landscape of social movements in Eastern Europe. It was a highly personalised campaign, one which faced several internal contradictions and displayed an uncritical adoption of stereotypes about progress and development. We argue that it produced a discourse that revolves around 'Westernisation' and 'nationhood'. As this article seeks to demonstrate, the campaign is framed in a discourse of 'entrepreneurial populism'. By analysing this discourse, we contribute with a peculiar case to the debates on the varieties of populism and on the culture of business celebrities. Our analysis indicates that, although this single-issue campaign is nominally about highways, its substance is rather about business celebrities occupying the space of social activism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like other pluralists, geographical pluralists oppose Western intellectual hegemony and advocate the diversity of sociological knowledge. Such appeals are reasonable and justified, but they give up the universality of knowledge while pursuing the diversity of knowledge, implicitly creating the danger of fragmenting knowledge. On the contrary, from the standpoint of discourse constructivism, a discourse pluralism can be constructed to enable us to not only deconstruct the intellectual hegemony of Western sociology but also pursue universal sociological knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay provides a brief overview of the dominant trends in Arab media research, paying particular attention to the most common methodologies they rely on. To understand the current state of Arab media scholarship, the article explores the various influences that have played a decisive role in determining the quality and quantity of research productivity. Factors such as the Arab countries' historical roots, traditional societies, patterns in education, and current conflicts in the region are shown to have an impact on Arab scholars' engagement with research. To aid the advancement of theory of Arab media research, this essay advocates for conducting collaborative research and proposes a hybrid approach that merges epistemologies in a culture-sensitive, empirical manner that is capable of making universal generalizations while staying true to the specificities of the region itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article studies the meanings of drag in the Polish media in the period 1989–2002. A textual analysis of mainstream as well as gay and lesbian media texts on drag queens was conducted to examine strategies that explained and legitimated drag in the context of the westernization of Polish culture, the socioeconomic changes of the 1990s, and the politics of respectability of the early Polish gay rights movement. The article shows that drag lacked the western political meanings that focused on gender performativity and gay rights; instead, it assumed connotations specific to the time and place. Drag queens turned out to embody the socioeconomic changes and widely shared class and geopolitical aspirations related to the 1990s westernization of Poland, but they also attested to the persisting distance between Poland and the imagined West. The article calls for critical attention when applying western theoretical concepts to the East. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article highlights the impact of globalisation on gift systems. It is based on a multisited ethnography of traditional Soninke migration in France. Using Mauss' seminal work as a starting point, the gift register can be used to highlight: (1) the embedding of gift in a total prestation system, (2) changes in the traditional forms of gift and the emergence of a new, hybrid form of gift as a result of Westernisation and (3) the resurgence of identity-related tensions at the individual and collective level as a consequence of the changes in gift forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Cet article traite de l'impact de la globalisation sur les systèmes de don en lien avec les flux migratoires. Il s'appuie sur une ethnographie multi-située de la migration traditionnelle des soninkés en France. Partant du travail séminal de Mauss, la mobilisation du registre oblatif nous permet de mettre en avant : 1/ l'encastrement du don dans un système de prestation totale ; 2/ la transformation des formes de don traditionnelles et l'émergence de nouvelles formes hybrides en lien avec une occidentalisation ; 3/ la résurgence de tensions identitaires en relation avec les manières de donner qui affectent les niveaux individuel et collectif. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The main purpose is to empirically investigate the outcomes of a Western-style Master of Social Work program that was designed by School of Social Work, University of Southern California and contextually implemented in School of Social Development and Public Policy, Beijing Normal University. Method: A three-wave panel study was used and a focus group discussion was conducted to evaluate the program. Results: Students reported a significant improvement in professional competence and satisfaction and a moderate decline in professional commitment after classroom training. However, after field training, there was almost no significant difference in professional competence and satisfaction, but there was a decline in professional commitment. Conclusions: The results come down to gaps between organizational development and students' personal development, between education and practice, and between students' expectation and reality. This study highlights the importance to fill in the gaps and sheds light on the way to indigenize social work education in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To more fully comprehend juvenile delinquency, it is necessary to take an integrative approach, with consideration of both personality traits of social risk factors. Many scholars argue the necessity and strength of integrative approach on the ground that juvenile delinquency is an outcome of interplay of individual and social factors. The present study examines the general applicability of an integrative model of personal traits and social risk factors to youth delinquency in the South Korean context. The empirical results show that the delinquency predictors in the current South Korean sample are closely aligned to Loeber and Farrington's theoretical propositions and that found in Western nations. Perhaps this is because South Korea has undergone rapid Westernization for the last decades. Because the correlates in this sample and Western theoretical propositions and studies overlap, an integrative model of personality trait and social risk factors is indeed generally applicable to South Korea. This finding also depicts the extent of Westernization in the South Korean society at least among adolescents. Limitations of the present study and directions for the future study are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An extensive literature shows that economic globalization has a positive effect on gender equality. However, the effect varies greatly across countries and time. This article argues that social globalization – individuals’ exposure to external ideas, people, and information flows – and the changes in values associated with it – is a key boundary condition for the effect of economic globalization on women’s rights. While economic globalization opens up new opportunities for women, policy adaptation to these changes requires a social demand for efforts for change. Social globalization contributes to policy adaptation by exposing the public to alternative gender-role models, setting off a shift in values, which underlies support for gender equality. Results emerging from a time-series-cross-sectional analysis of 152 nations for the period 1990–2003 confirm that the positive effect of economic globalization on gender equality wanes at lower levels of social globalization. Further, multilevel-path-analyses models demonstrate how changes to individual-level values mediate the effect of globalization on individuals’ support for gender equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the multiplicity of South Korean Major League Baseball fans, with a focus on the tensions that they experience under the nationalistic aura surrounding MLB fandom while pursuing their individual hobby. For this purpose, it employs the idea of “post-Westernization” to interpret baseball as a global sport and examine its recent popularity in South Korea. By exploring the activities and voices of an online community among Korean fans, it demonstrates how national desires were complicated when they collided with a global strategy during the first World Baseball Classic in 2006. Analysis of Korean MLB fans during the WBC indicates both the possibilities and the limits of global baseball as a case of post-Westernization. The study shows that becoming an MLB fan in South Korea is at the intersection of national identity (nationalist fervor for MLB), regional rivalry (against Japan, the former colonizer) and global sensibilities (American sport fandom). Korean fans’ responses can be summarized as the national-regional-global nexus in which they perceive the existence of regional and global hierarchies, but they also routinely contest their own and each others’ perceptions. Finally, it suggests that fans’ articulation of the national, regional, and global are far from being fixed or unidirectional: they are constantly under construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the future of Indigenous autonomy and Indigenous community-based research is illustrated by analyzing re-Westernization, de-Westernization, and decoloniality in relation to the regeneration of the Indigenous glocal (global/local) concept of sumaq kawsay ("living well" in Quechua). The regeneration of sumaq kawsay as a new geopolitical and cultural polycentric and multipolar world is examined from an Indigenous studies decolonial perspective and an Indigenous Andean campesino (peasant) community-based perspective. Sumaq kawsay has encouraged an unexpected pan-Latin American perspective that supports decoloniality and its epistemic pluriversity as an alternative scenario to "progress" and the business approach of development aid embedded within re-/de-Westernization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commensurability/incommensurability (C/I) model, as an element of meta-discoursive practice, helps to focus attention on the culture specificity of journalism studies that influences journalistic practice; the configuration of the information field, as well as the public's perception of the world (common-national worldview). Russian journalism studies and, more generally, the national style of making the news agenda, show a culture gap between 'an ideal model' of Western journalism and a Russian analogue within the national information field itself. Today's Russian journalism and Russian journalism studies are not interested in culture-specific topics. The conflict between Western standards of journalism (and Western-oriented theories of journalism) and expectations of the public is increasingly deemed crucial. The inner cultural gap can be bridged using the C/I model if professional actors both in journalism practice and in journalism education accept three general lines of reflection: (a) recognition of the Western model of journalism as the only acceptable and institutionally supported model in Russian education; (b) investigation of the cultural divide between the practice of this model and the expectations of the Russian public; and (c) searching for their own specific model. The last option could emerge from the juxtaposition of native and 'foreign' informational culture. It would require a definition of 'culture-specific' in the C/I model allowing a description of the local understanding of journalism/communication within a meta-theory of communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After its defeat in the Opium Wars, China was drawn into the orbit of Western influence. Since then, dewesternization has always been one of the hotly debated topics among Chinese intellectuals and politicians. With the implementation of the reform and opening-up policy in 1978, China’s economic take-off was almost instant due to its low-cost labor, rich resources, and the government’s firm resolution to modernize. The booming of a market economy with Chinese characteristics can be quoted as a success story of China’s dewesternization project. However, while enjoying the benefits of its attempts to modernize itself, China also begins to encounter the dark side of modernity. Problems like environmental deterioration, the widening gap between the rich and the poor, and food safety are causing anxieties among Chinese people. In order to cope with the detrimental effects of the neo-liberal doctrines, harmony was put forward as a state strategy. Ostensibly disinterested, harmony aims at the well-being, happiness, and welfare of all. However, while harmony can serve as a national strategy to ameliorate the fermenting social discontent in China, it may also be a lofty ideal to attract, unite, and inspire people in other parts of the world. According to the spirit of harmony, different nations can pursue the well-being of their own people in their own ways which is in accordance with the notion of pluriversality as proposed by decolonial thinkers. Besides analyzing the social, economic, and political significance of harmony both within China and abroad, this essay also attempts to address the theoretical problems posed by harmony, if it is to be considered a productive ideal in this globalized world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, the author offers information on Turkey's entry into international society. Topics discussed include the criticism raised by political scientist Iver Neumann and professor in International Relations at the University of Oxford Jennifer Welsh against Ottoman empire, colonial practices implying hierarchical relations in international society, and Westernization according to Turkish people.

This article analyzes main melody TV drama—an official genre that has emerged in the context of China’s most recent social and cultural transformations when the old socialist TV drama was losing viewership. Focusing on the TV drama Provincial Party Secretary as a case study, the author argues that main melody TV drama reconstructs socialist TV drama with a Hollywoodized creative strategy through which the didactic tradition of socialist TV drama has been transformed from direct propaganda to ideological persuasion. The development of main melody TV dramas since the 1990s indicates that a soft and repackaged propagandistic model has been developed in contemporary Chinese television with the aim of revitalizing the Party’s ideological control over society. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The aim of this article is to analyse the strengths and weaknesses of Europeanisation studies when used to study periods of crisis. The conceptual consensus surrounding the definition of ' Europeanisation', understood as the impact of European integration at the domestic level (the so-called 'top-down approach'), is put under pressure in a crisis situation, where the salience of an issue increases and leads to high politicisation and resistances at the domestic level. These resistances trigger the political adjustments at the European Union ( EU) level. The article will illustrate these difficulties in analysing the impact of the EU's new economic governance instruments: the implementation of these instruments has led to opposition at the domestic level, which then immediately influences policy frames at the EU level. Based on the concepts of 'timing' and 'politicisation', this article will develop a model that enlarges the top-down Europeanisation concept in order to account for crucial feedback loops that occur in situations of crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The necessity of de-westernising knowledge production has been widely advocated. This is especially pertinent with media and cultural studies, due to the rise of East Asian media cultures and their transnational circulation, hence a call for ‘looking after Europe’. This article engages the issue by considering the possibility of inter-Asian referencing and the next steps to be taken. Inter-Asian referencing is a significant manoeuvre for making concepts and theories derived from Asian experiences translocally relevant and shared, as well as developing a nuanced comprehension of Asian experiences through reciprocal learning process. It is also significant for the study of East Asian media culture, as it has become an integral part of production and consumption of media culture in the region. The inter-Asian referencing project calls for researchers working both inside and outside of Asia to collaborate to develop the innovative production of knowledge and advance cross-border dialogue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigenous peoples’ complex analytical issues include historical misrepresentation, struggles over sovereignty and autonomy, and Euro-American “conquest” including invasion, genocide, culturicide, and coercive assimilation, ranging over half a millennium of invasion and colonization. Perhaps the most critically contentious of these issues is genocide. We review historical construction of racial formation and cultural domination, focus on California genocide of Native peoples, and present articles in this special issue as means of understanding these processes and proposing future directions for indigenous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Internationalization of the curriculum points to the interdependent and interconnected (globalized) world in which higher education operates. However, while international awareness is crucial to the study of journalism, in practice this often means an Anglo-American curriculum based around Western principles of journalism education and training that are deeply rooted in Western values and traditions. This tendency to privilege Western thought, practice, and values obscures from view other journalism practices and renders Western models of journalism desirable, replicable, and transplantable to any part of the world. This article discusses the engagement of a small group of staff in the process of thinking through the meaning of internationalization of the curriculum in their particular disciplinary and institutional context. The staff are located in a school of journalism and communication at a large research intensive university in Australia. The article describes the thinking behind their decision to focus internationalization of the curriculum on “critical de-Westernization” and social imaginaries. This was a gestalt shift resulting from discussion of the way in which “taken for granted” disciplinary canons had hitherto been uncritically embedded into the curriculum. It is argued that treating internationalization of the journalism curriculum as critical de-Westernization has conceptual and practical benefits in a globalized world. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article sets off from a discussion of some methodological and theoretical issues pertinent to the study of ideological and institutional transfer between "centre" and "periphery" in nineteenth-century Europe. While taking into account the asymmetry in radiation and reception, it probes into the (Balkan) periphery's political and cultural agency in reformulating and re-institutionalizing the "western model." Rather than simply tracing movements, flows and circulation - the conventional concern of the transnational approach - the focus is on studying the transformations which occur in the process. This makes it possible to highlight the dynamics and versatility of ideational and institutional selection, interpretation, adaptation and transformation (or subversion) - in brief, the process of re-signification of ideas and institutions. The article then proceeds by exemplifying this approach in two directions. First, it examines several main channels and agents of transfer to and within the Balkan periphery illuminative of the ways ideas, practices and institutions traveled and mutated in the course of their journey; second, it surveys several characteristic instances of transfer of liberal ideas and institutions in the Balkans focusing on their legitimization and "domestication" which underscore the semantic and functional reinterpretations of modernity and tradition in the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GLOBAL CHILDHOOD AS A CONCEPT privileges western ideals of how young children experience growing up, how adults educate them, and how priorities are set for them. Ways of knowing and doing early childhood are backed by Euro-American knowledge, international conventions and scientific evidence which gives a semblance of the truths for intervening in the lives of children and their families in the majority of the world. The real conditions of young children's lives, the complexity and diversity of early childhood in the majority world require engagement with the plural concept of multiple childhoods. The recognition of the latter is creating greater focus on the versions of childhood informed by local conditions in the majority world. This article foregrounds the complex ideas and practices which form an integral part of how people shape early childhoods in the majority world. South Africa is an ideal example of how the political, economic and cultural context shaped and continues to shape versions of early childhood through the periods of apartheid, reformation and democracy. Using my experiences in investigating non-centred models of early childhood and other related South African studies, I examine early childhood programs that aim at paying attention to local ways of knowing and doing early childhoods. In particular I look at three arenas which show tensions of incorporating global childhood with local concerns for the betterment of young children's lives. Community involvement, child participation and non-centre-based early childhood education are examined as spaces for opening up debates in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The publication in 1869 of Mill’s Subjection of Women gave rise to philosophical and political responses beyond Western Europe on the relationship between Westernization and women’s rights in developing, colonial, and post-colonial countries. Through the first comparative study of the Subjection of Women alongside the forewords to six of its earliest non–Western European editions, we explore how this book provoked local intellectuals in Russia, Chile, and India to engage its liberal utilitarian, imperial, Orientalist, and feminist ideas. By showing how Mill’s Western European biases and instrumental reasoning establish problematic rhetorical models for women’s rights arguments, we are able to explore the ethical dimensions of women’s rights issues in the context of cultural and political imperialism. Most importantly, this reception history illustrates how cross-cultural and culturally sensitive dialogue on women’s rights can push us beyond Western bias and imperialism in advocating for the end of women’s subjection around the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article compares the ways in which Saba Mahmood’s The Politics of Piety (2005) and Cressida Heyes’ Self-Transformations: Foucault, Ethics, and Normalization (2007), unlike current governmentality studies, employ the later Foucault’s ethical theory. By explaining the theoretical framework of the ‘middle’ Foucault (governmentality and agency) and the ‘later’ Foucault (ethics and agency) and then comparing Mahmood and Heyes’ use of Foucault’s work, it is argued that Mahmood and Heyes’ analyses, though thought-provoking and incisive, overlook aspects of Foucault’s later work, ultimately preventing them from offering productive ‘feminist strategies’. The author seeks to link this discussion to contemporary debates and analyses of agency, freedom and Muslim women in the media. The article concludes with an assessment of how Foucauldian feminist perspectives might be drawn on to establish effective ‘cross-cultural feminist strategies’, and closes by presenting a case of a cross-cultural media strategy aimed at countering the stereotypical images of Muslim women in the media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines significant evidence of recent Bollywood influence on the Western movie industry, particularly Hollywood, and explores the implications of such developments in the context of globalisation. Within the ongoing globalisation of entertainment, a process that does not automatically lead to cultural Westernisation and uniformisation, Bollywood has by now become both a symbol of Indian cinema’s circulation all over the world and the embodiment of non-monolithic globalisation. Bollywood is evidently not a homogenising influence that forces non-Indian cultures to embrace its cinematographic or musical norms and practices. Rather, it creates new hybrids. The article offers a framework for explaining the growing cultural and economic changes and movements of such non-hegemonic spreading of popular culture and identifies future agenda for research. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Circles are symbols of interconnectedness. Behavioral circles can be vicious or virtuous. Many American Indians are caught in a vicious circle of exclusion from the purported benefits of Westernization, entrapment in its negative elements, and the ongoing undermining of their culture and thus their identities. Yet Native Americans, along with many indigenous peoples the world over, are holding fast to traditional values. Indigenous knowledge systems include spiritual orientations that, in the face of the social and environmental issues facing humanity, may provide an alternative set of values for generating life-enhancing business behavior. The authors introduce management educators to Native American values generally and specifically to four traditional Lakota values: bravery, generosity, fortitude, and wisdom. Management education might move toward to an inclusive, virtuous circle through respect for Native American values as an equally valid alternative to dominant management values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the Meiji Restoration of 1868 Japan embarked upon a determined course of Westernisation. Initiall the bicycle attracted attention as a status symbol of the wealthy and leisured classes. By the early twentieth century, as in the West, the bicycle became ubiquitous, making freedom of movement an everyday experience, welcomed by farmers, industrial workers and members of an emerging urban middle class. The record of an unsuccessful anti-bicycle tax movement in the 1920s and 1930s voices the concern of commoners to defend the convenience of their new mobile lifestyles. Despite affluence, motorisation and the various risks involved, eighty years later bicycles remain the 'speedy feet' of the nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In comparison with other countries, India and especially its social and economic life could hardly be placed among the subjects which were regularly discussed by the Russian press. Nevertheless, these publications offer an Idea about what the image of India was in Russia, what the Russian people knew and thought about India's socio-economic and particularly agrarian problems, what was the range of questions they were interested in, and in what perspective and context these questions were being considered. Russian interest In India was determined by several governing factors, such as existence of certain common tendencies In the social and economic life of both the countries, perception of their own path of development as different from the West, confrontation of Britain and Russia In Central Asia and by pure economic considerations, among them, competition of Russian and Indian commodities In the world market, desire of the Russian commercial circles to start direct trade with India and borrowing English agricultural practice In India. Russian journals became the source for this article, both literary monthly ('fat magazines') and economics journals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although it is generally acknowledged that China, in its public sector reforms, has "learnt from the West," the mechanisms and effects of the processes of learning and imitation in China are little understood. The recent "Sixth Round of Administrative Reforms" in which the Western concept of the "super-department" was presented as a key theme is used as a case study of the processes involved. Chinese leaders intentionally and actively sought the administrative reform experience from Western nations. A broad and coordinated search for models and lessons was undertaken involving a number of government agencies and research institutions, including universities. However, the government-sponsored research seemed to stay at the surface of the issue and, once the model was chosen, the policy makers tended to idealize it in order for it to be accepted by the public. We conclude that this was a case of "superstitious learning" and "biased contextualization" in which the symbolic—as distinct from instrumental—purposes of borrowing a Western reform idea for domestic purposes was the predominant feature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Out of the ashes of the Ottoman Empire and at the end of a protracted war of independence that followed close on the heels of the First World War, the Republic of Turkey came into being in 1923. Its founders—a group of career military officers led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk—set into motion in rapid order a number of societal reforms aimed at building a modernized and Westernized nation-state. Part of the founders' vision was to build the country's new capital closer to the center of its landmass. The location of choice was Ankara in the country's rural interior, and it carried a political message of major proportions. Its implementation, and the visual development of Ankara from the ground up as a major city and cultural center, was another matter. Since the statement needed to be articulated in a modern, or Western, design, Ottoman-Turkish architects were not considered for most of the jobs and, moreover, they were too few for the rapid expansion of Ankara as well as Istanbul. So Turkey assembled a group of top-of-the-line, mostly Austrian and German, talent. While doing this, planning was used as a tool for creating a capital for independence. Using archival documents, this article recounts and illustrates the physical creation of Turkey's capital city, the emergence of new visions, and the foreign actors of the built environment in the early republican process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkish modernization relied on the western social sciences and humanities not only as an abstract and distant model, but also in the form of close encounters and interactions with western refugee scholars. This article examines the activities of western intellectuals and experts who visited Turkey in the early republican era (1923-50), especially focusing on a group of émigré scholars who were employed in Turkey after the university reform of 1933. While European and North American social scientists were drawn to meticulous comparisons of 'East' and 'West' in this period, elites in the former component of this comparative dichotomy were seeking creative ways to turn this taxonomy to their advantage. In the Turkish case, the project of adopting modernity contained universalistic aspects intended to function for particular local needs. A body of racial, historical and linguistic theories attempted to create and sustain a nationally homogeneous society while, at the same time, emphasizing the contributions of Turkishness to western and modern history. Republican scholars tried to establish the Turkish origins of western civilization with the help of western social sciences in general and of western émigré scholars in particular. In the process of facilitating the local efforts to import western modernity into the specificity of Turkishness, refugee scholars encountered contradictory demands and employed different strategies to respond to these demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is incorrect to view globalization as a disorganizing influence on national society. National society as an outcome of modern industrialism is a substructure of the nation state. Japan's history proves Gellner's thesis that the concept of nation was formed at the stage of industrialization. If we interpret Parsons's concept of the societal community as emphasizing the increasing importance of the integrative function during the age of globalization, it would seems to suggest that, in agreement with MacIver, community is not disorganized by globalization. Although an East Asian Union, corresponding to the European Union, is not possible at the present stage, the importance of Japan's dual relation with the West, on the one hand, and with the East, on the other, is on the increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers some of the sociologically significant changes to jūdō in its process of transformation from a Budō based martial art into a modern competitive spectator sport. Taking the period of time from 1946 until the Sydney Olympics, an examination is undertaken using Giddens's notion of reflexive modernization in which key aspects of the original jūdō are disembedded or `lifted out' of the practice. They are then re-embedded with western structures, practices and meanings. Central themes to emerge from this analysis are the social forces of internationalization, institutionalization and commodification of j&umar;d&omar; over this period, each of which contributes to a reflexive modernization process. It is concluded that the evolution of this activity in its now dominant spotting form is taking jūdō further and further away from the aims, methods and ideas derived from the philosophical principles on which it was originally conceived. Ironically, in spite of this, it appears that many western practitioners are attempting to re-embed the very aspects of eastern movement forms, such as Budō, that have been disembedded, a situation that prompts us to call for further work in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past century, Japanese society has undergone a radical change in its temporal experience, moving from one following the rhythms of nature to one of mathematical precision, namely, the western time system. Why did Japan westernize its time? This paper argues that it was for the sake of industrialization, where time was equated with profit. The accelerating sense of time reflected Japan's desperate efforts to catch up with the western level of industry in the shortest possible time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]