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Intra-osseous hemangiomas are uncommon tumors that can present diagnostic and treatment dilemmas. Bone hemangiomas with papillary and glomeruloid growth patterns are exceptionally rare. We present an example of an intra-osseous hemangioma of the rib displaying aggressive features on both radiology and histology. Morphologically, prominent papillary and glomeruloid architectural patterns were observed, in addition to features of cavernous and capillary hemangiomas. Extensive extra-osseous soft tissue involvement was seen. Awareness of the diverse histological features and locally aggressive behavior of bone hemangiomas is important in avoiding over-interpretation as a malignant lesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building upon the rich tradition of research on governmentality, this paper introduces the notion of market-based governance (i.e. the coordinated efforts of companies to align the conduct of its constituents with the institutional norms, values and interests of the company), and presents an empirical investigation of market-based governance in the context of a sharing economy platform, Airbnb. Whereas existing governmentality research has focused on specific discourses or aspects of governance in the marketplace, our aim is to develop broader-spectrum conceptual tools for 'ordering' the increasingly multifaceted forms of marked-based governance. We show that Airbnb mobilizes three distinct logics of governance (i.e. the regulatory, competitive and communitarian) which subsume diverse modes of power (i.e. the sovereign, disciplinary and pastoral) that contribute to the cultivation of governable subjects (i.e. the compliant subject, entrepreneurial subject and community member). The theoretical framework developed in this work is applied to critically reflect on emergent forms of market-based governance, the dilemmas of multi-logic governance and the uneven geographies of market-based governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Writing in the context of the call for greater diversity, this short commentary makes a dual argument about the need to 'un-discipline' the discipline of International Relations. First: I return to an argument I made many years ago: the need to 'Forget IR Theory' and to explore the key issues in global politics without being constraint by the boundaries of existing debates. Key political problems, from climate change and pandemics, are far too complex to be understood as uniquely international phenomena and through the lenses of disciplinary debates. Second: to un-discipline is not to abandon the study of international relations. Quite the contrary, forgetting the constraining boundaries of academic disciplines can involve engaging back with the discipline of International Relations but, crucially, not on its own terms and not through the debates that have pre-set the boundaries of what is and is not thinkable. Un-disciplining is a process that entails convincing disciplinary scholars of the need to see key dilemmas in global politics in new and creative ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we aim to contribute to current discussions about ethical conduct in qualitative research practice. We provide examples of how ethics is a recurring issue throughout a research process and not just an issue to safeguard procedurally. The examples on which we build our argument are based on three research projects from two countries, namely, Norway and Denmark, focusing on three different groups, namely, the elderly, parents, and children. Through our analyses of these ethical dilemmas, we aim to provide reflections on dilemmas encountered in three different qualitative research projects at three different stages, specifically before, during, and after data collection. We thus provide a way for researchers to frame their work with ethical dilemmas as a continuous process beyond the checklist. Furthermore, we frame complex ethical dilemmas as something not to avoid but as a continuous part of a fruitful analytical process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article first describes and then proposes a practical solution to the professional dilemma between the duty of impartiality and the duty of human rights advocacy that many teachers experience when teaching and talking about politically sensitive issues with students. The article begins by presenting an analysis of the source and signification of the tension between impartiality and human rights advocacy based on evidence from research on teachers' perspectives, the conceptual literature on teaching and learning about controversial issues, and the legal and ethical framework of education. Then, drawing on scholarship on respect for students' right to freedom of religion, the article advances and defends set of basic pedagogical guidelines for teaching and talking about politically sensitive issues that permit teachers to maintain a professional stance of impartiality without abrogating their responsibility to act as human rights advocates. Key to squaring the circle between impartiality and human rights advocacy, the article argues, is for teachers to strive to remain descriptive in their treatment of politically sensitive issues and insist on high standards of reasoning and evidence while at the same time respecting students' right to an opinion, no matter how mistaken that opinion may seem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

King David is the ideal Jewish monarch for Josephus no less than in the Hebrew Bible. Yet, the scriptural stories of David's life are punctuated by dark episodes which subsequent writers and readers have struggled to integrate with their elevated vision of a noble king. In this study, I argue that the difficulties of persuading Josephus' readers in Antiquities that the famed dynastic founder was noble, virtuous, and an ideal leader were even more exacerbated. Reading Josephus' David against the grain of his authorial cues reveals the danger that lay beneath the apologetic veneer: a figure that a Greco-Roman audience could potentially identify as a tyrant. I analyze Josephus' account of King David under the rubric of four common Greco-Roman typologies of the stock tyrant, showing that several stories of David conform in many respects to the tyrannical stereotype. Even Josephus' own alterations, omissions, and additions to the scriptural accounts of David could, at times, have unintentionally worked counter to his apologetic agenda and reinforced a reading of David as a tyrannical figure. Survey of tyrants in Greco-Roman literature confirms my reading as a real possibility, while parallels between David and Herod in Antiquities cement the threat of Josephus' readers parting ways with his apologetic efforts to present David as the most admirable of kings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the challenges and barriers in Danish care professionals' work in relation to elderly citizens who use substances. Method: The study draws on data from a "going along" study of care professionals' encounters with citizens as well as interviews with professionals. This was conducted in two smaller, rural municipalities in Denmark. Findings: Providing adequate care for elderly citizens who use substances can be highly challenging. This is due to a multitude of factors, especially (1) the complexity of their health conditions, (2) contradictory logics of care (autonomy vs. healthy living), (3) citizens often unpredictable behaviours, (4) lack of cooperation between welfare systems and, not least, (5) lack of knowledge and education among healthcare professionals. Conclusions: There is a need for more specialised procedures locally, the appointment of local "experts", better cooperation between sectors and easier accessible training and information on the group on a national level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ursula K. Le Guin's short story "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas," a society's happiness depends on the suffering of a child and the reader is presented as culpable this contract. In the video game Hollow Knight, the kingdom of Hallownest was also designed to thrive under a similar contract through the suffering of the Hollow Knight. However, the game presents the player with the choice of multiple endings: take the place of the child as an ignorant sacrifice, take the place of the child as a willing sacrifice after learning the truth about the bargain, or eradicate the bargain altogether. This retelling in a video game format gives the player an agency that is not afforded to readers engaging with a short story. Ultimately, Hollow Knight not only rejects passivity, but proposes a redemptive arc for the ones who walk away from Omelas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses (the restoration of a sense of) continuity as a necessary part of transformative learning. Using the lenses of rhythm theory, biographical learning, and memory studies, it highlights both the individual and social dimensions for making sense of the past after a period of change. Discussing the example of an individual transformation and the social transition of Eastern Europe in the 1980s–1990s, it explores two aspects of the transformation process: the need for stability and the selective and altering nature of our process of remembrance. It advocates for developing the capacity to reflect on how we relate to our past and how we narrate the course of our lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GRADE-CERQual (Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research) was developed to support the use of evidence from qualitative reviews within policy- and decision-making. To date, the approach has been applied predominantly to aggregative synthesis methodologies and descriptive review findings. GRADE-CERQual guidance recommends the approach be tested on more diverse review methodologies and outputs to support its evolution. This paper contributes to this evolution by reflecting on our experiences of applying GRADE-CERQual to findings that emerged from a recent Cochrane meta-ethnography on childhood vaccination. Specifically, we describe the similarities and differences, challenges and dilemmas we experienced applying the approach to more interpretive versus more descriptive review findings. We found that we were able to apply the core criteria and principles of GRADE-CERQual in ways that were congruent with the methodologies and epistemologies of a meta-ethnography and its findings. We also found that the practical application processes were similar across review finding types. The main differences related to the level of demand placed on the evidence and the level of complexity involved with the decisions. Compared to more descriptive findings, more interpretive findings required evidence that was richer, thicker, more contextually situated and methodologically stronger for us to have the same level of confidence in them. Making the assessments for these findings also involved more complicated forms of judgement. We provide practical examples to illustrate these complexities and how we approached them, which others applying GRADE-CERQual to more interpretive review findings could draw upon. We also highlight areas requiring further discussion, in the hope that this will offer a platform for engagement and the potential future refinement of the approach. Ultimately, this could enhance the usability of GRADE-CERQual for a larger range of qualitative review findings and in turn expand the kinds of knowledges that count within decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the underexplored topic of teacher preparation program admissions processes by interviewing faculty and analyzing program documents. We investigated how 31 K-12 mathematics and science teacher preparation programs (MSTPPs) and faculty attend to diversity, equity, inclusion, and social and racial justice (DEIJ). Specific foci included applicant recruitment and selection, components of applications (e.g., forms, essays, and interviews), and how applicants' DEIJ-related information and orientations factor into admissions. We found that all MSTPPs participating in the study collected information related to DEIJ (e.g., applicants' ethnoracial backgrounds, citizenship), and all interviewed faculty expressed an interest in increasing the diversity of applicants and admitted students. Faculty expressed preferences for applicants who evidenced positive DEIJ orientations, such as recognizing social and ethnoracial injustices, but at the same time, differences were evident in how MSTPPs and faculty attended to DEIJ. Considerations, implications, and dilemmas for teacher preparation programs and faculty are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The imperative to conduct research ethically has been firmly established. Biomedical and applied research in the Global North has dominated the development of an ethical framework based on four broad principles: respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence and justice. The prevailing research ethics can become significant constraints to political scientists focussing on non-democratic settings. The appropriateness of these codes in guiding political scientists' research, especially in authoritarian contexts of Central Asia, is examined. The article outlines the need for a more culturally and contextually nuanced approach to research ethics and an understanding of the discipline-specific ethical dilemmas for researchers within political science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we advance the literature on ambidexterity by investigating how employees interpret and react to a multinational organization's overarching strategic mandate to become ambidextrous. Our grounded model, based on qualitative data collected from 78 employees and managers in a multinational corporation, reveals that individuals vary in their experience of the innovation–efficiency tension as either a dilemma marked by cognitive dissonance and charged with negative emotions or as a paradox lived as a stimulating challenge rife with positive emotions. Our findings further reveal a multiplicity of proactive responses, such as innovation via integration and segmentation, and conservative responses, including trivializing, rationalizing, and resisting innovation. We detail how this variation in experiences and responses is dependent on individuals' understanding of the complexity of the global environment, and their relationships in the proximal context supportive of innovation. Our model extends our understanding of ambidexterity in multinational enterprises by bridging the macro–micro divide between the organizational strategic mandate and individuals' cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses, consequently revealing how ambidexterity unfolds across levels in a global organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research examines joint collective action between advantaged and disadvantaged groups, from the perspective of the latter. We hypothesize that joint action poses a dilemma which lies in the tension between perceived instrumentality of joint action (i.e., ability to promote the disadvantaged's goals) and perceived normalization (i.e., its tendency to blur power relations). We test this idea across three studies in the United States and Israel/Palestine. In Study 1 (n = 361) we manipulated perceptions of joint action from the perspective of a hypothetical character, and in Study 2 (n = 378) we presented participants with an article highlighting the risk and benefit of joint activism. Results showed that perceived instrumentality increases, whereas perceived normalization decreases joint action tendencies. In Study 3 (n = 240), we described a joint action event that taps into some of the themes that induce concerns about normalization. We found that normalization perceptions feed into perceptions of instrumentality, and this occurred mainly among high identifiers, for whom the dilemma is most salient. The implications of these findings for understanding the complexity of joint collective action from the perspective of the disadvantaged are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk has become a dominant focus in criminal justice practice. While this can improve the effectiveness of practices for reducing offending, it can also stigmatise and create barriers for those attempting to desist from crime. To explore this apparent dilemma, we applied conversation analysis and discursive psychology to examine risk-talk in 12 video-recorded sessions of a groupwork programme for addressing sexual offending. We found both practitioners and clients oriented to notions of risk in their talk. They drew on risk-talk as a resource to construct narratives that support desistance, emphasising awareness of risks, having control, and gaining hope and agency over the future. However, risk-talk was resisted when it challenged the client's self-presentation. Building on previous empirical and theoretical work on desistance and criminal justice practice, we found it is possible for people to incorporate aspects of risk into their personal narratives in order to weave a narrative of rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How close does a nation come to the brink of war with an opponent during the process of crisis bargaining? The present study constructs a new formal model focused on a challenger's incentive to intensify military provocations against a defender that involve a trade-off between securing a more profitable bargaining outcome and increasing the risk of accidental war. This model identifies the conditions under which the defender's threat of military coercion effectively deters the challenger from engaging in his payoff-maximizing level of provocations. The numerical simulations suggest that a military buildup by a nation can cause counterintuitive results, namely, the armament dilemma, depending on the balance of the marginal benefits and costs for participants and the effectiveness of deterrence. Meanwhile, a state's military buildup always strengthens its own bargaining power relative to its opponent's regardless of the occurrence of this dilemma; that is, the paradox of power does not arise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article draws on an online survey to collect data about the perceptions of Moroccan secondary school teachers of English in connection with their use of translation in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teaching and learning settings. As in previous research on L1 (first language) use, this study emphasizes the unavoidability of translation and the discrepancy between teachers' attitudes and their real teaching habits. Uncovering participants' lack of awareness of the communicative benefits of translation is the major contribution of this study. We recommend reconsidering the communicative prospects of translation for teachers who face the dilemma of inevitable translation, and the trepidation of its long-held uncommunicative assumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an increased focus on fostering integrity in research by through creating an open culture where research integrity dilemmas can be discussed. We describe a pilot intervention study that used Moral Case Deliberation (MCD), a method that originated in clinical ethics support, to discuss research integrity dilemmas with researchers. Our research question was: can moral case deliberation in research groups help to navigate research integrity dilemmas? We performed 10 MCDs with 19 researchers who worked in three different research groups from three different disciplinary fields at a university in the Netherlands. We analyzed the dilemmas and values discussed, sent out a survey questionnaire to assess self-perceived moral competencies, and conducted in-depth interviews. We found research integrity dilemmas pertained to authorship disputes, supervision of junior co-workers, and questionable handling of data. Participants perceived the majority of moral competencies to a higher degree during the MCD when compared to perceiving them in daily practice afterward. Interviewees told us that they felt most comfortable discussing dilemmas among peers with whom they were not closely affiliated. We conclude that MCD sessions could be relevant in navigating research integrity dilemmas, but that revisions to ensure commitment and safety are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In social interactions, the reciprocity norm implies to adjust one's behavior to that of the other agents. Conversely, behaving according to self-interest involves taking into account the reciprocity principle only if it does not hinder the achievement of one's goals. However, reciprocity and self-interest may conflict with each other, as when returning a kind action involves sacrificing the possibility to achieve a personal objective. The conflict could be exacerbated by some contextual factors, such as competitive pressures. This study investigated, in a competitive interaction context, which principle prevails when the two conflict. To this end, 276 unpaid participants (M = 138) took part in a two-stage experiment entailing a simulated interaction with a fictitious opponent, which behaved selfishly, fairly or altruistically toward them during the first stage. Participants had to decide whether or not to reciprocate the opponent's previous behavior, which in the critical experimental conditions conflicted with the goal to successfully complete the experiment. So, they were faced with a moral dilemma. Competition degree was manipulated to make the conflict between reciprocity and self-interest more or less harsh. Moreover, we tested whether the putative effect of experimental manipulation was mediated by changes in context-related affective states and personal beliefs about morality. Results showed that decision-making was principally influenced by reciprocity. Regardless of the competition degree, participants preferred to engage in reciprocal behavior even when this compromised their personal interest. Affective states and beliefs changed in response to the experimental manipulation, but they did not mediate the effect of the independent variable on decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical and legal accounts of domestic military and militarized use abound, but there is no systematic normative treatment of the issue. This article argues that an important normative principle that governs domestic military use is that citizens ought not to be treated as enemies. Using examples drawn from the United States, it shows that apart from any instrumental considerations such as fears of military coups and excessive violence, domestic military use is prohibited in principle when it relates to citizens as enemies. To treat citizens as enemies undermines their standing as members of the state's political community, and so violates governments' duty to not commit expressive harms against them. This principle has implications for current dilemmas regarding domestic military use, as well as militarized domestic law enforcement. The latter gain the normative commitments of militaries as they militarize, and in so doing lose permissions to operate domestically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Africa Spectrum is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article establishes a framework for teaching and learning for mutual respect. I define mutual respect as intervening on power asymmetries typically found in classrooms by way of according students increased equality, autonomy, and equity. In highlighting how equality, autonomy, and equity interact in ongoing and unpredictable ways in classrooms, this framework permits greater awareness of the many dilemmas with which educators are faced. Furthermore, by attending to the different ways mutual respect can be operationalized (i.e., instruction, organization, social relations), this framework can assist school leaders when determining how school-level decisions may interact with mutual respect in classrooms. This framework is thus a tool for researchers and educators when considering how to transform teaching and learning to promote social justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migration can be understood as a breach in life experience, creating a transition, and identity narratives as a strategy to repair this breach. Our study focuses on how two classical dilemmas that characterize this process are navigated in the narrative of migration of the participant (An Ecuadorian migrant woman in Andalusia): self versus others, and continuity of the self over time, despite changes. A semi-structured interview was conducted to achieve the objectives of the study. The interview was transcribed and analyzed on three axes: 1) Migration settings, identifying the dominant spaces of interaction where the migration narrative takes place; 2) Migration I-positions and voices, identifying the I-positions and voices involved in the narrative; and 3) Continuities and discontinuities in the identity narrative. The results demonstrated that the main settings and positions in the narrative were related to nationality, gender, and religion in relation to the dilemmas of self versus others and continuity versus change. These positions help the participant negotiate self-continuity in front of the changes associated with migration and the resistance against xenophobic discourses and positions in the host country. Results support the analysis of the transition processes associated to migration based on the concept of proculturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores key ethical and security challenges related to exploitation of open-source intelligence (OSINT) in research on online terrorist propaganda. In order to reach this objective, the most common approaches to OSINT-based projects are analysed through the lens of some of the most recognized ethical guidelines in science, which allowed several core dilemmas to be identified. First of all, this study discusses how personal data protection rules are applicable to investigations of potentially dangerous subjects, such as members and followers of Violent Extremist Organizations (VEOs). In addition, the author examines potential threats to the safety of researchers and the scientific infrastructure used in OSINT-based projects. He also discusses the risks of incidental findings and malevolent use of research results. Finally, drawing from existing legal regulations and good practices in other fields, as well as the author's previous experience in OSINT-based analyses of online terrorist activities, this article explores basic means of tackling these dilemmas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mental Healthcare Act 2017 (MHCA) came into force on 29 May 2018. Goa State Mental Health Authority (GSMHA) notified the Mental Health Review Board on 8 February 2022, completing the important process of implementation of the act. The transition comes with challenges. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted with 18 practicing psychiatrists who had worked under Mental Health Act 1987 as well as MHCA 2017 through purposive sampling across Goa. Data was collected through individual interviews; analysis was done by Braune and Clarke's framework of Thematic Analysis. Results: Eighteen psychiatrists participated: 4 private, 3 secondary and 11 from tertiary levels. The themes extracted were work during MHA 1987, transition, and after the implementation of MHCA 2017. Some participants reported difficulties, felt an increase in workload, and had negative emotions, while a few were neutral, indicating mixed perceptions. Conclusion: This study highlights the administrative struggles and moral dilemmas faced by psychiatrists in handling the new legislation. It's imperative that the implementation of new act should be carried out with sufficient resource allocation and monitoring mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In social dilemmas, asymmetric opportunities among actors can aggravate the conflict between individual and collective interests. We examine if and under what conditions redistributing extraction opportunities symmetrically fosters sustainable resource consumption. Participants in two studies (total n =640) completed a common resource game, first under asymmetric distribution of extraction opportunities (i.e., two advantaged group members could extract more than two disadvantaged group members) and then under symmetric distribution (i.e., all group members could extract the same amount). Advantaged (vs. disadvantaged) individuals took more from the resource in the asymmetric game and voted more often for the maintenance of the asymmetric system. Consumption was overall not more sustainable under symmetric (vs. asymmetric) distribution. We did not find evidence that these effects depend on the legitimacy of status positions. Of note, the symmetric game elicited higher satisfaction and fairness ratings in both status groups. The findings demonstrate how unequal access to resources fosters unequal consumption despite broad support for symmetry as the fairer system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe a team game that implements a social dilemma between ingroup cooperation and defection by self-enriching outgroup exchange. We test hypotheses derived from social identity theory about how group status and belief about individual mobility and group mobility affect exchange behavior. We ran 60 experimental team games between rich and poor groups under one of four experiment conditions in a fully crossed design, manipulating the presence or absence of individual mobility and group mobility beliefs. Each game was played over 10 rounds in which participants generated wealth for self or group by allocating tokens to either the ingroup or outgroup bank or to outgroup individuals. We identify 10 exchange strategies via latent class analysis and show how class membership and resulting perceptions of group trust are predicted by the experimental conditions. The results show that rich status and individual mobility promote defecting exchanges with outgroup individuals, and that behavior under individual mobility beliefs weakens ingroup trust. In contrast, intergroup competition of the group mobility condition did not affect ingroup cooperation versus defection or trust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Moral distress has been extensively studied in developed economies; however, not much in terms of studies has been carried out in developing economies. Objective: To review the literature reporting the experience of moral distress in nurses in health care settings in developing economies. Design: An integrative literataure review was used. Method: Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online Cochrane and Psych INFO were searched to retrieve titles and abstracts of papers on the experience of moral distress in nurses in developing economies. Results: Sixteen articles reporting the experience of moral distress in nurses in developing economies published between 1984 and March 2019 were used for the review. Analysis of the findings revealed seven themes, nurses' experience of moral distress, inadequate material and human resources, end-of-life challenges, cultural and religious beliefs as a source of moral distress, perceived inactions of medical and nursing staff, impact of moral distress on nurses in developing economies and coping strategies. Conclusion: There is paucity of empirical studies on moral distress in nurses in developing economies. More qualitative studies are needed in various cultural settings to enhance its understanding in nurses working in developing economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce character into organizational learning by building theory about how strength of individual character enhances organizational learning and how unbalanced or weak character undermine organizational learning. Bringing character into organizational learning theory helps to elucidate the type of judgment (i.e. character-based judgment anchored in all dimensions of character) that is missing but required in organizational learning to resolve organizational learning dilemmas that have persisted in the field. In connecting character to organizational learning, we rely on the multi-level processes of the 4I framework of organizational learning as scaffolding to theoretically introduce the processes of character activation, character contagion, and character embeddedness and discuss how the different character configurations and processes enhance organizational learning across levels in an organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous reflections exist regarding who should be held accountable and what lessons should be learned from the military withdrawal and political collapse of Afghanistan. This essay argues that the failures in Afghanistan are second- and third-order effects of a failure of strategic thinking on behalf of civilian and military leadership alike. I argue that this failure of strategic thinking is caused, in part, by the overreliance on concepts of civil–military relations espoused by Samuel Huntington. These concepts have been inculcated by a professional military education system that has subsequently developed a generation of officers with an atrophied appreciation for the political aspects of war, and an inability to link operational prowess to the achievement of strategic objectives. This dilemma is aggravated by a similar overreliance on systematic thinking, which further obscures the linkages between the military and political aspects of strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social technicalization refers to the construction and operation of society in accordance with the principles of technology. The stage of modern social technicalization was spawned after the Industrial Revolution and has mainly been manifested in two aspects: the heavy reliance of the operation of society on technology, and the increasing rationality of social technology. Modern society has undergone four stages of development driven by natural and social technologies: the initial stage, the institutionalised stage, the era of globalisation and the era of intelligence. The standardisation of social technology into natural technology, the comprehensive shaping of the human perspective and the promotion of social technicalization to attain social modernisation highlight the rationality and progressiveness of the technicalization of modern society. However, the rise of technological rationality also poses the dilemma of the one-sided human pursuit of efficiency, which has deepened the conflict between technology and culture and has exacerbated the imbalance between the development of social technology and natural technology. This needs to be examined dialectically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Planning Education & Research is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This study examines the sources and intensity of moral distress among school district leaders during the first full school year of the Covid-19 pandemic and investigates their coping mechanisms for addressing issues that create moral dilemmas for them. Design and Evidence: We draw on semi-structured interviews with 26 school district leaders across 13 school districts in the Northwestern United States. Brief summaries detailing themes in each interview were prepared. Magnitude coding was used to understand the intensity of district leaders' feelings of distress. Open coding and axial coding allowed us to categorize the origins/sources of distress and the approaches/strategies district leaders used to reduce feelings of moral distress. Findings: Reported moral distress ranged from none to moderate but manageable amounts. Three types of problems were described as morally distressing: political problems with the community or unions, staff problems including staff stress, staff resistance, and collaboration amongst staff members, and an inability to meet student needs due to resource, policy, or community/family constraints. Leaders' coping mechanisms included social responses such as team building, but also drew on individual virtues such as persistence and patience. Implications: Within the ranks of district leaders, the extent to which leaders frame their challenges in a moral frame is varied. A sizable group articulated challenges with implications for moral action in primarily technical or political terms. If district leaders engage unevenly with the moral tradeoffs of their decisions, they risk adopting an overly managerialist frame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 21st century rise of culturally omnivorous tastes and classifications proffers a new dilemma for how markets create attachments and achieve trust for global consumers. Consumer entities must be both globally circulatable and offer a sense of localized authenticity without compromising either. Drawing from research on market trust and attachment, this article introduces the concept of mobile trust regimes to account for how sets of actors and repertoires attempt to address this tension. Through two case studies from gastronomic industries—food halls and natural wine—we investigate the devices of mobility used to facilitate the global circulation of the local. These include standardized aesthetic and affective templates communicated through physical décor, recurrent narratives, and social media curation. We argue that the concept of mobile trust regimes helps clarify two key issues in contemporary consumer culture: tensions between homogenization and heterogenization and how the symbolic value of omnivorous tastes becomes institutionalized and even banal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper critically evaluates two aspects of Maxime Lepoutre's important book, Democratic Speech in Divided Times. First, I examine Lepoutre's approach to the shared reasons constraint—the requirement to offer shared reasons within public deliberation—and the place of emotions in public discourse. I argue that he, and indeed all who adopt such a highly inclusivist approach, face a dilemma that pushes him either to apply the shared reasons constraint more widely than he desires or to abandon it completely. I chart a course through this dilemma, but one that involves significant revisions to Lepoutre's position, particularly regarding the need for idealization. Second, I consider Lepoutre's use of the systemic approach to public discourse, which is central to many of his arguments, including his responses to critics of the discursive democratic ideal. Using his arguments regarding angry speech and dogmatic group cognition as illustrative, I highlight the somewhat speculative nature of these systemic arguments, which often rely on conjectures about how the system might operate, how its parts fit together, and how the system as a whole might attenuate seemingly problematic features of its component parts. This limits the ultimate persuasiveness of Lepoutre's responses to skepticism about democratic speech in our divided times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When faced with complex public policy challenges, policymakers grapple with a dilemma between assuming direct political control (politicisation) or creating 'distance' through arm's length, often market-orientated governance arrangements (depoliticisation). We contend that both processes co-exist and operate simultaneously though empirically speaking, little is known about how they interact over time to inform policy change. We compare how the Heath and Wilson-Callaghan governments responded to this 'recurrent dilemma' in the Nationalised Industries during the 1970s. Drawing on new archival material, our research reveals that a desire to retain political control was repeatedly supplemented by attempts to embed depoliticising, quasi-market disciplinary mechanisms. Our focus on the 'intercurrence' of politicisation and depoliticisation, understood as the simultaneous operation of older and newer governance arrangements, reveals the long, complex lineage of privatisation, adding nuance to accounts that present it simplistically as part of a paradigm shift in the 1980s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key dilemma facing a military which considers democratization is whether it is confident that civilians will protect its interests. A military's confidence is a function of three factors: preference alignment with parties (trust), an expectation that allied parties will survive the transition (party institutionalization), and an expectation that allied parties can win power to protect it (party strength). When parties which the military trusts are institutionalized and strong, the military is confident that democratization will not endanger its interests. When these factors are absent, the military seeks to generate credible commitments through bounded democratization—a strategy of setting parameters on open contestation and popular sovereignty to constrain civilians. I test this argument using an original dataset on 525 regime transitions and a novel measure of bounded democratization. I find that when the institutionalization and strength of trusted parties decrease, the military proactively sets constraints on the developing political system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Prespa Agreement concluded between (North) Macedonia and Greece in June 2018 is hailed as a major success for the European Union's (EU) policy of promoting conflict resolution through in the Balkans and beyond. At the same time, in the case of the so-called Macedonian name dispute, the EU hindered compromise as membership in the bloc provided Athens with asymmetric leverage over Skopje. The article argues that the European institutions made a positive contribution by empowering opposition to state capture in Macedonia, helping resolve a domestic political crisis between 2015 and 2017, and facilitating the transfer of power to a government willing to compromise with Greece. Even if the Prespa Agreement resulted from a bargain between Athens and Skopje, intervention in Macedonian politics by the EU, the United States, and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) played a critical role in passing the constitutional changes agreed in the deal. The article examines the name dispute from the perspective of the literature on the EU as an agent of conflict transformation, arguing that European integration's "enabling impact" is key to understanding and explaining the genesis of the Prespa Agreement. It also contends that the EU faced a dilemma between the pursuit of stability and the promotion of the rule of law and accountability, often prioritising the former over the latter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Testing for COVID‐19 is a key intervention that supports tracking and isolation to prevent further infections. However, diagnostic tests are a scarce and finite resource, so abundance in one country can quickly lead to shortages in others, creating a competitive landscape. Countries experience peaks in infections at different times, meaning that the need for diagnostic tests also peaks at different moments. This phase lag implies opportunities for a more collaborative approach, although countries might also worry about the risks of future shortages if they help others by reallocating their excess inventory of diagnostic tests. This article features a simulation model that connects three subsystems: COVID‐19 transmission, the diagnostic test supply chain, and public policy interventions aimed at flattening the infection curve. This integrated system approach clarifies that, for public policies, there is a time to be risk‐averse and a time for risk‐taking, reflecting the different phases of the pandemic (contagion vs. recovery) and the dominant dynamic behavior that occurs in these phases (reinforcing vs. balancing). In the contagion phase, policymakers cannot afford to reject extra diagnostic tests and should take what they can get, in line with a competitive mindset. In the recovery phase, policymakers can afford to give away excess inventory to other countries in need (one‐sided collaboration). When a country switches between taking and giving, in a form of two‐sided collaboration, it can flatten the curve, not only for itself but also for others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today on social media I see an uprising of anger against Western psychiatry and its 19th- and 20th-century practices used to address mental distress and extreme experiences. I notice movements in social media groups that support people in new frameworks of understanding. At the same time, many practitioners realize that their biomedical training does not fit the spirit of our times: there are psychiatrists and psychologists who question the original diagnoses of their professions. Across Europe, America, and Australia, there are new practices set up by mental health service providers who want to see the status quo changed. Colleagues are reevaluating the nature of human consciousness and subtle energy, and they want to end stigma and the myth of labels. They are listening more closely to ancient wisdoms of indigenous people. I wrote this article to acknowledge our dilemma between challenging frameworks of knowledge, to explore the gap between different perspectives, and to suggest that we need a cultural U-turn toward more sensitive training in our educational institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Religiosity shapes the individual's value and belief system and consequently their consumption behaviour. This article aims to better understand how lived religiosity interacts with consumption. Based on introspections with 20 practising Catholics, our results reveal the dynamics and manifestations of the dilemma in consumption and show how individuals deal with consumption. The discussion highlights (1) a moral-spiritual dilemma that results from a tension between Catholic doctrine and consumerist culture; (2) the making of meaning, via agentivity in consumption and discernment vis-à-vis religious precepts. This research enriches the literature on religiosity and consumption by revealing the contexts and situations in which religiosity is more or less mobilised, revisited and negotiated to confer meaning on consumption. The contributions of this research also make it possible to formulate several managerial implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The courtyard form of the traditional Arab house responded to both climate and the culture of its inhabitants. Islamic values, as well as socioeconomic factors, played crucial roles in the design. However, the mid-20th century marked the beginning of Saudi Arabia's first rapid economic growth as a result of the discovery of oil; which dramatically increased the wealth and prosperity of the population, and resulted in new lifestyles. This period witnessed the introduction of the grid layout street pattern and the detached villa house. This type became the prevalent style in Saudi Arabia, the central province, and Riyadh in particular. While the traditional courtyard house more than satisfied cultural needs, increasingly it was viewed inappropriate for affluent 21st-century lifestyles. Yet this research confirmed that the villa style is creating fundamental problems for Saudi families. The theoretical framework is set in sustainability theory, and investigates the principles of home through human needs, place, and house. The methodology uses a survey strategy with questionnaires, interviews, and building analysis to determine which aspects of home are satisfied by each type. The dilemma is that Saudi families will not return to the courtyard type because it does not meet important requirements of status; whereas the villa type does not meet significant criteria such as privacy. The context is increasing climatic temperatures, which are making both types increasingly uncomfortable. This study highlights the need for a specific contemporary home style that would satisfy 21st-century aspirations, respect Islamic culture, and respond to changing climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's stock market experienced a major boom and bust between 2014 and 2015, with profound implications on China's financial stability and governance reforms. Drawing on the organizational studies literature on hybrids, this article analyses how the hybridization of multiple logics has shaped the regulatory incentives, policy process and market dynamics in the evolution of China's stock market crisis in 2015. It argues that China's stock market governance has been trapped by the multi-task regulatory dilemma with logic volatility endogenous to its hybrid regime, which poses fundamental constraints on China's financial stability and regulatory effectiveness. It concludes by discussing the alternative approaches of managing hybridity with integration and differentiation strategies in China's post-crisis financial governance reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defining and bounding a case are recognized as especially important components in designing a case study. Discussions concerning the case study methodology and the relationship between theory and research in this domain has been featured in the literature for some time now. Yet, the process of identifying or constructing a case and the contribution of theory in this space seem neglected. This paper discusses how a case can be defined and bounded, and the role of the literature and theory in the process. Throughout the article, the author draws upon her experiences in the course of her PhD project vis-à-vis interests and power in Norwegian Svalbard politics. The article is divided into three parts. The first part considers how to define a case. The second part discusses how to bound a case. The third part digs deeper into the dilemmas of using the literature and theory in these processes. Although there may not be any clear solution to these dilemmas, the author finds that treating preliminary definitions and boundaries as sensitizing concepts can allow a researcher to find "the stuff" that pushes the study toward more interesting findings and theoretical innovations. However, neither methodology textbooks nor journal articles carry the solution to such dilemmas. Rather, the researcher's own reflection specific to actual research can be a panacea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covering a conflict for journalists when they are members of one of the conflicting parties has some professional and moral dilemmas. It creates tensions between their professionalism and sense of belonging to their community. This article, focusing on journalism on both sides of Cyprus, explores how journalists think of their role in conflict-affected societies. Based on semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with journalists from the Turkish Cypriot media and Greek Cypriot media, it explores journalists' self-reflection of their roles and the forces they believe that affect their work when reporting on the Cyprus conflict. The findings show journalists do not have a fixed identity but a changeable one. They renegotiate and reproduce the meaning and role of journalism in society, and move between professional and ethnic identities depending on the state of the conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much scholarship on the separation scene in Paradise Lost focuses on whether or not Adam could have acted differently to prevent Eve from working alone. The separation scene, however, is impossible to resolve. Through this scene, Milton traces the origin of his own struggle to reconcile the principles of political freedom. In Brief Notes upon a late Sermon, Milton faces the reality that his own principles cannot be reconciled. The separation scene places Adam in a similar situation, as he struggles to reconcile Raphael's conflicting advice regarding following God's will. Milton's and Adam's failures raise questions regarding the possibility of human freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While learning involves the acquisition of skills and the development of repertoires, some educators harbor even more profound learning goals, seeking to enable learning that is transformative. Theorizing about transformative learning posits that it is precipitated by a disorienting dilemma. Disorienting dilemmas may be thought of as times when new information causes a person to call into question their values, beliefs, or assumptions. Transformative learning can occur through rich, experiential learning experiences or life events, and it can also occur in the classroom. While much has been written about transformational learning, the teacher's role in the process is undertheorized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reflects on six dilemmas that teachers and mentors may face during the implementation of project-based learning (PBL): (a) the conflict between student autonomy and teacher control, (b) the belief incongruence between a mentor and a mentee, (c) the gap between an advanced pedagogy and novice teachers, (d) the gap between a mentee's need for more support and a mentor's limited support, (e) the conflict between a mentor's excessive modeling and a mentee's need for practice, and (f) the problem that a mentor focuses more on student performance than on teacher growth. Understanding these dilemmas may improve PBL training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the topic of false dilemmas in early childhood academics, specifically the debate surrounding whether academic instruction should be provided to young children. It presents five common false dilemmas and argues for a more balanced perspective that takes into account the developmental progression of academic skills and the individual needs of children. The article also addresses the achievement gap, the play-based versus explicit instruction debate, different approaches to assessment, and the role of errors in academic instruction. It emphasizes the importance of collaboration and learning from diverse perspectives to support the academic development of all children. [Extracted from the article]

Many societal challenges are threshold dilemmas requiring people to cooperate to reach a threshold before group benefits can be reaped. Yet receiving feedback about others’ outcomes relative to one’s own (relative feedback) can undermine cooperation by focusing group members’ attention on outperforming each other. We investigated the impact of relative feedback compared to individual feedback (only seeing one’s own outcome) on cooperation in children from Germany and India (6- to 10-year-olds, N = 240). Using a threshold public-goods game with real water as a resource, we show that, although feedback had an effect, most groups sustained cooperation at high levels in both feedback conditions until the end of the game. Analyses of children’s communication (14,374 codable utterances) revealed more references to social comparisons and more verbal efforts to coordinate in the relative-feedback condition. Thresholds can mitigate the most adverse effects of social comparisons by focusing attention on a common goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]