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Abstract: The successful development of pediatric liver transplantation (LT) over the past four decades has dramatically changed the prognosis for children dying of acute and end-stage liver failure. Over the past two decades survival post transplantation has improved because of better preoperative management, optimal nutritional support, innovative surgical techniques, and improvements in immunosuppressive medications. The ensuing improvement in survival rate has extended the range of indications for LT in children to include transplantation for metabolic liver disease and unresectable hepatic tumors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Chronic hepatitis B infection remains a significant global health problem. Acquisition during infancy or childhood causes many of the chronic infections that are responsible for the morbidity associated with this disease. Some children with chronic hepatitis B are candidates for treatment based on the viral load and presence of transaminitis. Three medications are currently licensed for use in children, and it is anticipated that others will be available in the next several years. This article reviews the current knowledge regarding the natural history and treatment of chronic hepatitis B in children. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Pediatric Liver Transplant (LT) is now an established procedure for End Stage Liver Disease (ESLD) with biliary atresia being the commonest indication. Intensive pre-transplant evaluation, nutritional buildup and immunization are the fundamental pre-requisites of a successful LT. With improvement in surgical micro-anastomotic techniques and superior immunosuppressive regimens the success rate of pediatric LT is in excess of 90%. Most of the transplants in our country however are Living related, due to which a fairly large number of children expire awaiting a donor liver. There should be a concerted effort to evolve the cadaveric donation program, so that majority of the children are benefitted. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents a case report of a 9 year old boy with Enteric fever, a high-grade fever, who went unconscious after some time. He had not suffered any kind of illness in the past. The article highlights the complications involved in this fever which can be life-threatening and can also lead to intracranial hemorrhage. The treatment requires replacement of blood platelets apart from specific antimicrobial treatment. The patient took one complete month to recover after he got a discharge from the hospital.

Human tail refers to a congenital cutaneous appendix protruding from the lumbosacral region. It is usually associated with an underlying spina bifida occulta, a form of spinal dysraphism. A contiguous fibrolipoma can sometimes be seen extending from the subcutaneous portion of the tail into the inferior spinal cord, resulting in tethered cord syndrome. Management of such lesions includes complete neurologic examination and magnetic resonance imaging. Early diagnosis and microsurgical intervention can prevent development or progression of severe neurologic defects in later life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 5-year-old boy who presented with high-grade fever, vomiting and epistaxis. Blood tests led to the diagnosis of malaria; he was given intravenous artesunate and supportive therapy. Although the fever reduced after 24 hours, he continued to have tachycardia and tachypnea; chest X-ray revealed cardiomegaly and chest ultrasonography showed presence of fluid in pericardial cavity; the same treatment was continued; pericardial rub disappeared after 48 hours.