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Many of the recent methodological debates within political theory have focused on the ideal/non-ideal theory distinction. While ideal theorists recognise the need to develop an account of the transition between the two levels of theorising, no general proposal has been advanced thus far. In this article, I aim to bridge this conceptual gap. Towards this end, I first reconstruct the ideal/non-ideal theory distinction within a simplified two-dimensional framework, which captures the primary meanings usually attributed to it. Subsequently, I use this framework to provide an algorithm for the bidirectional transition between ideal and non-ideal theory, based on the incremental derivation of normative models. The approach outlined illuminates the various ways in which principles derived under highly idealised assumptions might be distorted by the circumstances of our current world and illustrates the various paths which we can pursue in moving from our current state of the world to an ideal one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Human Nature and the Limits (If Any) of Political Philosophy, I argued that justice might require things of people that they cannot bring themselves to do. A central step was to argue that this does not entail an inability to ‘do’ the putatively required thing. David Wiens challenges that argument of mine, and this piece is my reply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of news values/factors has a long and rich history in journalism and communications research. Conceptually, they encompass not only the newsworthy aspects of happenings or news actors but also external aspects that impact journalism practice, such as the influence of proprietors or advertisers, meeting deadlines or competition among news providers to get exclusive stories. Some view news values as existing in the actual events and people who are reported on in the news, that is, in events in their material reality (a material perspective). Others conceive news values as existing in the minds of journalists (a cognitive perspective). News values are also constructed in the discourses involved in the production of news (a discursive perspective). The focus in this article is on this third perspective, with the aim of demonstrating what a discursive approach to news values can add to the two other, theoretical and analytical perspectives. The article has an additional focus on the much neglected area of visual analysis and investigates the construction of news values in news photography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education policy decisions are both normatively and empirically challenging. These decisions require the consideration of both relevant values and empirical facts. Values tell us what we have reason to care about, and facts can be used to describe what is possible. Following Hamlin and Stemplowska, we distinguish between a theory of ideals and descriptions of feasibility. We argue that when feasibility constraints are used to rank competing states of affairs, two things must be articulated. First, one must explain why one feasibility constraint is preferred over another. Second, because of empirical uncertainty, one must describe the upper and lower bounds of a specified feasibility constraint. The first case implies that different optima are possible depending on, for example, what one takes to be fixed about the world. The second case implies that different optima are always possible, and the upper and lower bounds of these optima will depend on the empirical uncertainty of an estimated feasibility constraint. We then describe three distinct forms of empirical uncertainty. Careful consideration of these sources of uncertainty can help to mitigate the risks of imprecision. The article closes by considering a case study whereby a meritocratic conception of fair equality of opportunity is considered alongside competing values of priority and parental partiality. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper explores the production of 'ideal' migrant workers by recruitment agencies in the context of Latvian labour migration to the UK. The fantasies of the 'ideal' worker created by recruiters have a particular hold on migrant subjectivity, but they often hide inconsistencies and slippages implicit within the fabric of recruitment discourse and practice. By drawing on the notions of fantasy and desire as developed by Jacques Lacan, this paper analyses the determination of subjectivity in a migration context and explores both unconscious and conscious processes of identification. On the basis of an analysis of drawings sketched by respondents during qualitative interviews conducted in Latvia, it challenges narrower assumptions about migrants' search behaviour and stable expectations of labour migration, and exposes the split and contested nature of migrant selfhood. It concludes with conceptual observations about the complex process of identification and the unachievable figure of the 'ideal' worker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When people make important decisions, such as selecting a job candidate or graduate school applicant based on how well they fit with that imagined ideal. In two experiments we provide evidence that imagining the ideal has unintended consequences. Imagining an ideal candidate for a professional job led participants to preferentially imagine a White candidate (Experiment 1) and to preferentially hire a White candidate over a Black candidate with matched qualifications (Experiment 2). These effects were independent of explicit prejudice, suggesting that even low-prejudice individuals may be affected by this bias. However, an alternative imagery strategy—imagining a variety of suitable applicants—was effective at remediating the bias. In some cases discrimination may result not from prejudiced attitudes but from failures of the imagination. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

For Durkheim, sociology, as a new kind of science, is part and parcel of the constitutional process of modern societies. This conception of sociology rests on two fundamental theses. First, society, as a normative realm made up of ideas, and especially of ideals, is an ontological novelty: it shows itself in the constitution of individuals, since human beings are persons able to think and act only as long as they are social individuals. Second, modern society is an historical novelty, constituted by an ideal of the person which asks and enables each social individual to become a fully autonomous being. The aim of this paper is to clarify these two basic foundations of Durkheimian sociology. Part I focuses on the first thesis: Durkheim’s reconstruction of the sociological tradition as a conceptual struggle toward the idea of society, conceived as a new order of reality. It examines the social philosophy Durkheim developed in order to account for the relation between society and the individual; the conceptualization of the human individual as social in The Division of Social Labor, its later development in the framework of The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Part II, to be published in a second volume, will focus on the second thesis. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The recent prominence of the ideal/non-ideal debate is largely due to the fact that it offers a vocabulary in which to diagnose what many see as a key problem of political theory: its relative unwillingness to provide solutions to urgent problems facing people here and now; or for people as they are rather than as they should be. The primary aim of this article is to offer an improved understanding of the territory that the ideal/non-ideal debate relates to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to show the advantages of the personal ethics perspective employed by the British idealists in the analysis of justice. In the context of Green’s and Bosanquet’s political theory, justice is a secondary moral ideal. Yet, it is argued here, their moral philosophy leads us, through a longer path, to the philosophical grounds we already occupy today: those of thinking about human rights as fundamental, not derivative, i.e. thinking about justice as a primary, not secondary moral ideal. There are three related yet distinct philosophical claims here. First, the British idealists saw clearly the stand-off between justice and virtue. Second, the personal ethics of Green and Bosanquet, with some reconstruction offered here, outlines the way in which this stand-off can be resolved without undermining its significance. Third, the personal ethics perspective is beneficial for resolving some of the difficulties surrounding the institutional approach of implementing of social justice. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Oneness refers to the convention of recognizing a single individual's performance and ignoring others, including those who may have performed as well. Although oneness is an adaptation to cognitive deficits, it cannot be explained by them. If long-term and working memory were more capacious, society's need for ideals to establish realm-specific standards and meanings would tend to limit recognition and renown to one individual. The apotheosis of Rosa Parks is a case in point. Her celebrity and the obscurity of others who risked and accomplished more than she are two aspects of the same social process. Revealing oneness to be a social imperative, this case study leads to a broader understanding of collective forgetting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurship has become an important issue in contemporary management practice and research. While there is much debate about the benefits of entrepreneurial behavior, its obvious pervasion in many areas of life remains largely unexplored. It is this persuasive power that inspired us to conceptualize entrepreneurship as a dominant institution in modern Western societies. In contrast to most institutional approaches which draw on entrepreneurial behavior for studying institutional change, our approach focuses on the societal preconditions for the dominance of entrepreneurship. We outline how entrepreneurship is manifested in ideals of modern Western societies, discourse and techniques of control and how individuals who are socialized into an entrepreneurial society, contribute to legitimize entrepreneurship and further its pervasiveness. Our analysis provides a framework for research on differences in the valuation of entrepreneurial behavior across societal settings, as well as for the study of mechanisms for the deepening of taken for-grantedness of entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results from a survey of 344 African American adults concerning the personal characteristics they desire in their ideal marriage partner. The findings indicate that both African American men and women seek well-educated, financially stable, monogamous, and affluent partners who are spiritual, religious, self-confident, and reliable. The most significant finding is that respondents want ideal marriage partners who earn significantly more than they do, gender notwithstanding. In addition, respondents' income and gender significantly predict the differential between their incomes and their ideal partners. It appears as though respondents seek ideal marriage partners with incomes that will move them squarely into the middle class. Future studies should use larger and more representative samples, and include variables such as criminal history, skin shade, and physical characteristics in their analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media degrees have been under attack, even in this journal. An educator defends the values of higher journalistic educationJournalists turned academic Delano writes that few occupations display such a gulf between ideals and reality as journalism and journalism education is no different. Journalism graduates will learn whatever their particular university is best able to offer. Universities are far from equal. Some turn out better history or science graduates than others. Some have demanding entrance requirements; others are so desperate for funding that they will admit virtually all comers. Some will not have the equipment to teach journalism to modern requirements; administration or staff may not be up to the job… So what is the value of a journalism degree? Even though it is now being taught and studied as never before, journalism continues to elude definition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the ideals and beliefs of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. regarding just society and world. It highlights several injustices in the contemporary world, which include poverty in industrialized nations and third world countries, the existence of working poor and challenges to a woman's right to choose. It discusses how King's ideals and beliefs influenced his vision of justice and on how just society and world could be achieved through social action and progressive social change. It examines the relationship of King's ideals and belief with the contemporary critical criminology. Moreover, the author proposes a goal and strategy for progressive nonviolent social action to make social justice in and outside the classroom environment, a reality.

This article explores the notion of bringing a family business's family values and traditions regarding religion and forgiveness into their everyday lives to create healing when family business differences have broken or severed family relationships. The philosophy of the ritual is to pair it with other family rituals and use it as a tool to begin to focus on the future. The ritual helps the family understand that hurts are inevitable in the context of family businesses, but that the ritual is a way to get beyond them and start over again. The forgiveness ritual that is created draws on the family's history and use of religious traditions to create forgiveness and a new beginning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on city officials' actions when morality issues (gay rights, pornography regulations, etc.) are at stake. Cases drawn from a systematic sample of cities reveal a continuum of local officials' actions ranging from actions unfavorable to activists to evasion of the issue to actions favorable to activists. In order to account for this variation, hypotheses are developed that identify, institutional, arrangements, ideology of issue activists, and the community's cultural context as key explanatory concepts. Empirical tests show that (a) officials m cities with more developed counter-cultural elements handle morality issues differently than officials in cities where orthodox/traditional sub-cultural elements dominate, (b) narrower measures of community demand/references specific to particular kinds of incidents are less useful in predicting governmental action on these issues, (c) institutions (ward versus at-large council elections; mayor versus city manager executive) are important in mediating the expectations or pressures stemming from the local sub-culture, and (d) official actions vary considerably depending upon the ideological stance and degree of controversiality of issue activists, but this too is contingent on the mediating effects of institutional arrangements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the suburban ideals and realities of Cleveland Heights in Cleveland, Ohio from 1860 to 2001. Transformation of suburb; Impact of tensions and conflicts on redefinitions of ideal.

Berlin's theory of human nature is criticized on two grounds. First, within his substantive account of us, there is a tension between the Kantian vision of persons as purposive (which requires that we be free) and the Herderian pluralism (which depicts liberty as equal to other values). Second, his claim that theories of self-realization are inherently prone to rationalist perversion—and political oppression—is depicted as mistaken because it is teleology, and not the regularities of human change, that perverts our ideals. To resolve the tension within Berlin's account, a non-teleological account of our moral development is suggested: once secured, we can grow in a variety of contradictory directions. Liberty—which, along with justice and privacy, fosters security—is thus not the height of a superior morality, but a part of the psychological basis of any valid morality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the association between poetry and politics as manifested in William Shakepeare's play "The Tempest." According to the article, the theme of the play focuses on the importance of political life over poetic creativity or philosophical contemplation. It states that the plot of the story distinguishes the consequences of various violations of established political authority. Furthermore, it relates the plight of the characters in the play as they trudge into the political scenario as well as the gains and pains of being a member of an accomplished political group.

The article discusses the influence of Edmund Burke's ideals to the political right and left parties as imprinted in his book "Reflections on the Revolution in France." It states that Burke has always been an important figure to both parties, being more inclined to the Right and is fairly fascinated by those belonging in the Left. It also presents both positive and negative comments from various politically inclined people regarding Burke's governmental ideas. Furthermore, it relates the similarities and differences between Burke's and William Godwin's view on politics.

The article offers information on the fundamental concept of fact and value perspectives of philosopher Peter Winch. According to the author, the study on the linguistic analysis and philosophical belief of Winch provides an opportunity to interpret the resemblance of his works as well as evaluate the relevance of his ideals on realism and metaphysical issues. Moreover, the author states that Winch believed on the importance of philosophy for social scientific understandings to overcome the difference between fundamental distinction of subject and object approach. It also offers information on arguments of Winch, fact-value dichotomy and formal analogies which infer the unfamiliar form of life and community.

The article discusses the issue concerning political patriarchalism, one of the political ideals of the ancient regime. Moreover, Bodin and the modernizing absolutists launched one assault, which the liberal constitutionalists Locke and Montesquieu launched another on the traditional family and its political significance. It presents Locke and Montesquieu, who made a clean sweep through throwing out absolutism along with old society. It also presents the patriarchalism of Bodin in absolutist thought, which sees the absolute state as unfortunate hybrid of the traditional and modern.

Current movements towards enlightenment are indeed reflected nowhere more clearly than in the changed aspect which has come over modern scientific ideas. These have entered on a phase of rapid and even startling development. These changes in science reveal a new outlook and new ideals. By applying to human societies well-tried methods of observation and interpretation, sociology is gradually unveiling a sublime unity in place of a multitude of more or less disconnected sciences and interests, and so is gradually revealing the elements of a practical art which is expected to be the highest and most potent of all. For the same reason it affords a measure which helps to compare and judge the ideal and practical systems of the past. Yet a sound attitude towards these newer modes and moods of science must be critical as well as appreciative. Nothing but the blindness of partisanship could ignore, in modem science, its own confusions, and its inheritance of classical sophistries, medieval formalisms, renaissance separatism, utilitarian negations.

The article discusses life and ideals of Hindu women focusing on the emergence of the Sati as influenced by culture, tradition and religion. The Indian theory of marriage is one of religious duty and has very little to do with accomplishments or passion. It is a fact that Indian women conceive the love of man in profound sense, is sufficiently proved by the universal acceptance in India of woman's love for man, as the one sufficient and natural symbol of the surrender of the soul to God, of the overlooking of all difference, of the merging of the finite in the infinite. The industrial revolution in India is of external and very recent origin. It is a sacred duty of parents to arrange a marriage for every daughter. The sexual culture is still deeply religious; Indian women do not pinch their feet or waists; they are more concerned about service than rights; they consider barrenness the-greatest possible misfortune, next to widowhood; in a word, it has never happened in India that women have been judged, or have accepted, purely male standards of value.

The article presents information about the history and evolution of French and American ideals. A national ideal, is very complex. Its factors are always to be stated in the plural. The commercial, the fractional, the religious, the aesthetic, the scientific and rational are all alike necessary though partial ideals. The difference between the French idea of self-control and the American idea of social regulation, that between the culture based on free individualism and that based on collective restraint, in the affairs of personal conduct-this difference is of the first importance in matters of art production and appreciation. A new stage of the French ideal is in process of formation. It reveals a spiritual view of life, a stricter solidarity in morals, and an impulse in art which finds its highest motive in aesthetic forms fitted to inspire and elevate the soul. Americans join with all the world in acclaiming this renewal of the national life of France in a moral purpose so resolute, so informed with knowledge, so sure of itself.

The article presents a speech delivered by Calvin Coolidge, Vice-President of the University of Pennsylvania, on July 7, 1921. He discusses the role of education in guaranteeing the future of United States through the continuation of knowledge of progress in the past. He presents his view of education as a means of establishing ideals. He cites the classical literature of Greece and Rome as sources of inspiration to the ideals of patriotism, cultural attainment, and the sacrifices these would entail.

The article presents the author's response to the commentary of Trevor Barnes on his lecture about the progress in human geography. It acknowledges the power of Barnes' critique and the need to ponder the counter arguments he has advanced. It comments on Barnes' reason of categorizing the author's piece-meal version of progress. The author discusses his and Barnes' disagreement on the implications of giving up progress as a regulative ideal and criticizes Barnes' conviction about the talk of truth.

The article presents the author's views on the ideals of Eastern women. There are a considerable number of Western men in whom there is a survival of the Eastern view about women, although they take very good care not to carry the Oriental notion of impersonality and sacrifice into their conception of what is seemly in men. This ideal is not imposed upon women by men, but is the national and eternal ideal of both sexes, It is less obviously ridiculous for an Oriental to assert that women like seclusion, ignorance, and subjection, because when any living creature is accustomed from birth to certain conditions, that creature suffers when transplanted to other conditions. The author firmly believes that he has seen so many women gain joy and hope by the opening of doors: seen dull eyes brighten and sad lips smile to hear words spoken which at last express their inmost and hitherto unfriended thoughts and aspirations and sorrows, The depression of life and energy, of will and genius, that comes from slavery is spiritual murder, and the kind of slavery which is involved in the subjection of one sex to the other is the most penetrating conceivable; for it permeates flesh and spirit. It is life-long, it corrupts the ethical standard of both slave and slave-owner, so that no one yet knows what women can do nor to what heights men can rise.

The article reports on the changes of ideals and principles from nationalism to internationalism. Nationalism is defined to mean the love for one's country, its institutions, its highest ideals, principles and people. Internationalism on the other hand, is defined as the necessity of scrapping nationalism and patriotism to have a sympathetic attitude for other nations in the world.

The article presents several pedagogical paragraphs. One paragraph states that the teacher should always be painstaking in preparing all written reports that includes daily plans and report cards of pupils. Another paragraph focuses on character building that is said to have largely depended on the proper formation of ideals.

The article relates the author's view on philosophy as it is considered unidealistic and is less important to the field of education as it is connected to Theology. Critics believe that if philosophical principles will be applied to education it is like turning one's back on reality and facts. Other group of people including the physical scientists realize that their field is too far from philosophy thus, not paying attention to it.

The article relates how a bout with the flu forced a working mother to reexamine how she became stressed out. The demands of her responsibilities at work and at home gave her little time for relaxation. As a management educator, she has learned that creating a simpler life requires more than focus and a reevaluation of values and beliefs about life, work and success. The Trends Research Institute in Rhinebeck, New York has listed the requirements for creating a simple lifestyle, a life which values time, health, contribution and peace of mind.

The article provides an overview of the code of ethics of the Alabama Educational Association. This code has been devised in order to assist teachers in settling difficult questions of professional conduct and to exalt their professional ideals. One of the guiding rules and principles of the association states that in public and private life, the teacher's conduct should be governed only by the highest principles of courage, justice and truth.

The article shares the author's views on the ideals of education in the U.S. The author believes that the country is going away from some of the finest ideals of the old education. One of the ideals was the pursuit of wisdom for its sake. He argues that the progressive teachers do not consciously hold such ideal. Another one is that of freedom of individual initiative. He notes that the development of public education has disregarded the necessity initiatives from students and teachers.

The article presents information about 10 commandments related to student ethics, which are posted on notice boards in schools of Czechoslovakia. The ideals include loving schoolmates as companions, loving and respecting teachers, respecting and honoring honest people, not hurting animals, and working hard for achieving success.

The article reports the importance of giving the development of conduct an appropriate place in education in the U.S. Educators are realizing the necessity of presenting ideas and ideals of what is right in conduct. Honesty, self-control, industriousness and cooperation are the four essentials identified by a well-known sociologist that must be stressed to the students.

The article comments on the inculcation of American ideals, which relate to the government and its underlying principles, among students of civics classes in the U.S. The process, however, has some problematic aspects such as clarifying what the fundamental ideals are and demonstrating their method of development to students.

The article discusses the organizational structure of American education. The author mentioned the educational ideals including the ecclesiastical that provided a learned clergy, the political that insures an intelligent suffrage, and the industrial which was the means to earn a better living. Further, the author discussed the educational system diagram which consisted the seven stages of education including kindergarten, primary, and grammar.

Focuses on the shift of ideals respecting the efficiency of formal culture studies for students. Ground for the retention of formal culture studies; Absorption of the culture of the past by a teacher in any country who has been properly prepared in the literary tradition of his own language; Usefulness of linguistic science.

Features F. Hopkinson Smith as an author. Achievements in authorship; Comparison of Smith's literary ideals from many indulged by other present-day writers; Relation of Smith's other vocations as engineer and painter to his work as author.

The article examines the social conditions in the U.S. It has been predicted that what security, in all aspects, the country has at present is only temporary, and may soon be claimed. One should be remembered that the ideals people hope for in the future are beyond and better than any present reality.

The article focuses on the consolidation of the special studies in the U.S. The author states that teaching involve not only the mental development but also the development of the whole child. He mentions that education aims to develop the student's attitudes, appreciation, emotions, and ideals. The author also cites the essentials of special talent, interest, and preparation for the teachers teaching music, art, and rhythmics.

The article presents a comparison of the changing ideals in education in the years passed and for the coming days. In this essay, the author points out that men and women and years to come will portray a remarkable growth. Some understand their varied goals and few are inclined into an acceptance of the aim that followed in their surrounding. Inasmuch, a need for a new educational program is highly expected.

The article presents a letter addressed to the Most Esteemed Friends of the Order of Pedagogues from a teacher outside the United States who called himself Patience Reality. The letter writer appreciates the fact that the US has welcomed and has been teaching immigrants in their schools. The writer criticized the American focus on educational systems which fit only ideal systems. He said that teaching must be based on reality, not on ideal situations.

The article comments on the speech of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson at Baltimore, Maryland on the anniversary of the entrance of the U.S. into the war. The speech is said to have replied to the Kaiser's declarations for a peace by force. It is also believed that the president has never voiced more successfully the ideals and purposes of the American people.

The article presents a speech by Charles F. Thwing, president of Western Reserve University at Cleveland, Ohio, delivered at the United States National Education Association Conference on August 16-22, 1915 in Oakland, California. Thwing focused on higher ideals in education. The three higher ideals are the higher ideal of the practical, the higher ideal of religion, the higher ideal of a deeper conception of the worth of personality.

The article presents a quotation entitled "Silence is Golden." It offers an advice to keep still when trouble is brewing. When slander is getting onto its legs and feelings are hurt, it advices to keep still. It also cites some of the author's experiences that enabled him to learn the value of silence or keeping still.

The article shares the author's views on the ideals of education in the U.S. The author proposes that the new schemes of educational reform should be approached with mind and heart open to suggestions. He points out that every youth should have the equal opportunity to develop the best in him. He further emphasizes that the bases of real collegiate success must lie in the field of thought, in spiritual and intellectual liberty, and in the field of morals in honesty.