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This article focuses on the lived experience of a Karajarri Yawuru, First Peoples Doctoral candidate and his interactions with the Academy. This article draws on three vignettes and highlights first, racism that questions First Peoples' academic expertise and knowledge, second, racism that dismisses and demeans First Peoples' lived experience and third, racism that instrumentalises First Peoples' academics. We argue that despite the aspirational strategies and good intentions of Australian universities, the deeply embedded and pervasive nature of colonisation and institutional whiteness has to be identified and challenged in order for First Peoples to take their rightful place in the Academy. JEL Classification: J15, J71, M14, Z13 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbetocin and oxytocin are commonly recommended agents for active management of the third stage of labour. Evidence is inconclusive whether either one more effectively reduces the occurrence of important postpartum haemorrhage outcomes at caesarean section. We examined whether carbetocin is associated with a lower risk of severe postpartum haemorrhage (blood loss ≥ 1000 ml) in comparison with oxytocin for the third stage of labour in women undergoing caesarean section. This was a retrospective cohort study among women undergoing scheduled or intrapartum caesarean section between 1 January 2010 and 2 July 2015 who received carbetocin or oxytocin for the third stage of labour. The primary outcome was severe postpartum haemorrhage. Secondary outcomes included blood transfusion, interventions, third stage complications and estimated blood loss. Outcomes were examined overall and by timing of birth, scheduled versus intrapartum, using propensity score-matched analysis. Among 21,027 eligible participants, 10,564 women who received carbetocin and 3836 women who received oxytocin at caesarean section were included in the analysis. Carbetocin was associated with a lower risk of severe postpartum haemorrhage overall (2.1% versus 3.3%; odds ratio, 0.62; 95% confidence interval 0.48 to 0.79; P < 0.001). This reduction was apparent irrespective of timing of birth. Secondary outcomes also favoured carbetocin over oxytocin. In this retrospective cohort study, the risk of severe postpartum haemorrhage associated with carbetocin was lower than that associated with oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section. Randomised clinical trials are needed to further investigate these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper responds to a recent EPA Exchanges paper by Eric Knight, Andrew Jones and Meric Gertler (Knight et al., 2021). It concurs with their argument for the significance of economic geography for explaining the "local-global" dilemmas facing the university in contemporary society. In response, it will propose three additional optics for understanding the role of the university in the contemporary city. First, as a space of risk, where the neo-liberal university is now undertaking various modes of financing their real estate models, drawing on bond markets to finance future growth, soliciting politically risky philanthropic donations, and betting on future student recruitment trends – including the high-risk international student sector – as being sufficient to fund capital investments in buildings and facilities. Second, as a space of decolonisation, where the university must seek to locate campus development within discussions about the university's responsibilities within systems of settler colonialism, and racially inflected gentrification. Third, as a civic disruptor, where the university campus is seen as more than just a backdrop or context to the university's governance, culture, and business models, but also as a front door to understanding the city and economy within which it is embedded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Shoulder and elbow overuse injuries are the most common problems in baseball players. No scoping review has compared the findings from different types of evidence. Purpose: To map the broad evidence from 3 types of evidence (epidemiological, biomechanical, and narrative) on potential risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in baseball and identify gaps in the existing literature to guide future research. Study Design: Scoping review. Methods: Eight electronic databases were searched from inception to May 14, 2020. Any peer-reviewed papers that investigated or discussed potential risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in baseball were included. Results: A total of 302 studies (107 epidemiological studies, 85 biomechanical studies, and 110 narrative reviews) were included. Risk factors were categorized into 9 domains: sports profiles, physical characteristics/functions, pitching mechanics, performance, behavioral, psychosocial, biological and developmental, injury/sports profiles, and environmental factors. Studies were consistent in supporting limited shoulder range of motion (ROM) and player positions (pitchers or catchers) as risk factors for shoulder injuries. For elbow injuries, the majority of the included studies suggested that being pitchers or catchers and working with higher ball velocity can be risk factors. Conclusion: Findings were consistent in some risk factors, such as limited shoulder ROM and positions. However, findings were inconsistent or limited for most factors, and substantial research gaps were identified. Research assessing those factors with inconsistent or limited evidence in the current literature were recognized to be priorities for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Campus recreation departments have the ability to influence a wide range of students, faculty, staff, and administration. While the majority of programming will undoubtedly focus on students, events tailored to faculty and staff have the potential to strengthen the entire campus community. The purpose of this article is to discuss the logic behind instituting a faculty and staff golf league and to present an exemplar league. A general overview of the planning and administration procedures is presented, followed by a discussion of recommendations and challenges to consider when initiating a similar league. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Early career occupational therapists experience considerable learning. This research sought to develop a theory of how they learn once practising. Method: The research employed a constructivist grounded theory methodology. Interviews were conducted with 20 participants who were either experienced (n = 8), early career occupational therapists (n = 10) or in supporting roles for early career occupational therapists (n = 2). Participants were asked their views about what early career occupational therapists find troublesome and how they respond. Data were collected and analysed concurrently. Open, focused and theoretical coding were used to develop a theory. Findings: The theory of learning-to-practise occupational therapy included four learning thresholds: consolidating professional reasoning; navigating into the workplace; building competence and confidence; and developing a personal theory and practise style. There were 11 strategies identified that early career occupational therapists use to cross the learning thresholds. Early career occupational therapists' understanding and value of knowledge shifted, which culminated in them 'realising' their personal theory and practice style. They refined their values and beliefs and learned to be more deliberate and reflective in their thinking and actions. Conclusion: Early career occupational therapists were challenged, which promoted learning. This research extends understanding of the learning needs, thinking and actions taken by early career occupational therapists to cross learning thresholds and to develop their personal theory and practice style. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Absence or reduced frequency of human regulatory T cells (Tregs) can limit the control of inflammatory responses, autoimmunity, and the success of transplant engraftment. Clinical studies indicate that use of Tregs as immunotherapeutics would require billions of cells per dose. The Quantum® Cell Expansion System (Quantum system) is a hollow-fiber bioreactor that has previously been used to grow billions of functional T cells in a short timeframe, 8–9 d. Here we evaluated expansion of selected Tregs in the Quantum system using a soluble activator to compare the effects of automated perfusion with manual diffusion-based culture in flasks. Treg CD4+CD25+ cells from three healthy donors, isolated via column-free immunomagnetic negative/positive selection, were grown under static conditions and subsequently seeded into Quantum system bioreactors and into T225 control flasks in an identical culture volume of PRIME-XV XSFM medium with interleukin-2, for a 9-d expansion using a soluble anti-CD3/CD28/CD2 monoclonal antibody activator complex. Treg harvests from three parallel expansions produced a mean of 3.95 × 108 (range 1.92 × 108 to 5.58 × 108) Tregs in flasks (mean viability 71.3%) versus 7.00 × 109 (range 3.57 × 109 to 13.00 × 109) Tregs in the Quantum system (mean viability 91.8%), demonstrating a mean 17.7-fold increase in Treg yield for the Quantum system over that obtained in flasks. The two culture processes gave rise to cells with a memory Treg CD4+CD25+FoxP3+CD45RO+ phenotype of 93.7% for flasks versus 97.7% for the Quantum system. Tregs from the Quantum system demonstrated an 8-fold greater interleukin-10 stimulation index than cells from flask culture following restimulation. Quantum system–expanded Tregs proliferated, maintained their antigenic phenotype, and suppressed effector immune cells after cryopreservation. We conclude that an automated perfusion bioreactor can support the scale-up expansion of functional Tregs more efficiently than diffusion-based flask culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this article is the development of neighborhood planning in England, in particular its guiding principle of local people as rational actors. The article looks at neighborhood planning in its own terms; that is, it looks at the rationality of engagement in a new system that seeks to tip the balance of rationality in favor of communities following the UK government's aims of overcoming local resistance to the development of new housing. While there is evidence that neighborhood planning is enjoying some success, this is a delicate settlement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The frequency of primary total hip arthroplasty procedures is increasing, with a subsequent rise in revision procedures. This study aims to describe timing and surgical mortality associated with revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) compared to those on the waiting list. Methods: All patients from a single institution who underwent revision total hip arthroplasty or were added to the waiting list for the same procedure between 2003 and 2013 were recorded. Mortality rates were calculated at 30 and 90 days following surgery or addition to the waiting list. Results: 561 patients were available for the survivorship analysis in the surgical group. Following exclusion, 901 and 484 patients were available for the 30 and the 90-day analysis in the revision THA waiting list group. 30- and 90-day mortality rates were significantly greater for the revision THA group compared to the waiting list group (excess surgical mortality at 30 days = 0.357%, p = 0.037; odds ratio of 5.22, excess surgical mortality at 90 days = 0.863%, p = 0.045). Conclusions: Revision total hip arthroplasty is associated with a significant excess surgical mortality rate until 90 days post-operation when compared to the waiting list population. We would encourage other authors with access to larger samples to use our method to quantify excess mortality after both primary and revision arthroplasty procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the various problems in Great Britain including changes in demographics, climatic changes, and the threat of terrorism. Particular focus is given to the need for restructuring of health institutions in Great Britain and the need for investments in the health-care sector. Other topics addressed include the use of Newcastle City Futures (NCF) model developed by Newcastle University and Newcastle City Council for working on the problems faced by the state.

In this article, I examine critically the themes raised by Lewis Minkin in his 2014 volume about Labour politics, The Blair Supremacy, within the context of his earlier work concerning the party's relationship with its affiliated trade unions. I outline his argument concerning the development of party management, especially that regarding 'a Blair coup'. I discuss the role of norms in political explanation, the importance of formal rules in understanding Labour politics, the significance of wider changes to the party's character, how best to conceptualise the nature of Tony Blair's leadership, and, finally, the historical development of the party's trajectory. I conclude with an overall assessment of Minkin's corpus and some pointers as to an alternative conceptualisation of Labour's relationship with its affiliated unions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hospital-acquired infection (HAI) is a problem confronting developing countries. Education programmes have been shown to be effective in increasing awareness and changing practice in health professionals. Methods: Practice change in health professionals who completed an Infection Prevention and Management Course in Tanzania was explored via focus group 12 months after completion of the course. Findings: Positive changes in infection control practice were found, along with barriers to more widespread change. Conclusions: Providing tailored and continuing education programs to hospital staff, including managers, is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Information about challenges for occupational therapists is typically provided in small-scale studies from different perspectives. The purpose of this meta-synthesis was to synthesise and report about challenges in occupational therapy practice that appear to penetrate across the profession. Method: Databases searched were Ovid Medline, EMBASE, AMED and CINAHL. Search terms were selected after gaining understanding of the topic: occupational therap* AND Exp burnout / OR Exp morals / OR retention OR clinical reasoning OR new graduate OR novice OR transition-to-practice. Studies were critically appraised using the criteria of credibility, transferability, confirmability and dependability. Findings, along with direct quotes, were extracted and data compared and contrasted through first, second and third order analysis. Findings: Twenty-four studies were included in the meta-synthesis and three constructs were identified: 'challenges in context'; 'personal challenges' and 'social and cultural challenges'. These findings inform knowledge about constraining factors on clinical reasoning and the alignment of practice with the occupational therapy philosophy, and give insight into satisfaction with practice, ethical and professional behaviours. Conclusion: These findings could inform provision of professional support, education for students and enhance agency to reform practice. More research is needed about professional socialisation, clinical reasoning and ethical issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of hospital acquired infection in developing countries is between two to 20 times higher than in developed countries and is attributable to multiple causes. Evidence-based international policies and guidelines developed to improve infection prevention and control are often not used in practice in these countries. To combat this challenge, this article presents an innovative educational framework used to bridge the gap between policy written by global health agencies and the realities of practice in Tanzania. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The author presents an historical account of scientific work conducted at a commercial biotech firm in San Diego called Hybritech. It tells of disruptions in research programs following the acquisition of the company by the pharmaceutical giant Eli Lilly in 1986. The story centers on responses to an organizational challenge that research managers and scientists in any setting, academic or industrial, must confront—how to create and sustain an organizational culture that is conducive to creativity and innovation. The case provides an occasion for evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of two leading theoretical accounts of innovation in social studies of science and technology—sociological network analysis and actor-network theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disentangling the complex interactions that govern stem cell fate choices of self-renewal, differentiation, or death presents a formidable challenge. Image-based phenotype-driven screening meets this challenge by providing means for rapid testing of many small molecules simultaneously. Pluripotent embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells offer a convenient substitute for embryonic stem (ES) cells in such screens because they are simpler to maintain and control. The authors developed an image-based screening assay to identify compounds that affect survival or differentiation of the human EC stem cell line NTERA2 by measuring the effect on cell number and the proportion of cells expressing a pluripotency-associated marker SSEA3. A pilot screen of 80 kinase inhibitors identified several compounds that improved cell survival or induced differentiation. The survival compounds Y-27632, HA-1077, and H-8 all strongly inhibit the kinases ROCK and PRK2, highlighting the important role of these kinases in EC cell survival. Two molecules, GF109203x and rottlerin, induced EC differentiation. The effects of rottlerin were also investigated in human ES cells. Rottlerin inhibited the self-renewal ability of ES cells, caused the cell cycle arrest, and repressed the expression of pluripotency-associated genes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study examines the predictors of discretionary decisions made by probation and parole officers (PPOs) when they face clients who commit technical rule violations during community supervision. Although prior studies of discretionary decisions in criminal justice systems typically focus on legal predictors of discretion (i.e., offense- and offender-based variables), this study examines extralegal predictors to include PPOs' sociodemographical, occupational, and organizational characteristics. The study uses data collected from a national self-report survey of 332 PPOs who worked with adults and who were members of the American Probation and Parole Association in 2005. Logistic regression analyses examine extralegal predictors of PPO support for formal hearings (i.e., judicial or parole board hearings) in response to technical rule violations. Analyses identify significant occupational and organizational factors that predicted discretionary decisions. Policy implications and directions for future research are examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses district-level data from national legislative elections in 19 Latin American countries to evaluate the effect of gender quota legislation, in concert with other electoral rules, on the election of women legislators. Well-designed quota legislation has a profound positive impact on the election of women, regardless of the type of party list (closed or open). Where quota legislation is in force, the use of closed lists on average results in a greater percentage of women legislators elected to office than does the use of open lists. However, this difference is not as great as would be expected based on the prevailing conventional wisdom and is primarily the consequence of the superiority of the closed-list systems when the number of seats a party wins in a district (party magnitude) is two. With one important exception, party magnitude is generally unrelated to women's electoral success in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a commonly occurring cancer among Hong Kong Chinese, especially in the relatively young population group. Since the disease carries a favorable prognosis, sequelae following treatment have become an important concern for patients suffering from NPC, particularly because of the strong interplay of psychological, social, and biological issues during their rehabilitation. In this qualitative study, in-depth, semistructured audiotaped interviews were undertaken with 32 patients receiving rehabilitation at the physiotherapy department of a regional teaching hospital in Hong Kong. The objective of the study was to examine the rehabilitation experiences of NPC survivors to identify factors that contributed to a satisfying clinical encounter experience. During the study, data collection and analysis using a grounded theory approach were concurrently conducted. The 3 main themes that shaped the rehabilitation experiences of NPC survivors were the patient-clinician relationship, participation in therapeutic alliance, and quality rehabilitation service provision. These, together with the identified needs of the participants, contributed to the participants' perceived health- related quality of life. A constructive clinical experience was perceived when their needs were met. The findings highlight the importance of patient-centeredness in the treatment delivery and a multifaceted role of clinicians in meeting the needs of this group of cancer survivors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current round of local government modernisation in England, which commenced in 1997, has focused primarily on three main areas-new council constitutions, e-government, and performance. However, a fourth strand of initiatives relates to the power of well-being and the duty to prepare a community strategy, in partnership with a local strategic partnership. Academic commentators and planners, who have been focusing on the proposed UK planning reforms as contained within the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act (passed in 2004), have largely ignored the development of this strand. In this paper we explore these aspects of the local government modernisation agenda for planners and pull out some of the key issues for comparison in the ownership, role, and development of the new plans: community strategies and development plans. Opportunities and difficulties of ensuring that new development plans become the spatial expression of community strategies is assessed through an illustration of the relationship between the London Borough of Camden's community strategy and its unitary development plan. Following a review of the content of both documents, wider assessments are drawn out and we conclude by debating the implications of and challenges for a future reformed planning system at the local level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate risk and protective factors for medically serious suicide attempts among young Australian adults. Method: The study used a case–control design. A clinical sample of 18–24 year olds was recruited via the emergency department of a large public hospital following a suicide attempt (n = 95) and was compared to a sample of 18–24 year olds who participated in a population-based survey (n = 380). Results: Risk factors for medically serious suicide attempts included early school leaving, parental divorce (males only), distress due to problems with parents (females only), distress due to problems with friends, distress due to the break-up of a romantic relationship, tobacco use, high alcohol use, current depressive symptomatology and a previous diagnosis of depression. Protective factors included social connectedness, problem-solving confidence and locus of control. There was a trend for social connectedness to be more protective among those with high rather than low levels of depressive symptomatology, and among smokers rather than non-smokers. Conclusions: Results are discussed in terms of designing evidence-based suicide prevention activities for young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New Labour's approach to gender mainstreaming is perhaps best exemplified through the work of the Women and Equality Unit (WEU). In this article we chart the development of the Unit and varied initiatives in which it has been involved and provide a preliminary assessment of the Unit's work. We start with a discussion of Labour's approach to mainstreaming. This provides a context for a profile of the work of the Women's Unit (WU) between 1997 and 2001 and its successor the WEU, between 2001 and 2002. We consider the work of the Units in relation to the government's reforms to the policy-making process, focusing upon location, issue territory and connectivity. Using these three criteria our appraisal of the work of the WEU draws attention to three issues: firstly, the institutional uncertainty surrounding the status of the Unit; secondly, the degree to which the remit of the Unit has been unlike that of other cross-cutting units in addressing a broad gender agenda rather than specific policy areas, but that this is now shifting with the increasing focus on economic issues; and thirdly, the extent to which the Unit is reliant on non-feminist actors within the decision-making elite to help pursue its aims. We will suggest that the Unit may have made a small, but significant, contribution to the development of gender mainstreaming processes. Its contribution has been greatest where gender equality policies coincide with government priorities. Its contribution to the process of mainstreaming gendered perspectives into all policy-making is much harder to discern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teaching cognitive and behavioural coping techniques can reduce children’s pain and distress during medical procedures. However, these simple techniques are often not taught to children due to lack of staff time, training and teaching aids. We developed a computer-based self-administered programme (CTCT) to teach coping skills to school-aged children in the waiting room prior to venepuncture. All children had topical local anaesthetic and parents were present. Children reported only mild pain anddistress from venepuncture and seven children used techniques learned from the CTCT programme. Previous pain coping influenced behavioural distress during venepuncture. Ten children reported that they would use CTCT again. Nine parents stated they would recommend their child use CTCT in future. All staff responded favourably to the use of CTCT for children prior to venepuncture. Our preliminary findings demonstrate that the coping techniques can be taught using a computer game format and that children, parents and staff found the method acceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article is written by the author in response to an article by Sociologist David Coates article "Capitalist models and social democracy: the case of New Labour." The author states that David Coates indicates that his work is atheoretical, he will first address how his work has contributed to theoretical debates about reformist politics. Secondly, since Coates charges that his work is theoretically inconsistent, he will discuss the method he have adopted in his research. Thirdly, as Coates criticizes the framework that he constructed for his article in the "British Journal of Politics and International Relations", he will outline his reasons for modifying Geoffrey Garrett's work. Fourthly, as Coates challenges the relevance of that framework, he will detail why his use of the European context is a pertinent one within which to examine the current trajectory of British social democracy. He note the difficulties involved in copying arrangements and policies from one polity to another.

Howpolitical parties select their candidates for public office profoundly affects the types of people who are elected as well as how these people behave in office. This selection process also provides important insights on how parties function internally and on where political power is located within a country. Only a few comparative studies of nomination procedures exist, and none explain why some parties at some points in time select candidates via direct primaries and others do not. The authors analyze an original data set of 610 district-level nomination processes for the biennial Argentine Chamber of Deputies elections held between 1983 and 2001. They conclude that several specific institutional and partisan features have a prominent effect on the probability that a political party will choose its candidates at the ballot box (direct primary) rather than in a smoke-filled back room (elite arrangement). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on a framework developed by Geoffrey Garrett in his recent book Partisan Politics in the Global Economy, I examine the ‘policy space’ that is available for the social democratic project in the United Kingdom. Garrett is optimistic about the possibilities for reformism: he emphasises the ability of an ‘encompassing’ labour movement to exchange wage restraint for reformist policies. Given the absence of such an encompassing labour movement in the United Kingdom, his conclusion apparently offers little support to those seeking reformist measures in these circumstances. I discuss three reasons why Garrett's model may still be applicable in the British context. First, social democrats may be able to offer policies desirable to capital. Second, wage moderation may be possible without the existence of an encompassing labour movement. Third, and most ambitious, it may be possible to develop an encompassing labour movement within the United Kingdom. My tentative conclusion is that a variant of the Garrett model is potentially a plausible one for a reformist party in the United Kingdom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores the limitations of collaborative and associative forms of institutional capacity as ideal methods in economic restructuring. Examples of institutional capacity for inward investment project in Great Britain; Types of social action; Contradictions between collaborative and associative forms of governance; Observations on nature, structure and context of distortion; Structuring social actions.

Focuses on a study which examined the opinions of Afro-Americans religious groups toward the acceptance of gratuities by police officers. Related literature on police gratuities; Race and demographics in Eastern North Carolina; Religious groups included in the study.

During the recent war on drugs, large numbers of drug offenders were sentenced to probation. Critics of this policy argued that drug offenders belonged in prison. This analysis uses logistic regression to compare 1993 individual level data on felony and non-drug felony probationers. The results of this analysis provide some justification for the general fear presented in the public media that felony drug probationers threaten communities. However, when the performance of African-American men on probation for felony drug offenses is partitioned, analysis results indicate that they are not the threat to public safety to the extent indicated by the media or envisioned by the American public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzes the effect of gender quota laws on the election of women legislators. Extent to which other electoral rules can influence the effect of quotas on the election of women; Considerable support for the position of gender quota advocates; Why reformer must pay close attention to the institutional environment in which a quota law is being implemented.

Discusses whether substantial increases in the positive interactional ratios of six highly disruptive adolescents in placement would decrease their ongoing behavior problems. Post-research status of the respondents; Five formal components of positive interactions; Reasons why additional research on the interventions derived from the research on marital interactional ratio is warranted.

Since 1983 Labour has undergone a far-reaching metamorphosis. In a recent debate in Political Studies, Colin Hay and Martin Smith provide important insights into that transformation.(n1) However, the dichotomy within which they locate developments is a limited and potentially misleading one. Hay argues that Labour has uncritically accepted a new Thatcherite political settlement while Smith claims the changes represent a modernization of the party. I will make four points about Labour's transition before drawing general conclusions about how the party's transformation can be best understood. The matters I discuss are Labour's economic measures, its electoral strategy, the nature of its objectives, and the orientation of its policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compares the rearrest statistics of males and female released from prison in North Carolina between July 1, 1992 and June 30, 1993. Prior recidivism research on males and females; Descriptive indicators; Comparison of recidivism indicators.

Examines the factors associated with the success or failure on probation for North Carolina felony probationers who were removed from supervision between July 1 and October 31, 1993. Prior research on the factors associated with probation outcomes; Details of the research; Results; Discussion and conclusions.

Compares probationary prisoners at the North Carolina Department of Correction who opted to serve the remaining portion of their sentences in incarceration with those opting for probation supervision. Review of previous study on the matter; Variables correlated with choosing elect-to-serve option; Factors for consideration for future researches.

Examines the interaction between rules governing presidential elections and multipartism in Latin America. Impact of presidential electoral formula, timing of presidential and legislative elections and legislative district magnitude on legislative multipartism; Importance of examining interaction between elections for different constituent institutions; Applicability of Duverger's law to presidential elections.

Discusses the economic policy-making of the British Labour Party during the period 1987-1992 in a social democracy perspective. Labor's policy review; Endorsing the European exchange rate mechanism; Market attitudes toward social democracy; Labour's experience of policy formation.

With his recent introduction of "posthumanism," a decentered variant of constructivist sociology of science, Andrew Pickering advertises novel conceptual resources for social theorists In fact, he tenders nothing less than a fundamental reordering of social thought. By invoking the concept of "material agency," Pickering seeks to redefine the relationship between "Nature" and "Society" while dismissing the "humanist bias" in he rent in sociological inquiry However for all its ambition and good intentions, posthumanism delivers only analytical inconsistencies, the consequences of an uneasy synthesis of pragmatist and poststructuralist influences. When translated into the language of conventional sociological theory, these problems surface as an inadequate treatment of human agency The works of the original pragmatists, particularly C.S. Peirce and G.H. Mead, illustrate how the objectives of posthumanism can be achieved without decentering, suggesting a renewed appreciation of `humanist" sociologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using official data records, this study examined differences in recidi vism - defined as fingerprinted rearrest - among participants in two wide ly used intermediate sanctions, electronic house arrest (N=331) and boot camp prison (N=309). Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of recidivism. Participation in the boot camp program, as opposed to electronic house arrest was consistently associated with avoiding rearrest, and race (African-American) was associated with being rearrested for several categories of offense. The conclusion was that although techno logical advances may be of significant assistance to correctional practi tioners, such advances alone are not the magic bullet that will insure future compliance with the law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the issues involved in the concept of methodological individualism. Kinds of methodological individualism; Information on some theories about composition rules in the social world; Example of statements about individual dispositions and situations justified as theoretical axioms that afford the deduction of logical and verifiable conclusions.

This article discusses a relatively new phenomenon in international organized crime, Nigerian crime networks. The criminal activities of some Nigerians have been the focus of law enforcement efforts on several continents, including Africa, Asia, and North America. Within the international community, heroin smuggling andfraud have been the primary crimes of concern. This article describes the activities of Nigerian crime networks in the United States. The second portion of the paper, relying primarily on the academic writings of Nigerian scholars, suggests some etiological origins of these activities. Finally, the article offers suggestions on how to deal with this emerging problem. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

As technological advances cause governmental activities to become more complex, the traditional bureaucratic style of organization is becoming obsolete The systems perspective, widely utilized in the private sector, may offer promising alternatives This article exemplifies the problems facing corrections with recent attempts in Texas to alleviate prison and jail crowding and suggests how the systems perspecitive may offer alternatives for organizing criminal justice. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents information on risk-taking in cooperative and competitive dyads. An individual's decision to cooperate or to compete and the antecedents and consequences of that choice, continue to occupy the attention of social theorists, researchers and policy makers. Despite this concern, many questions about the quality of decisions emerging from cooperative and competitive relationships remain unanswered. One of these questions, surprisingly neglected by researchers, is whether or not cooperation and competition differentially influence risk-taking. The present study represented an initial attempt at providing an answer by exploring the effects of cooperation-competition upon the riskiness of decisions made by members of a dyad. The dyads observed in this study consisted of friends who chose either to cooperate or to compete in playing a carnival game. Was there any reason to expect that more risk would be taken under one than under the other condition? Scholars N. Kogan and M.A. Wallach have accounted for the "risky shift phenomenon" by suggesting that affective bonds are formed between persons who interact under noncompetitive circumstances. Responsibility for decisions becomes diffused among group members and because of a reduced sense of personal responsibility, members are more willing to make risky decisions than when the responsibility is theirs alone.