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The purpose of this research is to test the validity of commonly used measures of exposure to and production of online extremism. Specifically, we investigate if a definition of hate influences survey responses about the production of and exposure to online hate. To explore the effects of a definition, we used a split experimental design on a sample of 18 to 25-year-old Americans where half of the respondents were exposed to the European Union's definition of hate speech and the other half were not. Then, all respondents completed a survey with commonly used items measuring exposure to and perpetration of online hate. The results reveal that providing a definition affects self-reported levels of exposure and perpetration, but the effects are dependent on race. The findings provide evidence that survey responses about online hate may be conditioned by social desirability and framing biases. The findings that group differences exist in how questions about hate are interpreted when definitions of it are not provided mean we must be careful when using measures that try to capture exposure to and the production of hate. While more research is needed, we recommend providing a clear, unambiguous definition when using surveys to measure online hate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: People with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at greater risk of potentially inappropriate prescribing (PIP) due to multiple comorbidities and polypharmacy. IMPACT2DM (Inappropriate Medication Prescribing Assessment Criteria for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus) is a tool designed to identify PIP for adults with T2DM. Objectives: To assess PIP for adults with T2DM in Ethiopia using the IMPACT2DM and to test the face validity and clinical validity of the tool. Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken using data extracted retrospectively from the medical records of adults being managed for T2DM at Debretabore Hospital. PIP was assessed using IMPACT2DM. Some items/item components of IMPACT2DM were modified to increase the tool's applicability for the outpatient setting, to clarify content or to use the terms most common in this particular setting. Multivariant logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with PIP. Results: More than 90% of medical records had at least 1 PIP. Prescribing omission (80.9%) was the most commonly identified type of PIP. Adults with prescribing omissions are more likely to be ≥40 years old or to be prescribed with <5 medications. Adults with dosing problems were more likely ≥50 years old, or have had a fasting blood sugar (FBS) level out of the target range (80-130 mg/dL). Conclusions: IMPACT2DM is a clinically valid PIP identification tool for application in an Ethiopian outpatient setting. Health professionals should be alert to check for potential prescribing omissions for adults ≥40 years old and dosing problems for adults with an FBS level out of the target range or >50 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To develop a feasible smartphone urinary diary application (UDA), and evaluate reliability and patient acceptability as a collection, calculation, and sharing tool. Materials and Methods: We developed the UDA for smartphones, which collects voiding, leakage, fluid intake, and grade of urgency data. A two-way cross-sectional study was conducted with 60 participants, participants split into two groups. Thirty participants completed UDA for 3 days either preceded or followed by a standard paper diary. We assessed the paper app reliability of the UDA with the Kappa variable and internal correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: 29 (96.6%) participants completed the 3-day UDA in the first phase, 92.6% in the second phase, in comparison to 90% and 79.4% in paper form, respectively. Incomplete variable recording was observed at 10.3%–20% in the UDA group in comparison to 33.3%–34.8 % in the PF group. Of the 48 participants who experienced both diaries, 40 (83.3%) preferred the UDA. Paper app correlation was good to very good with ICC ranging from 0.60 to 0.90 for all variables (p < 0.001). Kappa values for incontinence, stress incontinence, urge incontinence, and increased frequency were 0.95, 0.94, 0.82 0.87, and 0.54; respectively (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The performance of developed smartphone UDA is comparable with and highly correlated with paper form with most users finding the app feasible. Convergent validity with urinary incontinence and other lower urinary tract dysfunctions is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discrimination is associated with numerous psychological health outcomes over the life course. The nine-item Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS) is one of the most widely used measures of discrimination; however, this nine-item measure may not be feasible in large-scale population health surveys where a shortened discrimination measure would be advantageous. The current study examined the construct validity of a combined two-item discrimination measure adapted from the EDS by Add Health (N = 14,839) as compared to the full nine-item EDS and a two-item EDS scale (parallel to the adapted combined measure) used in the National Survey of American Life (NSAL; N = 1,111) and National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS) studies (N = 1,055). Results identified convergence among the EDS scales, with high item-total correlations, convergent validity, and criterion validity for psychological outcomes, thus providing evidence for the construct validity of the two-item combined scale. Taken together, the findings provide support for using this reduced scale in studies where the full EDS scale is not available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to (1) develop evidence-based resources and (2) test face, content validity, and usability of a newly developed mobile application (app) to equip and empower caregivers with resources and skills to promote better oral health for autistic children. A series of resources on oral health, including information on oral diseases and home care and social stories on dental visits were developed. Concurrently, an app was developed by dentists, occupational therapist and software developers. The resources underwent content validation by an international panel of paediatric dentists (Expert Working Group). Face validation of the resources and usability testing of the app by parents were then carried out. Validation and feedback were obtained by the Delphi method, with consensus set at 70% agreement. A total of 12 resources and 2 social stories were developed. Consensus was achieved among the Expert Working Group regarding the content and illustrations of the resources and social stories. Both the Expert Working Group and parents agreed that the resources were easy to read and understand. Parents also found the app easy to use, aesthetically pleasing and help them to better care for their child's oral health. Caregivers of autistic children often lack knowledge regarding oral homecare and when and where to see the dentist. To address this need, we developed a series of information on oral health. An autistic child assisted in developing two social stories to showcase a dental visit. A mobile app was developed to deliver the above mentioned. Other features include creation of customised social stories and visual schedule and an inbox to allow dentists to send messages to parents. The developed information and social stories were reviewed by experts and parents. The app also underwent anonymous and independent testing by parents. Overall the information and app were well received by the experts and parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inner speech is frequently assessed using self-report scales, but their validity is understudied. Uttl et al. (2011) found moderate correlations, perhaps because measures tap into different dimensions of inner speech. We expand on these preliminary results by investigating reliability and concurrent validity of seven inner speech questionnaires in a larger sample. Our results indicate that inner speech questionnaires are reliable but hold moderate concurrent validity, in line with Uttl and colleagues' (2011) results. Specifically, our results suggest that some inner speech scales may capture a general conception of inner speech, while others may assess evaluative components of negative self-talk, self-regulation, and self-reflective processes, but not emotional valence. The results hold implications around further validity investigations of inner speech measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Constitutional symptoms (fatigue, lymphadenopathy, and weight loss) are not included in the SLE disease activity index-2000 (SLEDAI-2K). In this pilot study, we assessed the concurrent and construct validity of a revised SLEDAI-2K (SLED-R) that included these symptoms with the original SLEDAI-2K (SLED-O), using the physician global assessment of disease activity (PGA) as the reference. Methods: Our revised SLED-R substituted the SLED-O's fever descriptor with a constitutional descriptor that included fever, fatigue, lymphadenopathy, and/or weight loss. SLED-O, SLED-R, PGA and patient global assessment (PtGA) scores were collected prospectively. Bland-Altman correlations for repeated measures were calculated and Meng's z-test was used to compare correlations between dependent and overlapping correlation coefficients. Associations between constitutional symptoms and disease activity measures were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-square tests and repeated measures correlations. Results: 1123 SLED-O, SLED-R, PGA, and 1066 PtGA were collected in 239 subjects. The new descriptor was scored in 45 subjects (18.8%) and 92 instances (8.1%), while the original descriptor, fever, was scored in only 4 subjects (1.7%) and 5 instances (0.4%). Mean SLED-O, PGA and PtGA scores were higher when the constitutional descriptor was scored versus not (p <.001). The correlation between SLED-R and PGA was marginally higher than between SLED-O and PGA (p <.001). Fatigue contributed most to this increase (p =.001) and associated with both higher PGA and PtGA scores (p <.001). Mean SLED-O and PGA scores were higher when ≥1 constitutional symptom(s) were scored versus not (p <.002). Correlations between PGA and PtGA when the new descriptor was scored versus not were similar (p =.860). The frequency of concordance between PGA and PtGA was lower when the new descriptor was scored (55%) versus not (72.5%), with PGA > PtGA when the new descriptor was scored (p <.001). Conclusion: The addition of constitutional symptoms to SLEDAI-2K, particularly fatigue, resulted in a marginal increase in its correlation with PGA, and new constitutional symptoms associated with higher SLED-O and PGA scores. As fatigue is subjective and difficult to attribute to SLE, its validity and inter-rater reliability in scoring remains uncertain. The clinical utility of SLED-R remains unclear, and further studies of its validity and reliability are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mindfulness is defined inconsistently, and its various measures resemble established personality self-report scales. Therefore, jingle and jangle fallacies are likely to undermine the construct's utility. To address these issues, we conducted two studies to test three hurdles of validity: 1) a sound definition and measurement model, 2) empirical distinctiveness, and 3) incremental criterion validity. We established an overarching and inclusive mindfulness definition covering twelve aspects. Based on this definition, we used an item sampling algorithm to select items from eight mindfulness scales. We established an eclectic bi-factor and a single-factor model, both fitting the data well. Bivariate latent variable correlations between a single mindfulness factor and big-five/six personality factors reached up to.68. Although 50% of mindfulness' variance was unaccounted for by the personality factors, it provided no meaningful incremental criterion validity over personality factors. Our results indicate that mindfulness has little or no incremental utility above established personality factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers and practitioners have long been interested in the relations of basic personality domains with health. Whereas previous meta-analyses have focused on the Big Five traits, we provide the first meta-analysis of the relations between the HEXACO domains, as assessed by HEXACO Personality Inventories, and various health outcomes (k = 276, N = 92,319). In general, relations of the HEXACO domains were strongest with mental health, followed by health behavior, whereas relations with physical health outcomes were weak and largely non-significant. All HEXACO domains were significantly linked to mental health and health behavior outcomes. Extraversion exhibited the strongest correlation with mental health ( ρ ¯ =.48), whereas Honesty-Humility ( ρ ¯ =.31), Agreeableness versus Anger ( ρ ¯ =.25), and Conscientiousness ( ρ ¯ =.31) were most predictive of health behavior. Physical health was only significantly associated with Emotionality ( ρ ¯ = −.14) and Conscientiousness ( ρ ¯ =.10). Honesty-Humility explained incremental variance over the Big Five in several health behavior outcomes, whereas it had little incremental validity for mental and physical health outcomes. Finally, comparing the variance that the HEXACO and the Big Five domains explained in specific health outcomes demonstrated that each personality model occasionally exhibited superior criterion-related validity. Hence, the choice of the more useful personality model could be outcome-dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The development of cultural sensitivity is essential for health care professionals but there are few tools to measure this quality in Japan. The purpose of this study was to develop a scale of cultural sensitivity for Japanese health care professionals and examine its reliability and validity. Method: A draft scale was created through conceptual analysis and a questionnaire was completed by 515 health care professionals and 1,322 college students. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to determine suitable scale items and examine model fitness. Results: The four-factor 18-item scale showed acceptable model fitness. Cronbach's α coefficient exceeded.90 and correlation coefficients for criterion-related validity were over.29. Construct validity was confirmed by the significantly higher score of the cross-culturally experienced groups. The intraclass correlation coefficient was.642 (professionals) and.722 (students). Discussion: This reliable and valid scale for Japanese health professionals and college students may be used to evaluate training programs to increase their cultural sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reflective functioning is the process of reflecting on the thoughts and feelings of oneself and others and is foundational to healthy human relationships. The 54-item Reflective Function Questionnaire (RFQ) is a self-report measure that assesses reflective functioning, initially developed while studying individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD). The purpose of the present study was to translate the RFQ from English to Persian and evaluate its reliability and validity among Iranian prisoners. The sample of this study included 509 (455 men and 54 women) Iranian prisoners. Findings confirm the translated measure had acceptable face and content validity. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed two dimensions of certainty (RFQ-c) and uncertainty (RFQ-u) of reflective functioning. The correlation analysis showed positive relationships between the dimensions of the RFQ and the borderline personality symptoms questionnaire and the emotional dissatisfaction questionnaire. Correlation analysis also showed negative associations between the dimensions of the RFQ and the Toronto Basic Empathy Scale (BES) and the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (KIMS) questionnaire, confirming the concurrent validity of the RFQ. The Cronbach's alphas of the RFQ-c and RFQ-u subscales were.69 and.7 respectively, which demonstrated relatively acceptable internal consistency. The results of the analysis demonstrated that the translated RFQ had desirable psychometric properties for evaluating reflective function among Iranian prisoners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-running surveys need a systematic way to reflect social change and to keep items relevant to respondents, especially when they ask about controversial subjects, or they threaten the items' validity. We propose a protocol for updating measures that preserves content and construct validity. First, substantive experts articulate the current and anticipated future terms of debate. Then survey experts use this substantive input and their knowledge of existing measures to develop and pilot a large battery of new items. Third, researchers analyze the pilot data to select items for the survey of record. Finally, the items appear on the survey-of-record, available to the whole user community. Surveys-of-record have procedures for changing content that determine if the new items appear just once or become part of the core. We provide the example of developing new abortion attitude measures in the General Social Survey. Current questions ask whether abortion should be legal under varying circumstances. The new abortion items ask about morality, access, state policy, and interpersonal dynamics. They improve content and construct validity and add new insights into Americans' abortion attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computer self-efficacy (CSE) continues to be an important construct in research and application. Two measures of CSE, the Brief Inventory of Technology Self-Efficacy (BITS) and the Brief Inventory of Technology Self-Efficacy – Short Form (BITS-SF) were recently developed to correct for issues in other available measures. The BITS and BITS-SF were originally written in English, and their psychometric properties assessed in samples from the United States. The current two studies translated the BITS and BITS-SF into simplified Chinese (Mainland China) and traditional Chinese (Taiwan) and assessed their psychometric properties. In Study 1, 207 adults in Mainland China completed the simplified Chinese BITS and BITS-SF, as well as measures given to assess convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity. In Study 2, 273 adults in Taiwan did the same, except that they completed the traditional Chinese BITS and BITS-SF. In both studies, the translated BITS showed evidence of a three-factor correlated structure, and the translated BITS-SF yielded several underlying classes consistent with theory and scoring interpretation. Additionally, the translated measures' scores showed solid evidence of convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity. The results replicate the findings using the original BITS and BITS-SF and extend them to simplified Chinese and traditional Chinese translated versions. These versions are recommended for use in research and applied settings to assess CSE and are available for use. Both the original and translated measures are available for download at www.bitssurvey.com. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This article describes the process used to develop and pilot the Social Work Education Assessment Project (SWEAP) Curriculum instrument, a standardized multiple-choice test developed to assess student knowledge as it relates to each of the nine generalist practice competencies of the 2015 Council on Social Work Education (CSWE) Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards (EPAS). Method: An expert panel evaluated instrument construct, content, and face validity. Test–retest reliability analysis was conducted on nine pilot instruments. Further reliability analysis was conducted on 2382 instruments. Results: Analyses support the validity and reliability of the SWEAP Curriculum Instrument. Discussion: Knowledge is one of the four dimensions that relate to each of the nine generalist practice-level social work competencies identified in EPAS 2015. Therefore, the evaluation of student knowledge is a vital component of social work program assessment. The SWEAP Curriculum Instrument is just one possible method for measuring student competency related to the knowledge dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to develop and validate a scale of parental competency of science-gifted students in South Korea. The parental competency of science-gifted students is constructed in three dimensions (Learner, Fosterer, Scientist) from the literature review. We in-depth-interviewed science-gifted students and parents to discover the competency behavior indicators. To confirm the content validity, 15 experts in Korea conducted a Delphi method. We were determined lifelong learning, information utilization as the sub-elements of learner, partnership, parenting attitude, empathy of fosterer, and science capability, responsibility in science, and career preparation of scientist. As a result, we developed the initial instrument with 45 items. To validate the instrument, we carried out an online survey with 512 parents. Finally, 23 items of the measurement instrument for parental competency underwent development with three dimensions and eight sub-dimensions. This study provides a reliable instrument for parental competency and contributes to its enhancement for science-gifted students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Nine-Hole Peg Test (9HPT) is the golden standard to measure manual dexterity in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, administration requires trained personnel and dedicated time during a clinical visit. Objectives: The objective of this study is to validate a smartphone-based test for remote manual dexterity assessment, the ico mpanion Finger Dexterity Test (FDT), to be included into the ico mpanion application. Methods: A total of 65 MS and 81 healthy subjects were tested, and 20 healthy subjects were retested 2 weeks later. Results: The FDT significantly correlated with the 9HPT (dominant: ρ = 0.62, p < 0.001; non-dominant: ρ = 0.52, p < 0.001). MS subjects had significantly higher FDT scores than healthy subjects (dominant: p = 0.015; non-dominant: p = 0.013), which was not the case for the 9HPT. A significant correlation with age (dominant: ρ = 0.46, p < 0.001; non-dominant: ρ = 0.40, p = 0.002), Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS, dominant: ρ = 0.36, p = 0.005; non-dominant: ρ = 0.31, p = 0.024), and disease duration for the non-dominant hand (ρ = 0.31, p = 0.016) was observed. There was a good test–retest reliability in healthy subjects (dominant: r = 0.69, p = 0.001; non-dominant: r = 0.87, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The ico mpanion FDT shows a moderate-to-good concurrent validity and test–retest reliability, differentiates between the MS subjects and healthy controls, and correlates with clinical parameters. This test can be implemented into routine MS care for remote follow-up of manual dexterity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disengaging from the external world—a phenomenon referred to as mind wandering—is a common experience that has been shown to be associated with detriments in cognitive performance across a large range of tasks. In the current web-based study, we used a continuous delayed estimation paradigm to investigate the impact of task disengagement at encoding on subsequent recall of location. Task disengagement was assessed with thought probes on a dichotomous (off- vs. on-task) and a continuous response scale (from 0% to 100% on-task). This approach allowed us to consider perceptual decoupling in both a dichotomous and a graded manner. In the first study (n = 54), we found a negative relationship between levels of task disengagement at encoding and subsequent recall of location measured in degrees. This finding supports a graded perceptual decoupling process rather than a decoupling that happens in an all-or-none manner. In the second study (n = 104), we replicated this finding. An analysis of 22 participants showing enough off-task trials to fit the data with the standard mixture model revealed that in this particular subsample, being disengaged from the task at encoding was related to worse long-term memory performance in terms of likelihood to recall but not in terms of precision with which information is recalled. Overall, the findings suggest a graded nature of task disengagement that covaries with fine-grained differences in subsequent recall of location. Going forwards, it will be important to test the validity of continuous measures of mind-wandering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As no scales are currently available to assess the social-emotional reciprocity (SER) between children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and their parents, we aimed to develop a questionnaire for this. Methods: Both quantitative and qualitative techniques were used for content validation. All stages of this study used purposive sampling to choose various groups of experts, mental health professionals, and parents of children with ASD to participate in the development, judgment-quantifying, and pretest stages. Data from 30 parents of children with ASD were gathered for the field test. Results: Thirty items were retained after content validation. The proportion of consensus regarding the comprehensiveness of the entire questionnaire was 1.00. The scale-level content validity index (CVI) by averaging calculation method and universal agreement calculation method were 0.95 and 0.50, respectively. Following the pretest, a total of 23 questions, on a five-point scale, were retained. Conclusion: Given the significance of SER between children with ASD and their parents, mental health practitioners should use this questionnaire to understand it to maximize the efficacy of any intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-quality online dialogues help sustain democracy. Deliberative theory, which predates the internet, provides the primary model for assessing the quality of online dialogues. It conceptualizes high-quality online dialogue as civil, rational, constructive, equal, interactive, and for the common good. More recently, advances in computation have driven an upsurge of empirical studies using automated methods for operationalizing online dialogue and measuring its quality. While related in their aims, deliberative theory and the wider empirical literature generally operate independently. To bridge the gap between the two literatures, we introduce Textual Indicators of Deliberative Dialogue (TIDDs). TIDDs are defined as text-based measures of online dialogue quality under a deliberative model (e.g., disagreement, incivility, and justifications). In this study, we identified 123 TIDDs by systematically reviewing 67 empirical studies of online dialogue. We found them to have mid-low reliability, low criterion validity, and high construct validity for measuring two deliberative dimensions (civility and rationality). Our results highlight the limitations of deliberative theory for conceptualizing the variety of ways online dialogues can be operationalized. We report the most promising TIDDs for measuring the quality of online dialogue and suggest deliberative theory would benefit from altering its models in line with the broader empirical literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to identify the physical functioning factors associated with home discharge after inpatient stroke rehabilitation. Data sources: A search of PubMed, Embase, CINHAL, The Cochrane Library (Trials), Web of Science, and PEDro were conducted up until May 2023. Methods: Two independent reviewers selected studies for population (patients with stroke), predictive factors (physical functioning), outcome (discharge destination), setting (inpatient rehabilitation), and study designs (observational and experimental studies). Predictive factors were identified among assessments of the "body function" and "activity" components of the International Classification of Functioning. Methodological quality was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The findings used quantitative and narrative syntheses. Meta-analyses were performed with the inverse variance method and the random-effects model using included studies with sufficient data. Results: Forty-five studies were included with 204,787 participants. Included studies assessed the association of independence in activities of daily living, walking, rolling, transferring, and balance on admission with a probability of returning home. Motor (odds ratio = 1.23, 95% confidence interval: 1.12–1.35, p <.001) and total (odds ratio = 1.34, 95% confidence interval: 1.14–1.57, p <.001) Functional Independence Measure scores on admission were significantly associated with home discharge in meta-analyses. Additionally, included studies showed that independence in motor activities, such as sitting, transferring, and walking, and scores above thresholds for the Functional Independence Measure and Berg Balance Scale on admission were associated with discharge destination. Conclusion: This review showed that higher independence in activities of daily living on admission is associated with home discharge after inpatient stroke rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-esteem is a crucial human nature feature for understanding the social dimensions of individuals' self-concept. One of its characteristics is peoples' malleability to adapt to social contexts, that is, the state self-esteem (SSE). Individuals express SES in three different factors: performance; social success; and physical appearance. Along with three studies, we present evidence of validity of the Short-Form of State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES-S) that measures contextual fluctuations in individuals' self-esteem. In Study 1 (N = 300), we found that the structure of the SSES-S was organized into three correlated factors that exhibited convergent-discriminant validity with measures of trait self-esteem and human values. In Study 2 (N = 281), confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a bifactor measurement model better fit the description of the factorial structure of the SSES-S, which also showed incremental validity concerning trait self-esteem for predicting one criterion. In Study 3 (N = 160), we experimentally manipulated contextual information about self-achievement and showed that the SSES-S is sensitive enough to detect transient fluctuations in self-esteem, especially in the achievement factor. We discussed the limitations and scope of the SSES-S, as its specific focus on measuring undergraduate students' state self-esteem and its implications distinguishing the general and particular domains of this construct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The learning media assessment (LMA) process is the mechanism professionals use to determine a student's optimal learning and reading media. Currently, no tool has been validated for the purpose of conducting the LMA process. Methods: A Delphi approach was used whereby a panel of identified experts in the LMA process went through iterative phases recommending items to be included in the LMA process and voting on keeping, changing, or deleting items until a final list of agreed upon items was established. Results: At the completion of five rounds of voting and amending items, the final list of agreed upon items included 2 general goals, 66 items, and 18 acceptable modifications to the LMA process. The items to be included in an LMA process were categorized into logistical items to be noted (9 items), LMA procedural characteristics (11 items), materials to be used (2 items), information to be gathered (20 items), student medical/visual characteristics (8 items), student reading or academic characteristics (10 items), and student technology and literacy tool use (6 items). Eighteen acceptable modifications or adjustments that could be made to assessment procedures were also agreed upon. Discussion: The framework of what is critical in the LMA process, as shown in this Delphi study, can be used to assess the validity of LMA tools. Implications for Practitioners: Practitioners can use the framework built by this Delphi process to evaluate the validity of LMA tools they use. Practitioners can assess the tools they use by asking if all the validated content areas are addressed, if validated procedures are being followed, and if validated accommodations are in place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We previously demonstrated the convergent validity of a fully automated voice recognition analogue of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (VR-SDMT) for evaluating processing speed in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). Objective/Methods: We aimed to replicate these results in 54 pwMS and 18 healthy controls (HCs), demonstrating the VR-SDMT's reliability. Results: Significant correlations were found between the VR-SDMT and the traditional oral SDMT in the multiple sclerosis (MS) (r = −0.771, p < 0.001) and HC (r = −0.785, p < 0.001) groups. Conclusion: Taken collectively, our two studies demonstrate the reliability and validity of the VR-SDMT for assessing processing speed in pwMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) is a gold-standard measure of cognitive efficiency and processing speed for people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) but relies on vision and oculomotor function. Objectives: To develop and validate a new processing speed test with minimal memory involvement and no eye function requirements. Methods: We created an Auditory Test of Processing Speed (ATOPS). A total of 122 PwMS, of whom 33 were severely disabled (median Expanded Disability Status Scale 8.0) and 37 healthy volunteers (HVs), were enrolled. We assessed sensitivity to discriminate MS participants from HVs, convergent validity between ATOPS and SDMT, sensitivity to discriminate between cognitively impaired (CI) and cognitively preserved (CP) MS participants, and correlations with MS pathology (overall brain lesion burden). Acceptability was examined with completion rates and participant ratings of ATOPS. Results: ATOPS discriminated PwMS from HVs (d = 0.739–0.856), correlated with SDMT (| r | = 0.528–0.587), discriminated between CI and CP PwMS (d = 0.623–0.776), and correlated with lesion burden (r = 0.332–0.436). All groups indicated high favorability of ATOPS and severely disabled MS patients could be assessed by ATOPS more frequently than by SDMT (100% vs. 72.4% completion). Conclusions: ATOPS is a novel, accessible, and acceptable cognitive processing speed test that may be useful in clinical and/or research settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop and validate a scale, the Self-management of Dementia by Carers (SMDC). Mixed-methods were used. First, the domains of the SMDC Scale were identified through a systematic literature review and interviews with expert professionals and carers. Then the following psychometrics were performed: content and face validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity. The final scale had 58-item grouped into 6 factors. The internal consistency and test-retest reliability coefficients were excellent. This scale can be used to determine carers' ability to assist the person living with dementia to self-manage this condition in clinical practice and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has shown that violent ideations (VIs) may play a key role in aggression and violence. However, there is no tool to measure this construct adapted to the Spanish language so far. The current study aims to translate and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Violent Ideations Scale (VIS) in European Spanish. This study counts with a convenience sample of 752 native Spaniards or Spanish speakers residing in Spain, between 18- and 75-years old, 53% identified as female and 47% identified as male. The dimensionality, gender measurement invariance, concurrent validity and reliability of scores were assessed. Initial evidence of external validity was collected. Results confirmed the unidimensionality of the instrument. Measurement invariance held across females and males and reliabilities were high. VIS-ES scores correlated with aggressive behavior during the previous month. The VIS-ES seems suitable for use in non-clinical Spanish speaking samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of career is no longer understood as a progressive advancement within the same organization, but rather as a lifelong dynamic transition between multiple jobs. Lee et al. (2021) developed Career Crafting Assessment as a means of identifying the proactive behaviors that people engage in when developing their career paths. The aim of this study was to test the psychometric properties of the Romanian version of the scale. In Study 1 (N = 938), Confirmatory Factor Analysis supported the four-factor model of the scale. The results supported the measurement invariance for gender, but not for age. The internal consistency of the scale was adequate. In Study 2 (N = 344), we found significant positive correlations between career crafting and two similar constructs, namely job crafting and organizational career management, supporting the convergent validity of the scale. In Study 3 (N = 213), the criterion validity of the scale was supported by significant positive correlations between career crafting and four of its possible outcomes, namely performance, work engagement, perceived meaningfulness of work, and person-job fit. Our results are in line with the findings of Lee et al. (2021) and suggest that the Romanian version of the instrument is valid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the results of a mapping exercise by the European Federation of Nurses (EFN) on challenges and solutions related to violence against nurses. This is an issue of growing international concern, with the problem accentuated during and following the COVID-19 pandemic. Following a cross-sectional observational design, an online questionnaire was distributed among 35 national nurses' associations across Europe in March 2021. Face validity was achieved through an expert panel. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis, including counts, percentages, and tabulation. Qualitative data analysis followed thematic synthesis techniques. Three main findings are noted. First, violent incidents against nurses are under-reported due to fear of victimization, employer discouragement, and the perception that reporting will not make any difference. Second, perpetrators of violent acts extend beyond patients and families to include health professionals of different ranks. Third, violent incidences have a significant adverse effect on nurses' health and retention, leading to nurses reducing their working hours or opting for part-time work. Violence against nurses is an expression of a broader problem that is rooted in the failure to recognize and manage violence at the level of the healthcare organization, and the absence of appropriate legislation to maintain minimum standards of safe working environments. This is partly the result of inadequate European Union-wide legislation targeting workplace violence in the health professions. Nurses need more institutional support through dedicated funding aimed at targeted interventions, more legislative commitment to ratify policies against discrimination, and an opportunity to voice the needs to the appropriate policymakers with the ability to bring significant change to existing conditions. Given the severity of the situation, inaction could lead to irreplaceable damage to the nursing workforce, compounding pressures resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Ultimately, this situation can further drive existing nurses out of the profession, weakening health systems worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Talking about personal olfactory experiences is challenging because subjective, often latent reactions to odor are difficult to perceive and express. In qualitative empirical research on the effects of Aromatherapy (AT), this issue needs to be considered in data collection. Therefore, we developed a new data-collection method to support participants in perceiving and articulating their own olfactory experiences. The method development was embedded in the background study arth4WOMEN about AT for women with gynecological cancers. Method: The data-collection method was developed in five steps inspired by A rts-informed R esearch (AIR) and Creative Writing (CW). A workshop on scent and writing was conceptualized for an existing CW course (n = 8) (step 1). The findings were condensed (step 2) into the new data-collection method called the Olfactory Journey (OLFJ), then pilot tested, discussed with qualitative research experts and adapted (step 3). The final version of the OLFJ was carried out with 15 participants of the background study arth4WOMEN as one part of a qualitative interview concept (step 4), then analyzed via qualitative content analysis (step 5). Results: The analysis of the workshop showed that pictures can be a useful tool to focus on olfactory experiences and find words to express them. Thus, in the OLFJ inner visuals were stimulated by an olfactory trigger and brought into focus through a guided instruction. The inner visuals were used as a tool to talk about the olfactory experiences. The resulting descriptions were characterized by many pictorial associations and marked by contrasts and comparisons. Discussion: The OLFJ as a data-collection method has potential to support participants in their verbal expressions of their olfactory experiences. The inclusion of creative art forms in the development process of the OLFJ was helpful and should be encouraged in future research. Further research is needed to test OLFJ validity and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In 2016, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention analyzed the National Health Interview Survey data and found that the occurrence of chronic pain and high-impact chronic pain in the USA was 20.4% and 8%, respectively. Group-based Pain Management Programs have been viewed as significant treatments aiding patients with self-management of chronic pain. The onset of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) at the beginning of 2020, widely eliminated the in-person Group-based Pain Management Programs. The exploration of therapeutic contextual factors such as the therapeutic alliance and group dynamics in telehealth Group-based Pain Management Programs appears warranted for which reason the Therapeutic Group Context Questionnaire was developed. Methods: The therapeutic alliance and group dynamics items in the Therapeutic Group Context Questionnaire were developed from an extensive literature review and underwent examination of content validity, internal consistency, reliability, and validity through telehealth Group-based Pain Management Programs. Results: Content validity of the Therapeutic Group Context Questionnaire was established in five separate stages and the psychometrics of the Therapeutic Group Context Questionnaire was found to be very good with high internal consistency and reliability (r = 0.85–0.97) and the ability of the Therapeutic Group Context Questionnaire to differentiate between high and low scorers on the SF-36 emotional well-being measure. Discussion: The examination of therapeutic contextual factors via telehealth Group-based Pain Management Programs using the Therapeutic Group Context Questionnaire appears possible in view of the very good psychometric properties described above. Investigation of therapeutic contextual factors through the Therapeutic Group Context Questionnaire may provide greater insight into the role that these factors may have in telehealth programs and their impact on pain outcomes. Future investigation of the Therapeutic Group Context Questionnaire in non-telehealth Group-based Pain Management Programs, as well as, other disorders being addressed via telehealth appears warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was to examine the factorial structure, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, criterion validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity of the Brief Strengths Scale-12 (BSS-12) in Korean population. The Korean sample comprised 288 college students (68.1% were female), ranging in age 19 to 30 years (mean age = 21.65 years, SD = 1.98). Results showed that a three-factor model with exploratory structural equation modeling provided a better model fit than the other competing models. Indices of internal consistency reliability, criterion validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity of the BSS-12 were acceptable. These results suggest that the BSS-12 can be used as an effective tool for measuring character strengths in Korean population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing attention has been paid to understanding expert design behavior to help novice students enhance their knowledge and abilities for their professional development. However, an integrative framework must still be created to identify expert-based design behavior. Using an international web-based survey, this study identifies major expert design behaviors, and reports on the development of a unique behavioral multiple scale that measures central behaviors in the design process for assessing design expertise. Considering theoretically grounded behaviors of experts in the design literature, a 29-item scale is formulated for capturing key expert design behaviors based on exploratory factor analysis. Evidence for construct validity and reliability is presented, suggesting seven primary expert diversified behaviors in the design process. Nevertheless, using a structural equation modeling, it is concluded that the behavioral multiple scale represents only six significant behaviors of design expertise. Moreover, a path analysis of this comprehensive framework shows that some behaviors are central, directly related to design expertise (i.e., strategic approach to design complexity and framing of design problems), and act as mediators for other behaviors (i.e., reflection on design problems and solutions, systematically breaking the design into sub-problems, application of conceptual thinking, and reuse of previous solutions). Findings can be implemented by intervention programs in the design studio aiming to support professional development in design education by training students to enhance their expertise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Describe the development and validation of the Subjective Habitability & Acceptability Questionnaire (SHAQ). Background: Habitat area size, layout, and design may impact individual and team behavioral health and performance (BHP) outcomes in operational environments. However, there are no standardized measures of these relationships. Method: SHAQ is a modular survey consisting of two 6-item scales: BHP Outcomes (Performance of Individual Activities, Performance of Group Activities, Mood, Psychological Stress, Sleep, and Social Interactions) and Habitability Moderators (Privacy, Social Density, Efficiency, Control, Comfort, and Convenience). We collected SHAQ data from NASA's Human Exploration Research Analog (HERA) crews (n = 19) in reference to multiple habitat areas (Sleep/Bedroom, Hygiene/Bathroom, Work/Office/Workshop, and Food Preparation/Kitchen/Galley) in the HERA operational environment, private hotel rooms, and individual home habitats. Results: SHAQ has high construct validity (single factor solutions, mean item factor loading = 0.760, mean % variance = 60.37), internal consistency and reliability (item mean α = 0.880, mean ω=0.894, mean ICC = 0.430), concurrent validity (mean item r with System Usability Scale = 0.42), and discriminant validity (e.g., significantly higher facilitation of group activities in HERA Work/Office/Workshop and Food Preparation/Kitchen/Galley areas vs. Hygiene/Bathroom and Sleep/Bedroom areas; significantly higher ratings of privacy, comfort, and convenience in hotel vs. HERA). Conclusion: SHAQ is a reliable, valid, and sensitive measure of BHP impacts of habitat size and layout. Application: SHAQ can be used to inform evidence-based recommendations and thresholds for habitat area size, layout, and design options to support individual and team BHP in operational environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Schemas help with the organization and interpretation of information. Adaptive schemas indicate positive predisposing thinking patterns in an individual. This study aimed to develop a psychometrically robust tool to assess adaptive schema in a nonclinical sample. Method: This research comprises two independent studies. Study I was multiphased. In Phase I (n = 70), 36 open-ended items were generated following the Young schema therapy model and qualitatively analyzed. This facilitated the generation of 144 items in Phase II (n = 152) which were evaluated for content validity and subjected to rigorous item analysis. Exploratory factor analysis was performed in Phase III (n = 751). Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted in Study II (n = 244). Results: Exploratory factor analysis resulted in a six-factor solution comprising 25 items. These factors correspond to the six adaptive themes, namely, adequate, secured, self-reliant/autonomous, resistant, successful, and self-assured. The newly developed Adaptive Schema Questionnaire demonstrated adequate reliability (α = 0.86). Significant correlations between the obtained factors and Early Maladaptive Schemas, depression, big five personality factors, and positive and negative effects established the concurrent validity. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated acceptable goodness of fit for the obtained model. Conclusion: The developed Adaptive Schema Questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument with promising utility in psychotherapy and research context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TUBB4A pathogenic variants are associated with a spectrum of neurologic impairments including movement disorders and leukodystrophy. With the development of targeted therapies, there is an urgent unmet need for validated tools to measure mobility impairment. Our aim is to explore gross motor function in a pediatric-onset TUBB4A -related leukodystrophy cohort with existing gross motor outcome tools. Gross Motor Function Measure-88 (GMFM-88), Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS-ER), and Gross Motor Function Classification-Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (GMFC-MLD) were selected through face validity. Subjects with a confirmed clinical and molecular diagnosis of TUBB4A -related leukodystrophy were enrolled. Participants' sex, age, genotype, and age at disease onset were collected, together with GMFM-88 and concurrent GMFCS-ER and GMFC-MLD. Performances on each measure were compared. GMFM-88 floor effect was defined as total score below 20%. A total of 35 subjects participated. Median performance by GMFM-88 was 16.24% (range 0-97.31), with 42.9% (n = 15) of individuals performing above the floor. GMFM-88 Dimension A (Lying and Rolling) was the best-performing dimension in the GMFM-88 (n = 29 above the floor). All levels of the Classification Scales were represented, with the exception of the GMFC-MLD level 0. Evaluation by GMFM-88 was strongly correlated with the Classification Scales (Spearman correlations: GMFCS-ER:GMFM-88 r = 0.90; GMFC-MLD:GMFM-88 r = 0.88; GMFCS-ER:GMFC-MLD: r = 0.92). Despite overall observation of a floor effect, the GMFM-88 is able to accurately capture the performance of individuals with attenuated phenotypes. GMFM-88 Dimension A shows no floor effect. GMFC-MLD shows a strong correlation with GMFCS-ER and GMFM-88, supporting its use as an age-independent functional score in TUBB4A -related leukodystrophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was done to prepare a Persian version of the MAYSI-2 and investigate its psychometric properties among the adolescents of the Juvenile Correction and Rehabilitation Center in Mashhad. By available study sample 329 male adolescents were selected. The findings showed that the Cronbach's alpha values for subscales were from.74 to.91. Compound reliability was also obtained in different scales between.72 and.98 indicating the optimal reliability of the scale. The CVR and CVI indicating the appropriate content validity. The results of CFA showed that the factor loading of the items was more than.5. The scale had good structural validity. The GFI of.90, IFI of.91, and RMSEA of.072 were all within the acceptable limits. Convergent and divergent validity indicators showed that the subscales benefited from the convergent validity. Our results showed that the Persian version of the MAYSI-2 had desirable psychometric properties. Therefore, it can be used for assessing mental health problems of juvenile delinquent and upcoming research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea of "purity" transformed moral psychology. Here, we provide the first systematic review of this concept. Although often discussed as one construct, we reveal ~9 understandings of purity, ranging from respecting God to not eating gross things. This striking heterogeneity arises because purity—unlike other moral constructs—is not understood by what it is but what it isn't : obvious interpersonal harm. This poses many problems for moral psychology and explains why purity lacks convergent and divergent validity and why purity is confounded with politics, religion, weirdness, and perceived harm. Because purity is not a coherent construct, it cannot be a distinct basis of moral judgment or specially tied to disgust. Rather than a specific moral domain, purity is best understood as a loose set of themes in moral rhetoric. These themes are scaffolded on cultural understandings of harm—the broad, pluralistic harm outlined by the Theory of Dyadic Morality. People are fascinated by morality—how do people make moral judgments and why do liberals and conservatives seem to frequently disagree? "Purity" is one moral concept often discussed when talking about morality—it has been suggested to capture moral differences across politics and to demonstrate the evolutionary roots of morality, especially the role of disgust in moral judgment. However, despite the many books and articles that mention purity, there is no systematic analysis of purity. Here, we review all existing academic articles focused on purity in morality. We find that purity is an especially messy concept that lacks scientific validity. Because it is so poorly defined and inconsistently measured, it should not be invoked to explain our moral minds or political differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of a professional skills and abilities mindset denotes beliefs that professional skills and abilities are either malleable (growth mindset) or are uncontrollable and difficult to change (fixed mindset). Based on the career construction theory, we argue that employees' professional skills and abilities mindset represents an indicator of adaptive readiness that predicts career adaptability and adaptive responses in terms of learning and career engagement. Across four studies (total N = 709), we developed the 6-item professional skills and abilities mindset scale. Study 1 establishes a two-factor structure, satisfactory psychometric properties, and convergent validity. Studies 2 and 3 provide evidence of the criterion validity of the growth but not the fixed mindset subscale for career engagement and learning through career adaptability. Study 4 establishes moderate retest reliability across four weeks. This research establishes a previously neglected predictor of career-related resources and behaviors. Findings can inform vocational consulting and coaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Suboptimal performance during neuropsychological testing frequently occurs in multiple sclerosis (MS), leading to unreliable cognitive outcomes. Neurophysiological alterations correlate with MS-related cognitive impairment, but studies have not yet considered performance validity. Objectives: To investigate neurophysiological markers of cognitive impairment in MS, while explicitly addressing performance validity. Methods: Magnetoencephalography recordings, neuropsychological assessments, and performance validity testing were obtained from 90 MS outpatients with cognitive complaints. Spectral and resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) properties were compared between cognitively impaired (CI), cognitively preserved (CP), and suboptimally performing (SUB) patients using regression models and permutation testing. Results: CI had higher power in low-frequency bands and lower power in high bands compared to CP, indicating neuronal slowing. CI also showed lower beta power compared to SUB. Overall power spectra visually differed between CI and CP, and SUB showed overlap with both groups. CI had lower rsFC than CP and SUB patients. CP and SUB patients showed no differences. Conclusion: Neuronal slowing and altered rsFC can be considered cognitive markers in MS. Patients who performed suboptimally showed resemblance with patients with and without cognitive impairments, and although their overall neurophysiological profile was more similar to patients without impairments, it suggests heterogeneity regarding their pathophysiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to develop and validate an instrument measuring the perception and interpretation of several distinct musical features (pitch, tonality, timing, loudness, and timbre). Therefore, we developed the Implicit Tonal Ability Test (ITAT), a listening test containing 49 multiple-choice items. A total of 233 children aged 6 to 12 participated in this study. Rasch model-based analysis of dimensionality and differential item functioning was chosen as the principal analysis strategy. Results revealed that the ITAT discriminated between high and low performers. Responses to distinct musical features behaved as one Rasch dimension in the test and reliability measures were sufficient for persons and items. The ITATwas variable across age and gender, with a positive relation between age and ITAT-score. The ITAT can be reliably used in elementary education to measure children's musical ability for perception and interpretation of distinct musical features in just one test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine how the quality characteristics of a restaurant SNS (social network service), which is rapidly growing, affect user satisfaction and how user satisfaction affects intention to visit and word of mouth. A total of 305 people responded to the survey conducted from May 9, 2021 to August 17, 2021. The validity and reliability of variables were verified. Moreover, confirmatory factor analysis and discriminant validity analysis were performed through structural equation modeling, and hypotheses were verified through path analysis. The analysis results were as follows. Among the quality characteristics of dining out SNS, reliability, playfulness, convenience, and customization were analyzed to have a statistically significant positive effect on customer satisfaction. However, interactivity does not have a significant effect. Moreover, customer satisfaction has a positive impact on the intention to visit and word-of-mouth intention, and intention to visit also has a positive effect on word-of-mouth intention. Restaurant companies should supplement their SNS marketing strategies, considering the critical factors when consumers use SNS for dining out. This study analyzed the factors that consumers value among the quality characteristics of SNS for dining out and provided meaningful implications. Although most of the previous studies investigated only the effect of the quality characteristics of dining out SNS on satisfaction and revisit intention, this study has originality because it also investigated the word of mouth of customers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Face recognition assessments that use images of celebrities require not only face recognition ability but also pop-culture knowledge and successful recall of identifying information. Here, we introduce a task designed to measure face recognition more specifically: the Famous Faces Doppelgangers Test (FFDT). Participants (N = 57,407) identified 40 celebrities paired with lookalike doppelgangers, allowing face recognition ability to be assessed without requiring information recall. In addition, participants reported whether they were familiar with each celebrity, allowing poor face recognition ability to be differentiated from low pop-culture knowledge. FFDT performance was reliable (rxx =.80), similar across participants of different racial and ethnic groups, and more highly correlated with memory for faces (r =.50) and self-reported face recognition ability (r =.48) than processing speed ability (r =.10). Thus, the FFDT is a reliable, valid, and specific measure of the ability to identify familiar faces, making it a promising new tool for assessing face recognition ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an optimized dynamic vibration absorber (DVA) was applied to improve the sound absorption performance and simultaneously attenuate vibrations and structure-borne noise at multiple frequencies. As the size parameters and eigenfrequencies of a DVA demonstrate a nonlinear relationship, tuning the eigenfrequencies by heuristically modifying the geometric parameters of the DVA is difficult. To avoid this intricate process, geometric parameters were optimized using a gradient method solver to tune the eigenvalues of the DVA to the target frequencies. Post-processing was performed for the sake of manufacturing. To confirm the validity of the performance of the sound absorption and vibration/noise attenuation, impedance tube experiments and impact experiments were conducted using the manufactured DVA. The impedance tube experiment verified that the values of the sound absorption coefficient increased with the application of the DVA. From the impact experiments, it was verified that the values of the frequency response function and sound pressure level decreased with the application of the DVA. The present study validates the notion that optimized DVAs improve the sound absorption performance of structures and simultaneously reduce vibrations and sound pressures at multiple desired frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the problematic use of Social Networking Sites (SNS) has been observed in some individuals, few validated and widely accepted measures are available to assess and screen for problematic use. This is an attempt at adapting the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–based Internet Gaming Disorder Test-10 (IGDT-10) measure to assess SNS use disorder and problematic SNS use in the form of the SNS use disorder Test-10 (SNS-DT-10) questionnaire, and assessing its validity and reliability. The study was conducted in three phases: First, the IGDT-10 questionnaire was translated and adapted to assess SNS use disorder, and content validity was assessed. Then, a sample of 126 students from the Tehran University of Medical Sciences was used to determine internal consistency and construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis. Finally, retest data from 87 participants were used to estimate test–retest reliability. Item content validity indices were above.80 and scale content validity indices surpassed.83. The root mean square error of approximation for the 1-factor model was.04 and the comparative fit and Tucker–Lewis fit indices were.97 and.96, respectively, indicating appropriate construct validity. The intra-class correlation coefficient of the number of positive criteria for SNS use disorder was.81 and the Kappa coefficients for SNS use disorder and problematic SNS use were.85 and.57. Cronbach's alpha was.79 for the entire questionnaire. Overall, the SNS-DT-10 questionnaire has appropriate content and construct validity, internal consistency, and test–retest reliability. Further validation of this questionnaire in larger and more diverse samples and comparison with professional clinical diagnostic interviews are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we describe the xttestms command, which implements the Lagrange multiplier test proposed by Magazzini and Calzolari (2020, Econometric Reviews 39: 115–134). The test verifies the validity of the initial conditions in dynamic panel-data models, which is required for consistency of the system generalized method of moments estimator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical literacy (PL) is highlighted as a construct that can positively impact physical activity (PA). Measurement methods and definitions for PL exist, but vary between research groups. This variation affects the ability to compare research findings. The purpose of this study was to assess the construct validity of PL in children. PL was operationalised according to Whitehead's (2001) definition, comprising confidence, motivation, physical competence, and knowledge and understanding. Participants (n = 1073; mean age 10.86 ± 1.20 years: 53% male) were measured on: (i) confidence (Physical Activity Self-Efficacy Scale; Bartholomew et al., 2006), (ii) motivation (Behavioural Regulation in Exercise-Adapted; Sebire et al., 2013), (iii) physical competence (health-related fitness: 20 m shuttle run, back-saver sit-and-reach, handgrip strength, plank); balance (Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency 2; Bruininks, 2005); object-control and locomotor skills (Test of Gross Motor Development-3rd edition (TGMD-3); Ulrich, 2016); and (iv) knowledge and understanding (PA and sedentary guidelines). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to analyse the factor structure of PL. The best-fitting model (χ2 = 209.8, df = 99, p < 0.001; comparative fit index = 0.95, normed fit index = 0.91, Tucker–Lewis index = 0.93, root mean square error of approximation = 0.032, 95% confidence interval: 0.026–0.038) was a three-component model containing the domains of motivation, confidence, and physical competence. The knowledge and understanding domain did not fit the model well. Factor loadings were highest for confidence and motivation. Findings support the adoption of a pragmatic approach to PL measurement. CFA results indicated a similar factor structure as has been identified in other studies which have used different tools to measure PL domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although conceptualized as a multidimensional construct, the majority of measures of calling are unidimensional. In order to further expand the operationalization of calling, this study developed and validated a measure of the three dimensions of calling, namely, craftsmanship, kinship, and serving using three separate samples. Using a sample of 85 undergraduate students, the pilot study established content validity for the three dimensions of calling. Study 1 aimed to refine the developed measure while assessing its dimensionality across 379 participants from Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk). Furthermore, Study 2 provided evidence of construct and criterion-related validity, as well as test-retest reliability over a period of 3 months across 301 MTurk participants. Recommendations for future research utilizing the more focused dimensions of calling are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature on anti-bullying programs shows a growing consensus about promoting victims and bystanders' self-efficacy against bullying, but provides no theoretical model nor measurement scale to assess the extent of achieving this aim. The current research aims to address these theoretical and empirical gaps by proposing the Dublin Anti-Bullying Self-Efficacy Models and Scales, using a convenience sample of 14-year-old students in Ireland (N = 1,100). After establishing both content and face validity, four separate scales were tested to measure anti-bullying self-efficacy beliefs among offline victims (20-item), online victims (20-item), offline bystanders (20-item), and online bystanders (20-item). Thereafter, four separate exploratory factor analyses of the scale items were followed by reflective measurement analyses of their internal consistency and construct (convergent and discriminant) validity. Results indicated sufficient psychometric properties of each scale measuring five dimensions of anti-bullying self-efficacy: recognition, emergency comprehension, responsibility, knowledge, and intervention. Further research is needed to test the proposed model and scale for assessing effectiveness of an anti-bullying program in promoting self-efficacy beliefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk propensity is a multifaced construct that influences many aspects of life, such as decision making. In the present study, the psychometric characteristics of the Risk Propensity Scale (RPS) have been explored for the first time in an Italian sample. The RPS is a 7 item self-report questionnaire measuring people's tendency to take risks. The English RPS has been translated following the forward–backwards translation method, and it was filled out by 199 participants. Since its dimensionality has never been explored before, its factor structure has been analysed with exploratory factor analysis that confirmed the one-factor structure of the questionnaire and the retention of all the items. The Italian version of the RPS has high internal consistency (Cronbach alphas.78), and almost all the items were positively and significantly correlated. The convergent and discriminant validity, analysed by considering the associations with decision-making styles and an implicit measure of risk propensity, were satisfactory. Overall, the Italian version of the RPS is a valid and quick questionnaire useful to measure propensity to take risks in the Italian context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to develop and validate an instrument measuring the perception and interpretation of several distinct musical features (pitch, tonality, timing, loudness, and timbre). Therefore, we developed the Implicit Tonal Ability Test (ITAT), a listening test containing 49 multiple-choice items. A total of 233 children aged 6 to 12 participated in this study. Rasch model-based analysis of dimensionality and differential item functioning was chosen as the principal analysis strategy. Results revealed that the ITAT discriminated between high and low performers. Responses to distinct musical features behaved as one Rasch dimension in the test and reliability measures were sufficient for persons and items. The ITATwas variable across age and gender, with a positive relation between age and ITAT-score. The ITAT can be reliably used in elementary education to measure children's musical ability for perception and interpretation of distinct musical features in just one test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]