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We describe two cases of giant cell arteritis where involvement of the superficial temporal artery and maxillary artery were demonstrated using colour doppler ultrasonography. Maxillary artery involvement is responsible for the symptoms of jaw claudication and toothache, and even headaches might be due to the involvement of the middle meningeal artery which is a branch of the maxillary artery. The maxillary artery has been difficult to visualise until now. There are international consensus definitions of ultrasonographic abnormalities seen in the superficial temporal artery affected by giant cell arteritis. We have used those definitions to demonstrate hypoechoic changes in the maxillary artery affected by giant cell arteritis. The maxillary artery can be visualised in the infratemporal fossa from an echo window between the condylar and coronoid processes of the mandible. This is the first proof of concept evidence that maxillary arteries can be visualised using bedside ultrasonography in giant cell arteritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertical malocclusion is a developmental condition, resulting from complex interactions among multiple etiological factors during the growth period. As a tricky dentofacial deformity clinically, long-face (LF) morphology is characterized by excessive vertical facial growth with severe disarrangement of jaws and teeth. Since the improvement of LF patients on facial profile and occlusion is often difficult and lacks long-term stability, it becomes important to unravel the etiology of LF pattern formation for early prevention and treatment. In the current studies, we identified a transgenic mouse model that exhibited a dysplastic coronoid process and LF morphology. Although the mutant mice exhibited jaw structures and occlusion comparable to controls at birth, they all acquired typical LF morphology with anterior open bite during postnatal growth, resembling clinical features of the selected skeletal class III patients. Since the coronoid process provides an insertion site for the temporalis attachment, we examined the initial development and differentiation of the temporalis and found identical results in both control and mutant mice before E17.5 when the temporal muscle makes attachment to the coronoid process. However, thereafter, we observed altered orientation and reduced size of the cross-sectional area of the temporalis in mutant mice, which persisted to the weaning stage. Biomechanical analysis and simulation modeling further support the idea that altered morphology of the coronoid process may impair the efficiency of the vertical temporalis contraction and appears to correlate with LF formation. Consistently, we present evidence that a dysplastic mandibular coronoid process was also seen in some human patients with skeletal III LF morphology. Taken together, the results presented in this study establish an association of the craniofacial bony structures with vertical patterning, which will have implications in earlier prediction for clinical precaution and intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We treated one patient with a mid-diaphyseal radius fracture and concomitant anteromedial facet fracture of the coronoid. The ulnohumeral joint was severely unstable by complete ligament detachment and interosseous membrane rupture. Despite this gross instability, the radiocapitellar was congruent and stable. The possible mechanism of radiocapitellar stability is discussed and the concept of concavity-compression stability across the radiocapitellar joint is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral and maxillofacial disorders in the cat can present as an inability to close the mouth and reaching an accurate diagnosis can be challenging if all of the differentials are not systematically considered. This review focuses on the six conditions that commonly result in a cat being unable to close the mouth. Differential diagnoses include: luxation of the temporomandibular joint, fracture of the temporomandibular joint, caudal mandibular fracture, impingement of the coronoid process of the mandible on the zygomatic arch, mechanical obstruction, and neuropathy. Maxillofacial anatomy, including the temporomandibular joint, muscles of mastication and their innervation will be reviewed. This paper primarily focuses on review of the relevant literature describing each disorder and the diagnostic procedures and treatment options that should be considered when evaluating a cat that is unable to close its mouth. Emphasis is placed on the importance of a complete intraoral examination and evaluation of occlusion to allow the clinician to identify the cause for this clinical sign in cats since periodontal disease causing tooth-to-tooth contact is a common and often unrecognized cause for open mouth in cats [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated a minimally invasive anterior approach to reduce and fix coronoid fractures with a screw in eight consecutive patients and evaluated seven patients at a minimum of 1 year (mean, 78 weeks; range, 61–89 weeks). It was only possible to repair seven of eight coronoid fractures. The average time to radiographic healing was 12 weeks and all healed without the screw loosening, migration or breakage. Endoscopy permitted an excellent view of coronoid fractures, allowing anatomic fixation, and as it avoided extensive soft tissue dissection, this method preserved soft tissue attachments of small coronoid fragments. This method was safe and minimally invasive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open-mouth jaw locking in the cat has traditionally been minimally evaluated with diagnostic imaging. Multiple methods have been described for surgical management of this problem. This report describes the use of computed tomography to diagnose open-mouth jaw locking in 2 cats secondary to ventrolateral displacement of the coronoid process in relation to the zygomatic arch. In these 2 cases, a previously unreported surgical approach whereby the coronoid was not reduced before partial coronoidectomy was used with successful outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is characterized by wide phenotypic variability, frequently involving characteristic craniofacial features, cardiac malformations, and learning difficulties. Skeletal anomalies are also common and include an obtuse angle of the cranial base, retrognathia, and cervical spine abnormalities. Despite these anomalies, sleep-disturbed breathing is not reported frequently in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. We describe a patient with an obstructive sleep disturbance that was successfully treated with a tonsillectomy followed by mandibular distraction osteogenesis. She also had central sleep apnea, initially attributed to spinal cord impingement from cervical instability. Posterior cervical fusion was associated with a decrease in the number of central apneic events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One mechanism of bone adaptation is alteration in tissue level material properties. We hypothesized that alteration in the indentation modulus of the alveolar process is an adaptive response to the localized mechanical environment. Forty-eight specimens representing anterior and posterior regions of the maxilla and mandible were obtained from 6 mature male beagle dogs. The indentation properties of the alveolar bone proper and more distant osteonal cortical bone were estimated. The bone types were further divided into 3 regions (coronal, middle, and apical), with 27 indents being made in each region of tooth-supporting bone. There was a significant difference (p < 0.001) in the indentation moduli of the jaws (maxilla/mandible), location (anterior/posterior), and bone type (alveolar bone proper vs. cortical bone). However, statistical interactions exist which preclude the simple interpretation of results. The distribution of relative stiffness provides a better understanding of bone adaptations in the alveolar process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A triple fluorochrome labeling sequence was used to measure the osseous activity in the coronoid process after the removal of the temporal muscle. Statistically significant differences between the control and the experimental animals were found for hematoporphyrin, DCAF, DCTC, and total labeled bone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the effects of the removal of the temporalis muscle on the physiology of the coronoid process and the mandible. The experimenters detached these muscles in guinea pigs so as to determine whether or not this procedure reduced the size of the coronoid process. The authors found that removing the tension provided by the temporalis muscle from the mandible did not cause a reduction in the size of the coronoid process.

This article reports on the vascular architecture of the mandible in humans. The article discusses blood vessels in the mandibular condyle and research on arteries, arterial planes, and capillaries. Information is provided on research conducted on human male cadavers that examined carotid and alveolar arteries, the coronoid process, and the morphology of the mandible.

The article reports on measurement on radiographs. A study was conducted using 101 unburied crania of Native Americans from which the brain case was extracted in order to eliminate the incidence of destroyed bone structures like the coronoid processes. The cranial base had a lead thread placed on it to make it more distinct in the radiograph as well as a tantalum powder.

The article presents research examining methods of investigation the vascular architecture of the mandible. A review of dental literature reveals a lack of knowledge on the subject. Experiments involving the study of the vascular architecture of the mandible in cats, dogs and humans are detailed. The majority of blood vessels arising from the interior dental vessels pass upward to the alveolar border. It was observed that the lower border of the mandible is mainly supplied by periosteal vessels.

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The article discusses radiographic changes in the trabecular pattern of the mandibular ramus after masseterectomy in growing monkeys. A study was conducted using juvenile capuchin monkeys which had their masseter muscle excised and were executed after a year. The mandibular rami of the monkeys were radiographed to determine any changes. The portion of the mandibular rami which had not been operated on showed trabecular masses from the condylar process to the mandibular angle and retromolar area as well as trabeculation in the coronoid process.