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Parental beliefs and motivation are instrumental in improving childhood digital media use (DMU). Parents (n = 611) completed questionnaires about childhood DMU assessing knowledge, interest in counseling, motivation to change, self-efficacy, and beliefs. Less than a third correctly recognized screen time limits. Twenty-seven percent received childhood DMU information from a doctor, while 46% stated they would like such information. Only 2% had a doctor-recommended DMU plan. Interest in DMU topics, motivation to improve, and management self-efficacy were moderate. Top negative beliefs were addiction to DMU (52%), sleep problems (39%), obesity (33%), social skills (33%), and inappropriate content (32%). Differences between age categories existed for social (48%, P =.01) and language (14%, P =.01) concerns (highest for toddlers), attention concerns (27%, P =.02; highest in preschoolers), and depression (13%, P <.001) and low self-esteem (8%, P =.04; highest in teens). Findings support further development of approaches to address DMU, tailored by age-specific common parental views. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perspectives of peers without disabilities are considered a significant determinant of successful integrated physical education. The purpose of this study was to explore students' perspectives of including students with physical disabilities in physical education in Singapore. Primary and secondary school students (n = 219) provided their perspectives related to the inclusion of students with physical disabilities through an online survey platform. The quantitative results showed that 86.3% of the participants expressed a "yes" opinion toward having the perspective that peers with physical disabilities should be included, while 13.7% of them expressed either a "no" or "maybe" opinion related to peers with physical disabilities being included. Further, girls were more likely to respond "yes" than boys, and a larger proportion of secondary school students responded "yes" than primary school students. Content analysis was used to code students' 277 open-ended perspectives for supporting their expressed opinions. The different perspectives were coded and subsequently grouped into 15 categories for supporting the "yes," "no," and "maybe" responses. Equality was the most commonly listed category for supporting a "yes" response. For supporting a "no" response, negative outcomes, such as bullying and injury, were most commonly reported. Finally, dependence and incompatibility were equally listed for justifying a "maybe" response. These findings highlight a variety of perspectives related to peer attitudes and shed light on the value of enhancing students' perspectives toward the integration of peers with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While movement toward the education of students with disabilities in integrated physical education has now become common internationally, it is not without concerns. Notably, scholars have questioned whether instruction in integrated physical education settings provides inclusive experiences for students with disabilities. The purpose of this exploratory study was to explore certified adapted physical educators' (CAPEs') perspectives on barriers and facilitators to students with disabilities experiencing inclusion in integrated physical education. A sample of 99 CAPEs (74.7% female) across the United States provided valid responses to an online survey form. Guided by the established two-step coding protocol, two independent reviewers coded the responses to open-ended questions. In total, 460 barriers and 473 facilitators that fell into seven categories were identified. Among these, both teacher-related barriers and facilitators were more commonly reported than other factors, such as environmental and policy barriers/facilitators. As such, it appears that the participants placed onus on ensuring the inclusiveness of integrated physical education classes largely on the shoulders of the teachers. In addition, codes related to programmatic or equipment-related factors were underreported, suggesting that even in integrated physical education classes where adapted equipment (i.e. equipment facilitator) and personnel support (i.e. programmatic facilitator) are available, inclusive experience may not be. These findings suggest inclusiveness of integrated physical education is complex and influenced by numerous factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Launched in 2005 as a platform for user-generated content (UGC), YouTube is one of the most popular websites in the world. In this article, I focus on the site's use of "the view," which I argue serves as a pervasive category enacted through the platform, in its information regimes and beyond. The view supports a myth of viewer intentionality and satisfaction and serves as the operational logic of the platform as a whole. It is a category in Durkheim's sense, ordering practices and naturalizing hierarchies and inequalities. These hierarchies concern, and impact on, participation, financial compensation, visibility, and popularity. In making my claims, I demonstrate how the celebratory discourse around YouTube as an empowering tool that levels the media playing field was positively misguided. I make a plea for a critical reading of the view, which can enhance our understanding of the platform and its culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anchored in stakeholder theory, the study aimed at examining the extent of voluntary human capital disclosures in annual reports of top 20 Bangladeshi and Indian listed companies. In addition to qualitative content analysis of the annual reports for the year 2010–2011, this study also conducted a series of in-depth interviews with a range of stakeholders of the companies of both the countries to understand their views on voluntary HC disclosures in corporate annual reports. It was found that the level of voluntary HC disclosures was very low in case of the companies of both the countries. Moreover, it was observed that HC disclosures of companies mostly composed of positive information. From the views of stakeholders, it was evident that stakeholders unanimously recognized the necessity of credible HC disclosures in corporate annual reports. The HC disclosure index framed in this study may be useful in developing a South Asian model of corporate HC disclosures. This study contributes to the existing literature on HC disclosures where there has been a distinct lack of engagement-based research works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the extent to which the views of micro-firm owner-managers regarding growth and lifestyle issues affect their entrepreneurial behaviour. Semi-directed interviews were conducted with 79 owner-managers to inform a typology that consists of four owner-manager views associated with success, subsistence, hedonism and paternalism. This study investigates the differences in the behaviours associated with these four profiles. The representatives of only two types (success and paternalism) ‘want’ to grow; conversely, owner-managers of the other two types (hedonism and subsistence) do not. The findings show that micro-firm owner-managers are driven by varied and sometimes profoundly divergent views which will have substantial effects on a firm’s strategies and development. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Human Rights Committee (HRC) has succeeded in asserting its capacity to afford reparation in spite of the silence of the norms regulating its activity. The HRC has correctly interpreted the right to an effective remedy as enabling it to provide redress. Moreover, it has developed significant practice in reparations, which has gradually evolved. The HRC's remedies have grown in variety and definition, as well as in the coverage of victims. Notwithstanding that, this article argues that this evolving process encompasses some problematic aspects in need of rectification. This research discusses the ambiguity in the formulation of certain reparations, their inconsistency and insufficiency to repair discrimination, as well as the under-utilisation of guarantees of non-repetition and some satisfaction measures. Moreover, the article addresses some of the difficulties in defining the beneficiaries of reparations, and seeks to elucidate what has been achieved, which challenges are faced and how the HCR's reparations should develop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A window is an indispensable element in a building and acts as a view-giving component that keeps occupants in touch with the outside. This study investigated the potential effect of different window views on the subjective assessment of discomfort glare from a simulated window that rendered blank, natural and man-made views from far to close distances. Forty-eight subjects (24 men, 24 women) participated in the experiments. The experimental results confirmed that the subjective evaluation of discomfort glare can vary with the type of window views presented. The results also indicated that there were noticeable variations in the subjective assessments of discomfort glare over the same visual stimuli. A preliminary criterion for classification of subjects’ sensitivity to glare was illustrated and the difference for the ‘‘glare-sensitive’’ and ‘‘glareinsensitive’’ people was statistically significant. This study found that the psychological factor such as window views could be an important factor in the subjective evaluation of discomfort glare. Widely used glare evaluation formulas such as unified glare rating and daylight glare index would not consider psychological factors. Thus, the finding from this study would contribute to a more realistic evaluation of discomfort glare for future design of glare control systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the knowledge and views of university students regarding obesity and weight management strategies.Design: Online questionnaire-based survey of undergraduate and postgraduate university students in a large London university with a diverse student population.Method: The survey was administered online and circulated through the university’s email. The questionnaire sought the following data: demographic data; knowledge and beliefs regarding obesity, weight management strategies, barriers to weight management and perceived responsibility for tackling obesityResults: The sample comprised: female (73.0 per cent), white (80.6 per cent), mean age of 25.4 years (SD 7.66), undergraduates (59.9 per cent), studying health-related courses (65.2 per cent). About half of the participants (49.3 per cent) reported that their body shape was normal with a minority (3.3 per cent) indicating that they were obese. Obesity (68.1 per cent) was viewed as being the most important public health issue, with most participants (94.1 per cent) reporting that obesity had increased over the last 10 years. Lack of physical exercise and poor diet were identified by more than 90 per cent of the participants as causes of obesity. Most management strategies were supported by the majority of the participants.Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that the complex nature of obesity is generally understood, suggesting that health education has been partially successful. Overall, there was support for obesity management strategies which can be built on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both formal and informal crime control are used to deter people from engaging in criminal behavior that is harmful to the well-being of society. Formal criminal justice control uses the law and official government agencies to promote compliance, whereas informal criminal justice control uses morals and social institutions to encourage people to be law abiding. This study examined survey data to determine the importance of each form of social control among Chinese and U.S. college students. Chinese students were more likely to view formal and informal crime control as important mechanisms. Furthermore, Chinese students ranked the blending of formal and informal crime control as being more important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: With changes in healthcare delivery and public expectations of psychiatry and psychiatric services changing, we set out to explore how other professions and psychiatrists themselves see their roles. In the UK and the USA, recent political imperatives have influenced training and roles of psychiatrists. We wanted to explore patient and carer perspectives as well. Methods: We conducted two focus groups with patients and carers to explore their views about the roles of the psychiatrist. For occupational therapists and social workers, a brief questionnaire was placed on their respective professional organization’s website. Psychiatric trainees and psychiatrists attending different meetings were asked to fill in the questionnaire. Results: Patients and carers wanted to be more involved in planning their care. In common with other groups, being technically competent, being honest, approachable and being a good listener were general characteristics of a good psychiatrist. Occupational therapists saw psychiatrists as having a unique expertise and ability to provide leadership and also having skills in teaching, research, evaluating evidence and being respectful of other professions. Social workers would like psychiatrists to look beyond the medical model. Conclusions: In spite of different methods of collecting information, common themes emerge in what stakeholders expect from psychiatrists. As a profession, we need to respond to this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This pilot study explored children's perspectives of an initial assessment at outpatient child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS). Method: A semi-structured qualitative interview was undertaken with nine children aged 7-12 years. Transcribed interviews were analyzed to reveal common themes. Results: Children generally coped well with the interview. They identified themes involving stigma, qualities and approaches of staff, aspects of the CAMHS environment, and anxiety about attending CAMHS as key issues. Conclusions: This pilot study suggests that it is feasible to interview children regarding their perspectives on attending a CAMHS. Children's views of CAMHS are required to help inform developmentally appropriate service delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We contrasted visual search for targets presented in prototypical views and targets presented in nonprototypical views, when targets were defined by their names and when they were defined by the action that would normally be performed on them. The likelihood of the first fixation falling on the target was increased for prototypical-view targets falling in the lower visual field. When targets were defined by actions, the durations of fixations were reduced for targets in the lower field. The results are consistent with eye movements in search being affected by representations within the dorsal visual stream, where there is strong representation of the lower visual field. These representations are sensitive to the familiarity or the affordance offered by objects in prototypical views, and they are influenced by action-based templates for targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the attitudes and behavior of pension fund trustees as compared with Oxford students with respect to the issue of social responsibility of investment companies. Student advocates from Oxford University are lobbying for socially responsible investment (SRI) while pension trustees indicated that their main concern is the sustainability of the investment strategies that they undertake. The survey revealed that 80% of trustees rarely sought beneficiaries' views about SRI while about 80% of undergraduates would seek the views of plan beneficiaries if they were on that position. About 95% of pension trustees indicated that they did not screen out investment firms whereas students would screen out at least one type of firm if they had the chance.

Objectives: To obtain information regarding the involvement of pre-registration house officers (PRHOs) in the discussions on bad news, and the competency and difficulties they perceive in clinical practice. Design: Structured telephone interviews. Participants: 104 PRHOs. Main outcome measures: Information about frequency and quality of involvement of PRHOs in discussions on bad news with patients and relatives, perceived competency and difficulties related to this task as well as ethical views concerning the disclosure of bad news. Results: 82 PRHOs (78.9%) had initiated the breaking of bad news to a patient at least once, whilst patients themselves had initiated discussions of bad news by asking the doctors questions (92.3%). Almost all (96.2%), indicated that they had broken bad news to relatives of a patient. The majority of the junior doctors participating in our study felt fairly or very confident (90.4%) to break bad news. 'Often' quoted difficulties for over a fifth of the sample included 'Thinking I was not the appropriate person to discuss the bad news', 'Having all the relevant information available', 'Dealing with emotions of patient/relative', 'Lack of privacy' and 'Patients/relatives do not speak English'. Although 99 PRHOs (95.2%) believed that patients should be informed about a serious life threatening illness, 30.8% of the participants stated that doctors need to judge whether or not to tell a patient bad news. Factors most frequently selected by the PRHOs from a given list of possible factors contributing to a gap between theory and practice included problems with the organization of clinics (73.1%), insufficient postgraduate training (63.5%) and lack of staff (54.8%). Conclusions: The results indicate that PRHOs are frequently involved in the breaking of bad news. Whilst no claims can be made for their actual performance in practice, their perceptions of competency would indicate that the extensive and compulsory undergraduate teaching they had received on this subject has served to prepare them for this difficult task. Organizational and structural aspects need to be taken into account as factors assisting or undermining doctors in their efforts to put into practice ethically sound and skilled communication when disclosing bad news. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's views on narrative theory. Narrative theory introduces another specialist vocabulary and a new set of ideas with which to juggle. Narrative theory is eclectic with theoretical and methodological contradictions. The author believes that group analysts are experts when it comes to listening to stories. They are taught to listen to stories that appear on different levels-the current level, the transference level, the level of the part-object and the primordial level. They think about stories that are conscious to the people who tell them. Researchers have made important references to cultural narratives. Entering an analytic group is often like going to live abroad. People lose many of the things that were familiar to them. The group is not always a benign place. The group itself can become resistant to change. Everybody wish for their stories to have a happy ending; for there to be a dilemma, followed by a struggle and concluded by a resolution. Group analysts find they are left with ambiguous, open endings, with multiple interpretations in the group of what happened and why.

The article presents information on the works of group analyst Alexandra Zavos. Zavos, who is bilingual, has used her understanding of language translation to throw light on the practice of psychotherapy. She frames psychotherapy as a language practice and then encourages the reader to think about whether the difficulties associated with translation might equally apply to therapy, and whether this perspective can alert us to power relations and acts of appropriation. Zavos views therapy as a process of learning a new language. The article explores the difficulty of negotiating power relationships, when therapist and patient try to find a way of communicating in their separate languages. Zavos indicates that translating from Greek into English signifies differently from translating English into Greek. Zavos suggests that therapy and translation can both be seen as ways of interrogating the domestic by way of the foreign and vice versa. Zavos thus challenges group analysts to discuss the impossibilities of resisting and deconstructing authoritative positions and dominant practices.

Depending on what is in the view, looking out the window may provide numerous opportunities for restoration. Unlike other restorative opportunities, however, window viewing is more frequent and for brief moments at a time. The setting is also experienced from afar rather than while being in it. A study conducted at six low-rise apartment communities, using a survey with both verbal and visual material, provides considerable support for the premise that having natural elements or settings in the view from the window contributes substantially to residents' satisfaction with their neighborhood and with diverse aspects of their sense of well-being. Views of built elements, by contrast, affected satisfaction but not well-being. Views of the sky and weather did not have a substantial effect on either outcome. The potential of nature content in the view from home to contribute so significantly to satisfaction and well-being suggests clear action mandates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Very few models have been developed from research on language in organizations, and those that exist are usually very general. In addition, the assumptions on which they are based are not always explicit, which means that the limits of the models themselves cannot be seen. After describing the characteristics of research that could be done on language from an objectivist and a subjectivist stance, and specifying the limits of these two fundamental views, this paper proposes an explicit model for understanding language based on a symbolic interactionist stance, with emphasis on ascribing meaning and understanding language in the context of the interactive situation in which it occurs. The interactive situation comprises three fundamental components: the environmental, cognitive, and emotional contexts. In the model, the tongue and psycholinguistic schemata of the individuals concerned inevitably have a restrictive effect on the language used, and the language context may help make the speaker's remarks meaningful. The assumptions underlying the choice of a symbolic interactionist stance are described, and the paper ends with some suggested avenues for research revealing new topics or new ways of studying old topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provides information on a study of human viewpoint dependency in relation to scene recognition. Methodology used in the experiments; Results of the experiments.

The article discusses the relationship between deterrence and the fighting ethic. Basically, deterrence equals the absence of war that takes the form of either war preclusion, which represents an essential active approach to deterrence or avoidance, which its nature are passive and reactive. The fighting ethic is more practical achievable terms, which the significant of its definition is that an individual diffuse through that does not necessarily thirst for war. Therefore, the fighting ethic is the personification of classical strategic thought which basically a concept of victory and defeat in war, while deterrence is inherently nonstrategic which views war as an aberration rather than an useful political instrument and cannot be demonstrated conclusively that deterrence has an effect.

Using a grounded theory approach, this study investigates stakeholders’ views of enclave tourism in the island of Mauritius. In-depth interviews with tourism stakeholders were conducted and data were analyzed using the principles of grounded theory. Seven subthemes emerged from the analysis and these were categorized into two main themes: enclave tourism as an agent of empowerment/improvement and enclave tourism as a force of sociocultural destruction/denial of freedom. The themes suggest that stakeholders’ views are nuanced and often contradictory. In line with the principles of grounded theory, a conceptual framework explaining stakeholders’ views of enclave tourism is developed. The findings are discussed with existing literature and similarities and contradictions are noted. Unlike what is usually claimed by researchers and scholars, enclave tourism development results in some environmental and socioeconomic benefits, particularly with respect to sustainable hotel operations, empowerment of local community and women, and entrepreneurial opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a constantly changing environment, one of the conditions for adaptation is based on the visual system’s ability to realize predictions. In this context, a question that arises is the evolution of the processes allowing anticipation with regard to the acquisition of knowledge relative to specific situations. We sought to study this question by focusing on boundary extension, the tendency to overestimate the scope of a previously perceived scene. We presented to novice, beginner, and expert car drivers road scenes in the form of approach sequences constituting very briefly displayed photographs (i.e., 250 milliseconds each), in order to determine the effect of expertise at an early stage of scene perception. After three presentations, participants had to judge whether a fourth photograph was the same, closer up, or further away than the third one. When experts and beginners showed a classical boundary extension effect, novices presented no directional memory distortion. Different hypotheses are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a response to commentators Antony Froggett and Paul Sepping for their views on narrative theory. Froggett says, group analysts are, themselves, messy and ambiguous. They can regard the bits left out of stories, the unbelievable characters and the plotlines left hanging, as integral parts of narrative, rather than as interruptions in or failures of it. Froggett's emphasis on the cultural nature of stories facilitates this move. A group is itself a culture, with stories of its own; but it is also, as Paul Sepping suggests, a place where different cultural narratives come together and must be recognized. As his comments indicate, people should not be too relativist about such convergences. The differential power attached to specific stories, those who tell them, and those in whose name they are told, has to be part of our analysis. Power relations and narratives are not the same thing, and telling a story, even in a new way, does not have the almost magical power to change lives sometimes ascribed to it. One way for group analysts to pursue such analyses night be, as Sepping proposes, for them to look in more detail at their own practice, particularly at moments of change, when both talk and action may achieve some of their effects by narrative means.