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The distribution of charitable organizations in an equitable and socially just manner is a long-standing policy concern in the United Kingdom and many other jurisdictions. Geographic variations are important as they are linked to potentially inequitable service provision and opportunities for participation in voluntary activities. This study links large-scale administrative data on charities registered in England and Wales with local authority-level measures of material deprivation for 5 U.K. census years (1971–2011). Count and spatial regression models show evidence of nonlinear associations between charity density and social need, and changes in the shape of this distribution over time. In general, charity density is highest in the least deprived local authorities but this varies across different types of organizations and census years. These results provide important new insights into the evolving relationship between charity density and social need, and demonstrate the value of adopting more advanced, longitudinal statistical approaches for studying this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have attributed various beneficial outcomes to the presence and density of the voluntary, third or non-profit sector in communities. One way in which the distribution of such organizations may benefit communities is through providing opportunities for volunteering. We hypothesize that the distribution of third-sector organizations has an influence, after controlling for relevant individual and area characteristics, on the likelihood of engaging in formal volunteering (defined as unpaid help given through, and to, third-sector organizations, rather than directly to individuals). Using administrative data from the Charity Commission, we classify organizations in terms of their geographical scale of operation. We then construct indicators of the distribution of charities, and their expenditures, for local authorities in England. We obtain data on volunteering by individuals from the Citizenship Survey and link this to administrative data contained in the Charity Commission register on the distribution of charities. We find that there is a positive relationship between the numbers of charities operating locally and the likelihood of volunteering. Other measures, however, including the distribution of charities operating either regionally or nationally, have no statistically significant effects. We find no relationship between a measure of the size of charities (the median expenditures of charities within local authorities) and the likelihood of volunteering. These findings are relevant beyond the UK to debates about the understanding of variations in voluntary action, and to discussions about the impact of the third sector upon communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the uneven distribution of resources between communities which accounts for the underlying social and economic characteristics of places rather than variations in individual selflessness between places. It emphasizes the concept of big society that implies a greater role for voluntarism and voluntary organizations. The Big Society program also includes openness and transparency in government and a new localism.

This study uses data from the 2005 and 2007 Citizenship Survey to map broad differences in levels of volunteering and social capital between ninety different types of place in England, characterised by their regional location and level of deprivation. A measure of social capital in each type of place is constructed using a multivariate multilevel statistical model and the association with rates of volunteering is then examined. The results show a positive association at the area level between the level of formal volunteering and informal volunteering and the level of social capital. The rate of both formal and informal volunteering was, however, unrelated to the level of social capital after controlling for area deprivation. These results raise concerns about the ability of volunteering to change the social characteristics of deprived areas independently of their material circumstances. Communities have strengths primarily in areas concerned with maintaining social order rather than creating economic growth. Policies to tackle area deprivation need to concentrate on linking deprived areas up to economic opportunities in more affluent surrounding areas rather than on local strategies based on self-help. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent debates have suggested that increasing social diversity within Western economies is associated with adverse social consequences such as loss of community and decline of civic society, including an erosion of collective efficacy (ie shared expectations of and mutual engagement by residents in social control). In the UK and US, these debates have been given impetus by concerns about the effects of growing ethnic heterogeneity on community life. Here there is an assumption that heterogeneity undermines social cohesion and makes the established population less willing to share resources, trust fellow citizens, so that it eventually 'hunkers down' and withdraws from collective life. To date there are few studies that have examined this in detail across England at the small-area level. The research presented here explores this terrain by exploiting information from the British Crime Survey on two recognised dimensions of collective efficacy: namely, social cohesion and trust, and informal social control. Multivariate, multilevel models were used to determine the importance of individual and area characteristics in the possible explanation of these outcomes, and particular attention was paid to the relative importance of neighbourhood disadvantage over and above neigh- bourhood diversity. Results suggest that both diversity and disadvantage are statistically associated with reduced levels of social cohesion and trust, and informal social control, but greater substantive importance is attached to neighbourhood disadvantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe a method of producing small-area estimates of characteristics of the neighbourhood social environment, such as participation in associational life. The method may be characterised as ‘modelling nationally, and predicting locally’ because the initial models are estimated using multilevel data derived from national datasets, calibrated to allow for within-region as well as between-region variation. These models produce coefficients which can then be applied to socioeconomic data at the local scale. As an example we outline a model of the determinants of volunteering. This indicates significant variation between places in the relationship between individual and area characteristics which influence the probability of volunteering. Then we proceed to show how this can be used to generate predictions of the variations between places in a number of aspects of the social environment. The estimates we produce are validated against survey data from other surveys, and a satisfactory degree of correlation is obtained, giving us confidence in the estimates we have produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses issues related to the geography of welfare services. Review of literature on the impacts of globalization on welfare and the character of emergent transitions in the welfare state; Attempts to answer questions about the character of supranational welfare regimes and about the diversity of political responses within those regimes; Discussion of literature tracking the local impacts of welfare reforms.

Examines the range of methods deployed to understand exclusion in social polarization and segregation in human geography. Resurgence of social inequality; Mutation of wage labor; Reconstruction of the welfare states; Outcomes of the processes of concentration and stigmatization.

Examines the reforms in the British National Health Service (NHS), with focus on the relationships between the development of the British economy, political strategies pursued by the Conservative government and the changes to the character of the NHS in the 1980s. Description of the spatial resource allocation policies of the NHS; Theories that have advanced regarding the changes in the NHS; Information on the operations of the Resource Allocation Working Party.

IN a previous paper we reported on the extent of district health authority (DHA) variability in mortal ity from coronary heart disease in England. In this paper we discuss two issues: possible methods for setting target levels of mortality for individual DHAs, and the implications of the variations for action by those involved in health education and health pro motion. We are not suggesting that targets should be 'top down', but that districts should be able to assess an appropriate contribution to a national target, tak ing account of local circumstances. In addition, local targets should not be an excuse for inaction at national level. A commitment is required, not least from central government, in pursuing progressive public health measures, including issues of food pol icy and strict price and advertising control of smok ing. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper contrasts the views of two prominent politicians on the ways in which the distribution of hospital services should be organised, and relates them to the views of Hayek on the nature of planning. It is argued that, in relying on an independent regulator to supervise access to health care under the new 'foundation' hospitals regime in the English National Health Service (NHS), not only is the Labour government distancing itself clearly from old-style top-down planning, it also risks greater variability in the definition of fair access to health care. There are relevant historical parallels with the mixed economy of the pre-NHS era that policy-makers should make explicit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]