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The article focuses on a symposium related to attacking corruption in union-management relations. The articles included in the symposium are revisions of studies that were commissioned by the New York State Organized Crime Task Force. Professors Ichniowski and Preston were requested to make analyses from the perspective of economists the reasons for the existence of corruption and racketeering in the construction industry in New York City. The authors of the other three articles were asked to make reports determining the efforts to prevent or decrease racketeering in the New York/New Jersey longshoring industry, the Quebec construction industry, and the New Jersey gaming industry.

This article examines the use of military forces as replacements in public sector strikes, a practice employed in over forty cases since President Nixon established the modem-day precedent by deploying troops in the 1970 postal strike. The author shows that, despite the dubious legality of Nixon's action, legal constraints on the President and particularly on the governors in this context are very weak. He argues that political and philosophical qualms about breaking strikes with military replacements may have more vitality as constraints, but they are subject to erosion if the appropriate role of military forces in public sector labor relations does not become a subject of public debate. Following an appraisal of the major policy options, the author concludes that the use of troops as strike replacements is primarily a political rather than legal problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In analyzing the 1979 strike by nearly all of the prison guards in New York State, this paper focuses on the social organization of the prison environment and the guards' changing occupational role as critical causes of the strike. Many guards believe that in recent years they have lost status and much of their authority; in addition, racial tension has mounted within the guard force as well as between guards and inmates. The authors argue that collective bargaining is not well suited to resolving those problems, and in fact the bargaining system may have aggravated them. The authors also analyze the strike's resolution, concluding that it was the state's use of National Guard troops and the application of Taylor Law sanctions, rather than any bargaining strategy by either party, that brought the guards back to work. Finally, the authors suggest that these strike penalties may have intensified the worker anger and discontent that were major causes of the strike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A criminal conviction, if widely known, constitutes a life-long stigma that limits the convicted person’s employment and other opportunities. European countries, including Spain, recognizing an individual right of informational privacy and a societal interest in limiting recidivism, sharply restrict the dissemination of individual criminal history information. By contrast, the USA, in accordance with its commitments to judicial transparency, free speech and the individual’s right of self protection, allows (and even promotes) extensive dissemination of individual criminal history information. This article compares the profoundly different policies on providing public access to individual criminal history information in Spain and the USA, illuminating the cultural and legal values behind each country’s policies and the tensions both countries encounter in attempting to reconcile these policies with other socio-political values and goals. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Presents a synopsis of James B. Jacobs and Kimberly Potter's 'Hate Crime: Criminal Law and Identity Politics.' Sentence enhancements for hate crimes; Negative consequences of hate crime laws.

This article calls attention to the tendency of liberal criminologists to mix facts and values when assessing sentencing policies. It argues that an objective methodology for ranking countries with respect to sentencing severity has yet to be developed and urges caution and clarification in making moral criticisms of US sentencing policy and imprisonment rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describes the technological innovations and organizational controls that led to accurate and reliable drug test results and shows how the drug testing industry stimulated employers' interest in controlling workers' drug use. Creating demand for workplace drug testing; Immunoassay; Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; Drug testing procedures; Role of pharmaceutical companies, testing laboratories, drug abuse treatment and other services.

Discusses the evolution of customized training programs in the United States and its links with economic development strategies. Goals and significance of training in private firms; Operational definitions as guides in the delivery and evaluation of customized training programs.

Minimum security imprisonment is a prison reform widely advocated but little studied. A systematic examination of its origins, characteristics and purposes reveals considerable conceptual and practical confusion. This paper describes four ideal typical models of minimum security based on the different purposes it serves within a total prison system. Each model indicates different criteria for deciding which prisoners should be assigned to the highly desirable minimum security unit(s). Placement in minimum security may be as important to the prisoner as the sentencing decision itself and ought to be made on the basis of explicitly articulated standards rooted in a clear conceptual model. While this article presents a specific analysis of the case of minimum security, it raises general questions about equity and purpose common to all decisions about correctional disposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past several decades, there have been many programs to reduce the continuing high level of ex-offender unemployment. These policies were often part of broader federal efforts to improve the labor market position of the disadvantaged. However, these traditional labor market policies have had disappointing outcomes, leading to dissatisfaction and skepticism about programs to alleviate ex-offender unemployment. This article reviews federal ex-offender employment initiatives with particular attention to the Targeted Jobs Tax Credit (TJTC), a program providing employers with tax deductions for hiring ex-offenders. Our analysis indicates that this credit (like other employment programs for ex-offenders) has had marginal impact at best. We suggest reasons why this is so, focusing on the specific problems of employing ex-offenders, and the general weaknesses of targeted employment strategies that rely on tax incentives. We conclude with some speculations about possible new directions for ex-offender employment programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the results of a survey conducted on a number of in-service Illinois prison guards. Information on the demographic profile of the guards; Attitudes toward work, occupation and career; Difference between Afro-Americans and Whites with respect to reasons for joining the force; Policy implications of the survey.

Who should be sent to prison is inseparably connected with the question of what the purpose of prison is. At times it may seem that the tail wags the dog; having conceptualized prisons as a part of either the criminal justice system or the social welfare system, policy-makers then move on to the issue of how to choose clients to fill the institutions. A rational analysis of the place of prison in society must begin with a conceptual discussion which aims to locate prisons as institutions within a broader societal context. The role of prisons, the details of prison conditions, and the choice of clients for the prison cannot be decided without placing the prison within the context of social control and social welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper suggests that scholars and practitioners in correction should turn their attention to the prison system as a crucial unit of analysis. Almost every state has a centralized correctional department with jurisdiction over a variety of institutions ranging from traditional custodial maximum-security warehouses to community-based innovative halfway houses and treatment centers. How prisoners and resources should be distributed among these institutions is the key problem. The central thesis of this paper is that any prison system can be described and analyzed according to the functional relationships among its institutions. The "hierarchical" system is based on a highly elaborated punishment-reward structure that holds out the incentive of minimum-security living conditions in exchange for cooperation with administration. In this system social control is shifted from the individual institutions to the system as a whole. The "differentiated" system is designed for the delivery of treatment services, but it requires a degree of autonomy that correctional systems currently do not enjoy. Finally, the "autonomous" system is made up of small, functionally independent institutions with heterogeneous populations; though attractive because of low cost and moral neutrality with respect to the etiology and treatment of crime, it is also unstable because the type of institution that evolves depends largely on the warden anal the natural history of the particular institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Questions the lack of interest in drug testing in American schools considering the realization of the negative impact of drugs on educational goals and achievement. Logic of school drug testing; Position of the federal drug-war establishment, the education establishment and Congress; Reasons for rejecting drug testing; Lack of alternatives; Organizational limitations.

The article focuses on the R & D functioning in Cincinnati public schools. It describes how Cincinnati is doing a better job without its R & D department. In Cincinnati, a $10 million deficit has been projected for the 1979 fiscal year. Recent state legislation promises to decrease this shortage, but it does not obviate the need to cut every possible surplus expenditure. When R & D was given its start through federal funding, there was much uncertainty about how long this benefit would last. There are some improvement efforts in the Cincinnati public schools--a city-wide system of criterion-referenced instructional management, a pilot project for a model urban education program in a senior high school subsystem, a goal-based system of school district and individual school accountability, and continuation of the development of material for diagnostic-prescriptive teaching. Many of these efforts continue to be backed by external funding. A study of the administrative organization sponsored by a committee of local business leaders had noted the lack of collaborative effort. The Program Evaluation Branch staff conducts workshops and in-service training sessions for school system personnel on testing, evaluation, and related topics. Another key responsibility of the branch is the task of reporting information from Research and Development activities to the school community and staff.

This study investigated the relationship between cognitive mode and right hemisphere test performance. Seventy-six randomly selected elementary students were administered the Adapted Children's Form of Your Style of Learning and Thinking (SOLAT) to obtain their left, right, and integrated hemisphere cognitive mode scores. The same students were also administered the Judgment of Line Orientation test, Bender-Gestalt test, Torque Task, and the Word Production test. Subjects determined to have a predominant right hemisphere cognitive mode (N = 38) scored significantly higher on the Judgment of Line Orientation test, Torque Task, and Word Production test, and significantly lower on the Bender-Gestalt test than subjects with a predominantly left hemisphere cognitive mode (N = 25) and/or integrated hemisphere cognitive mode (N = 13). Right hemisphere cognitive mode scores correlated positively and significantly with Judgment of Line Orientation scores, and negatively and significantly with Bender-Gestalt scores. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

High turnover among prison guards has long been noted as a problem plaguing corrections. This study indicates that turnover among rank and file employees results from organizational and cultural strains within the formal organization. A sample survey of 55 former prison guards indicates that the most significant variable in explaining the termination of their prison work is race. Young urban black guards tend to find themselves in conflict with the top echelon in the custodial force while the white recruits have difficulty normalizing relations with the minority inmates. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Governmental responses to corruption are embedded in urban politics and public administration. Rather than attempting a general theory of official corruption in local government, the authors present a case study of New York City's response to a severe corruption scandal in the late 1980s. They show how public administration is driven by responses to scandals and attempts to deter them. Ethics reform from the Progressive Era to the present fit into three ideal-typical anticorruption strategies. The authors explain how these strategies have changed over time and focus particularly on the increasing dominance of the crime-control strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The efforts by Vietnam veterans to obtain compensation and an admission of responsibility from the U.S. government and its defense contractors for health problems allegedly caused by Agent Orange contamination during the Vietnam War is perhaps the most important veterans' issue of this generation. This article explains the emergence of Agent Orange as a veterans' issue and traces the controversy through the VA, Congress, and the courts. The case study once again demonstrates the moral suasion and political power of American veterans and, therefore, the political difficulty of denying them special welfare benefits. One of the questions raised is whether it makes sense to treat veterans injured "on the job" any different from other citizens, especially for purposes of standing to sue their employer (the federal government) for the kinds of damages that would be available to other members of the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article traces and analyzes the history of prison- and jail-crowding litigation in the federal courts since the 1960s. While prisoners and pretrial detainees have won many victories, the doctrinal basis for a constitutional right to uncrowded incarceration facilities remains unclear and is still evolving. Despite several recent Supreme Court decisions unfavorable to inmates, there has been no rejection of the principles (1) that the totality of conditions in prison--including crowding must not amount to cruel and unusual punishment and (2) that jail crowding cannot be permitted to impose genuine privations over an extended period of time. In order to enforce the decrees outlawing overcrowding, judges have had to search for creative enforcement techniques. Many of these techniques are controversial and their effectiveness is disputed. The courts have forced the other branches of government to face up to crowded prisons and jails, and they have helped to ameliorate the suffering and deprivations that the overcrowding crisis has caused. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than one million young men have failed to register for the draft, thereby committing a felony which carries a maximum five-year prison sentence and $10,000 fine. Unless a vigorous enforcement program is implemented soon, draft registration may evolve into a de facto voluntary program. Yet vigorous enforcement implies significant social, economic, and political costs. Would the costs be worth shouldering or is it more sensible to abandon draft registration, or at least the current face-to-face program? This article examines the history of the draft registration law to illuminate how we have arrived at the present dilemma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the relationship between military law and a country's general legal culture as well as the resulting implications for change within a military's social organization. Three issues are examined: post-World War II trends in military law, the incorporation of U.S. legal trends into military law, and the implications of those trends for the social organization of all-volunteer militaries. The author argues that federal courts are intervening in military matters, service personnel are receiving more rights, and the military emphasizes administrative law over criminal law. In addition, soldiers are demanding workplace protections similar to those of corporate employees, and the military is focusing more on enlistment contracts.

When militant high school students pressed the Cincinnati Board of Education with their specific demands, the superintendent of schools responded by helping those students and others to organize for study and positive action. One of the seven committees thus formed, the Polls Committee, designed a questionnaire which registered various student opinions on contro versial issues. The following report of this group's findings in the Cincinnati senior high schools includes data on, and analysis of, youth ful attitudes in the context of racial tension in the urban environment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article studies the important factors considered in testing the educational and psychological development of pre-adolescent children ages 6 to 12 in the U.S. Standardized achievement tests have been the key source of data for evaluating the success of federally funded programs, particularly those under Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965. The mental abilities of children from various social and ethnic backgrounds have been studied with obvious implications for the education of disadvantaged children. In addition to measurements of cognitive qualities, the educational and psychological testing of the elementary school children has also been concerned about attitudes, social development, and home and school development.