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Objective: This study aimed to determine the extent to which people admitted to a private psychiatric inpatient unit access and utilise the gymnasium and individualised coaching with an exercise physiologist (EP). Methods: An audit of the medical record of 100 consecutive discharges and 60 individuals referred to an EP during the audit period was undertaken. Selected demographic information, physical health status, psychiatric diagnosis and routinely collected outcome data were extracted from files. Results: Twenty-four percent of people discharged from the hospital had documentary evidence of having attended the gym. These people were noted to have used the gym regularly and had an exercise prescription documented on discharge. Those with substance use disorder were more likely to use the gym than those diagnosed with an affective disorder. There were no significant differences in outcomes between those who were noted to exercise and those who did not. Conclusion: Those who may most benefit from coaching around exercise in the context of hospital admission are not presently the individuals most likely to be referred to an EP. Standardised procedures for assessment, referral, exercise prescription and ongoing monitoring of activity and outcomes are recommended across the care continuum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a widely known phenomenon among gym goers. For many of them, experiencing DOMS the day after working out in the gym is often perceived as rewarding and something of which to brag and be proud. Although existing work within the biomedical field has undoubtedly shed light on coping with and managing DOMS, there remains little in-depth qualitative research on the gym goer's lived experience regarding this phenomenon. Following Becker's conceptual framework of using marihuana for pleasure, the article will examine the way gym goers learn to attain pleasure and gratification in times of DOMS through a process of reframing and socialization. Ethnographic research was conducted for two years in two gyms, using a combination of participant observation and semi-structured interviews. Findings illustrate three coherent stages a novice gym goer experiences while becoming an experienced gym goer and enjoying DOMS: (1) learning the proper "working-out" technique required to experience positive effects; (2) recognizing the effects of DOMS and their connection with the workout; and (3) enjoying the effects of DOMS caused by working out. Moreover, once gym goers manage to change the definition of negative sensations and interpret them as enjoyable, DOMS often becomes an indispensable experience that has to be religiously pursued. In this context, the audience in front of which the gym goers perform their DOMS serves as a "front region of behavior" for gaining social recognition by instrumentalizing their pain to strengthen and solidify their gym goer identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many gym goers, grunting in times of bodily exertion is perceived as a voluntary performance, a self-evident expression for which they can waive any responsibility. Drawing on a symbolic interaction approach, this paper provides a novel examination of grunting as a social phenomenon. It demonstrates the role of grunting as a social symbol and its connection to social spaces and identities, gender norms, and power relations. The scope of sociological research on grunting in times of bodily exertion is relatively limited and often relegated to the context of biomedicine. Therefore, the contribution of this paper is to address the lacuna of research that focuses on the link between grunting as a socially constructed phenomenon and its sociocultural implications. Ethnographic research was conducted for 3 years in two gyms, using a combination of participant observation and semi-structured interviews. Key findings illustrate three themes toward the role of grunting: grunting and socialization; grunting and space; and finally, grunting and situational adjustment. It is argued that grunting at the gym is socially constructed, a rational and voluntary action that is negotiated, controlled, and adjusted according to the situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relaying on years of ethnographic research and boxers' life stories, this article examines how boxers from racialized and marginalized communities hope for family and glory in a Midwestern U.S. gym. Hope for family is embraced by youth and young adults who develop familial ties with trainers and fellow boxers. Hope for glory begins in gyms but ultimately must be sought in competitive arenas of elite amateur tournaments and professional boxing. Competitive arenas, however, exists in sociocultural systems that capitalize on the brutalization and exploitation of racialized bodies as boxing fanatics crave blood, pain, and concussions. In these contexts, boxers' hope for glory is fulfilled through exploitation—both physical and cultural—of their collective bodies; and hope for glory compromises the relationships and sense of community that are established as boxers pursue hope for family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a public building for exercises and entertainments, gymnasiums play an important role in people's daily life. In regions with hot-humid climate, thermal sensation in gymnasiums is directly related to the human health as well as energy consumption. However, little can be found in the systematic evaluation system reported for thermal sensation of athletes in gymnasium in hot-humid climate regions; therefore, there is a need to develop a thermal sensation model for evaluating thermal sensation of athletes partaking sports in these environments. In this study, a field survey on thermal sensation of players in a basketball game was carried out in a naturally ventilated gymnasium in Guangzhou, China. The results showed that the human physiology and thermal sensation of subjects were highly different during active sport state. Moreover, the thermal sensation vote was increased with a rise in the air temperature, the mean radiant temperature and humidity ratio, while thermal sensation vote was reduced with an increase in the air velocity. The metabolic rate, systolic blood pressure and skin temperature were shown to have a positive correlation with the thermal sensation vote. According to the analysis, a predictive thermal sensation model, which has been developed by this study to estimate the thermal sensation under high-intensive sport activities in gymnasiums in regions with a high temperature and high humidity, was evaluated and validated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This article describes the social organization of the 'Tranvieri' boxing gym in Bolognina, a working class Bologna neighbourhood that has seen rapid change over the last 20 years due to the closure of factories and arrival of immigrants, especially from the Maghreb. The population of the gym has changed accordingly: currently, about two-thirds of those attending the gym as a leisure centre are children of immigrants. I have studied the practices of everyday life, the 'techniques of the body' of these young boxers born in Italy but without citizenship, who frequent the gym daily after vocational school or work and attending to family responsibilities. For these young men, boxing is not a solution to the frustrations inflicted by a social world they perceive as indifferent, if not hostile, towards them; rather, it offers them a chance to be represented within that world as something other than merely excluded. As scholars have shown, boxing is a male world: women are perceived as extraneous to the gym and, although two or three women practise boxing at Tranvieri, female boxing is generally met with disapproval. The tension between the boxing world and the world of women is also exhibited in the conflict between trainers, who wish to strictly control the athletes in terms of diet, schedules and sexual practices, and the boxers' mothers, wives and girlfriends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CrossFit is a relatively new fitness movement/sport, where women and men train together in the same space, performing the same athletic movements and gender equality is celebrated in CrossFit marketing, promoting equal opportunities for men and women. This paper explores how the much emphasized gender-equality narrative in CrossFit unfolds in gender performativity in a Dutch CrossFit gym. To this end, we draw from an ethnographic case study through which we examine the gendered narratives and bodily gestures of CrossFitters. Using Butler's heterosexual matrix, we found that gender ideologies emerge in explicit and implicit narratives, materials and organizational structure, and embodied performances in the CrossFit gym. CrossFitters, on the one hand, explicitly challenge gender norms and create a space where women can undertake behaviour that is traditionally considered masculine. However, traditional gender norms, including heterosexual desire, are nonetheless implicitly reproduced through performances, narratives and organizational structures present in CrossFit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I explore manifest and latent discourses about masculinity in a predominantly white, middle class boxing gym. In this gym, the owner and coaches promote a discourse that emphasizes love, bridgework, and sparring with care. This discourse is part of the gym's white-collar boxing culture. A key part of this discourse is distancing themselves from other gyms, claiming they promote a violent masculinity. While on the surface the gym criticizes certain ideals and practices associated with American hegemonic masculinity, it still reproduces discourses, norms, and practices associated with it. Employees use a latent discourse that constructs a hybrid masculinity. I argue that employees and members construct a hybrid masculinity by perpetuating ideals and practices associated with American hegemonic masculinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gendered differences in participation in active lifestyles (encompassing sport, physical activity, and physical education) are well established, with young men typically participating in more activities than young women. This paper uses a theoretical approach inspired by Bourdieu's notions of habitus, field and capital to explore the 'how' and 'why' of these differences. Drawing on mixed-methods data obtained from questionnaires (n = 332) and semi-structured interviews with 33 young men and 37 young women aged 15–16, we present two gendered trends which explain gendered differences in active lifestyle participation. Firstly, in this research, young men participated in more activities than young women, viewing their participation as integral to their identity, their sense of self. Young women, in contrast, viewed sport as an 'optional' extra, something they could do, if they wished. Secondly, in relation to the differences in the type of activities participated in, young men were more likely to participate in traditional team sports, whereas young women chose to engage in gym/fitness activities to promote appearance and feminine attractiveness. We argue that the gendered norms which dictate 'appropriate' gendered active identities are damaging to both young men and women who may wish to deviate from these norms. Social capital is allocated to gendered bodies in accordance with these norms, influencing how young people are viewed in their social hierarchies. A gender-neutral narrative which destabilises gendered sporting norms whilst simultaneously celebrating diversity is needed to promote a safe and inclusive environment where all young men and women can engage in sufficient physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread availability of doping and its growing prevalence among fitness groups has contributed greatly to the realization of an emergent public health issue. Emanating from an ethnographic study in Sweden, the purpose of this study was to describe and analyze the processes involved in becoming and "unbecoming" a fitness doping user. The study employs a cultural and sociological perspective as its theoretical framework and discusses how the participating users gradually develop their knowledge about the drugs and how the process of becoming a user is negotiated in relation to ideas and ideals concerning health, gender, and individual freedom and Swedish law. Regarding exit processes, (re)entering into what is perceived to be an ordinary "normal" life was seldom a straightforward process. To understand the complex and sometimes complicated transition processes involved in becoming respectively unbecoming a fitness doper, the results highlight the limitations of using stage models for understanding exit process as heuristic tools. Furthermore, the article argue for the necessity to investigate the negotiations of fitness doping, taking place in the intersection between subcultural affiliations/spaces, doping legislation, and mainstream perceptions of living a "Normal" life. It is argued that processes of (un)becoming a fitness doper are anything but linear and thus need to be understood in relation to sociocultural belonging and ongoing negotiation of the individual's sense of self. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses macho culture in Israeli gyms. It describes male trainees' efforts to preserve their dominance, facing female trainees' threat to undermine it. The article analyzes means, such as military icons, physical battles, and vocal expressions, used to convey male dominance at the gym. Two gyms in the metropolis of Tel Aviv were studied by the male researcher for three years, and one suburban gym was studied by the female researcher for a year. Being researchers and trainees from both genders introduced a unique perspective of gender power relations at the gym. The different sociogeographic backgrounds of the studied gyms offered a refreshing understanding of the impact of specific circumstances on gender dominance. The analysis suggests that males' hegemony can be threatened by potential women's dominance, as the ethnography on the suburban gym reveals. Moreover, although men are struggling forcefully to preserve their dominance over "males' territory" at the Tel Aviv gyms, women's gradual penetration into the perceived masculine space destabilizes it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural, i.e. drug-free, bodybuilding has been rapidly developing in different parts of the world as a distinct body culture with its own practices, discourses, organisations, key figures and focal points. A central aspect of this has been natural bodybuilding's emergence and development as a competition sport. The present article traces its tentative articulation in the late 1970s, its formation as part of a broader natural movement in bodybuilding in the 1990s, and its consolidation and global expansion from the 2000s to the present day. In sketching this trajectory, natural bodybuilding is situated in the context of the bodybuilding industry and its historical transformations, as well as of the broader phenomenon of performance- and image-enhancing drugs and the reactions the latter has provoked in sport and wider society. The aim of the article is to offer an initial overview of a previously uncharted competition sport and in the process contribute to an exploration of bodybuilding as a varied and evolving phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The roof of Dalian gymnasium was designed in the form of suspen-dome structure. A structural health–monitoring system has been developed for the roof structure to guarantee the safety condition during construction process as well as in future service. In this article, a monitoring scheme was proposed in detail according to the mechanical characteristics of the roof structure. Fiber Bragg grating sensors, inclinometers, and accelerometers were applied to measure necessary structural information. In order to interrogate different types of sensors, a novel data acquisition device of the structural health–monitoring system was also introduced and has achieved multitudinous physical variable synchronization acquisition. By analyzing the data obtained during the construction and normal operation of the gymnasium, the structural health condition was evaluated and the structural damage could subsequently be located. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article begins with the story of ‘the savage of Aveyron’, a wild boy of the woods who some early 19th-century experts identified as an ‘idiot’ (a version of what is now widely termed ‘learning disability’). In seeking to tame, civilise and educate this boy, the French physician Itard learned to avoid wild nature, the remoter reaches of the rural, but still sought to enlist, as part of a thoroughly embodied training regime, encounters with patches of cultivated nature in Paris. A contrast is thereby suggested between different models and geographies of how the apparently ‘uneducable’ might be educated, one dwelling within the remote rural as a source of sensory enchantment and other enlisting domesticated ‘natural’ settings within a broader programme of disciplining the mind-body. This contrast is illustrated through the later 19th-century extremes of, first, Guggenbühl’s ‘idiot school’ on a remote Swiss mountain and, second, Séguin’s blueprint for a North American ‘idiot school’ with carefully regulated buildings, gardens and outdoor gymnasiums not too ‘isolated’ from urban areas. This contrast loosely maps on to disputes between Romanticism and Enlightenment, as well as on to shifts in forms of power enacted in educational establishments, and it informed specific controversies over where exactly to locate ‘idiot schools’ on the ground. The article concludes with brief reflections on such wider matters beyond the empirical materials to hand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the arch has been introduced into other structures to form new spatial structures. Typical is the suspen-dome with stacked arches (SDSA), which has been adopted for the Chiping Gymnasium. SDSAs consist of upper arches and a lower suspen-dome. The temperature distribution of the SDSA structure is non-uniform and temperatures are higher than ambient air temperature because of the exposure of the upper arches to solar radiation. The structural behaviour of SDSAs is very complex, therefore, under non-uniform thermal loading with solar radiation taken into account. The variation of thermal behaviour over time under summer solar radiation was studied as well as the effect of cable sliding friction and healing temperature (i.e. the ambient temperature at completion of construction) on the non-uniform thermal behaviour. The analysis results indicate that (1) solar radiation significantly affects SDSAs; (2) the structural behaviour of SDSAs with non-sliding cable-strut joints (i.e. the friction is too large to slide) is better than those with sliding cable-strut joints (i.e. the friction is zero) under non-uniform thermal loading; (3) the healing temperature of the upper arches and the lower suspen-dome significantly affects thermal response, and the optimal healing temperature for the SDSA structure can be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The roof of Dalian Gymnasium, of span 145.4 m ∞ 116 m, rise span ratio 1/10, truss height 2.4 m and strut height 10.0 m, is the largest suspended dome structure in Asia. Different tension schemes have an important effect on the performance of a structure. It is necessary to investigate the characteristics and feasibility of different tension schemes. In addition, to check the accuracy of the numerical model and its calculated results and to investigate the mechanical performance when subjected to construction and design loads, as well as safety considerations during construction and when in service, a scale model of the suspended dome with scaling factor 1:10 was constructed and models of some key joints at full scale. The results show that the theoretical strut internal forces and displacements of joints, are in good agreement with test results. Therefore, tension steps in the cable can be controlled by internal forces in the struts. The lifting of struts is a continuous process of adjustment. The size of the cable needed to be accurate during the test, which indicates that the controllability of this method is relatively difficult. However, when tensioning diagonal cables, the diagonal cable force can be an effective control because these is a sufficient number of controllable tension points and a relatively small cable force. More importantly, because the geometrical dome forming accuracy of this method is higher, the latter method is suggested for use during construction. The displacements of the joints in the upper reticulated shell of the suspended dome, the axial forces in the struts and the stresses in the members present, vary linearly with test load which indicates that the vertical stiffness of the overall structure is well maintained when conducting static tests on the model. The test CHS (circular hollow section) joints which were not internally strengthened, failed with a large amount of plastic deformation. However, the ultimate bearing capacity of CHS joints strengthened by inside gusset plates was obviously improved. Some key CHS joints are suggested for strengthening with inside gusset plates, during the construction process. The work of this paper provides a reference for similar structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal contamination of air in 10 gymnasiums with swimming pools was monitored. Fifty air samples of 200L each were collected, using a Millipore air tester, from the area surrounding the pool, in training studios, in showers and changing rooms for both sexes, and also, outside premises, since these are the places regarded as reference. Simultaneously, environmental parameters — temperature and humidity — were also monitored. Some 25 different species of fungi were identified. The six most commonly isolated genera were the following: Cladosporium sp. (36.6%), Penicillium sp. (19.0%), Aspergillus sp. (10.2%), Mucor sp. (7%), Phoma sp. and Chrysonilia sp. (3.3%). For yeasts, three different genera were identified, namely, Rhodotorula sp. (70%), Trichosporon mucoides and Crypto-coccus uniguttulattus (10%). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Due to large number of degrees of freedom, long-span reticulated shells have densely distributed natural frequencies and complex vibration modes. The accuracy of response spectrum method (RSM) is then often doubted for this kind of structures. In this paper, the seismic design of Laoshan Cycling Gymnasium for Beijing 2008 Olympic Games was taken as a case study. The result of RSM was verified by comparing with that of time history analysis. Modal effective mass was defined for reticulated structures to illustrate the direction of mode vibration and identify effective modes along specific directions. The required number of modes to ensure the accuracy of RSM for long-span reticulated shells was then determined based on effective mass ratio along the excitation direction. It was concluded that if the effective mass ratio exceeds 90%, the result of RSM with CQC as the modal combination rule will be accurate enough for practical seismic design of long-span reticulated shells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To examine the association of worksite policies and environments to physical activity. Methods. Between 2001 and 2003, 977 adults from Missouri, Tennessee, and Arkansas participated in two random-digit-dialed telephone surveys regarding physical activity behaviors and worksite policies supporting physical activity. Logistic regression was used to investigate relationships between meeting national physical activity recommendations and supportive policies or environmental conditions (e.g., facilities, equipment, financial rewards) at worksites. Results. Having multiple policies at worksites was associated with meeting physical activity recommendations, specifically the provision of accessible stairways and personal services (e.g., fitness testing, counseling). Meeting recommendations through walking was associated with having exercise facilities (e.g., gym, shower) and equipment (e.g., treadmill, weights). Discussion. This study highlights the importance of supplementing health promotion information in workplaces with policies and environmental interventions. Particular consideration should be given to accessible stairways for onsite exercise and provision of exercise facilities and equipment. Future interventions should combine policy change with program delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The management of a large number of children in a nonclassroom or common setting (e.g., gymnasium, auditorium) can present a challenge to school staff. This article describes a set of commonsense solutions that were implemented with 400 elementary students in a before-school common setting. The solutions are described and the results of the interventions are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To address whether transtelephonic electrocardiographic monitoring (TEM) of patients with chronic cardiac diseases, being exercised in public gyms, is safe and efficacious. Design: Data were obtained from 91 patients (72 men and 19 women; with a mean (SD) age of 56 (6) years and over a total of 11 820 exercise hours) with coronary heart disease and/or chronic heart failure (≤ stage III NYHA (New York Heart Association)), who were referred for cardiac exercise rehabilitation (phase III). Method: Twelve-lead electrocardiograms of indicated patients were transmitted from the qualified trainers in real time by standard telephone lines and were evaluated by the medical staff at the base. The TEM kits contain a telemedicine 12lead electrocardiographic unit, a telephone modem, a computer receiver with special operating software and a laser printer. As soon as the ECG was monitored and diagnosed, the cardiologist contacted the exercise trainer and provided all the necessary instructions for intervention. Results: In total, 280 cases were monitored. Successful TEM was reported in 99.3% of the cases. The mean (SD) time from ECG recordings to final interventions was estimated at 294 (13) s. The patients were referred for TEM during or soon after exercise sessions, because of chest pain (36% of the TEM cases), palpitations (33%), dizziness (12%), unexpected fatigue (9%), hypertensive crises (7%) and other disorders (3%). Ischaemic ECG changes were recorded in 14 cases with thoracic pain and arrhythmias in nine patients with palpitations. In only one case was a medical emergency reported and an ambulance response required. Conclusion: These data demonstrate that TEM provides a workable facility in cardiac rehabilitation for monitoring patients who are exercising in gyms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: A pilot study to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on the mobility and function of people with moderate disability multiple sclerosis (MS). Design: A small group, comparative, pre- and post-intervention study. Setting: A gymnasium within a general hospital. Subjects: Eight subjects, all female, average age 45 years (range 33 Á/ 61) with moderate disability MS (Kurtzke scale 4–6), were recruited; six completed the study. Intervention: Intervention consisted of bi-weekly sessions of 30 min cycling on a static bike at their maximal level of exertion for 12 weeks. Main measures: The stability of each individual's condition was established pre-intervention using three baseline assessments over two weeks. A battery of tests (the 10-metre and 6-min walk tests, the Functional Reach, the Gulick and the Guys Neurological Disability Scale) were completed pre and post intervention. Potential negative effects were recorded on the Fatigue Severity Scale and the Modified Ashworth Scale. An independent rater completed assessments post intervention. Inter-rater reliability was found to be acceptable. Results: Comparisons pre and post intervention (Wilcoxon signed ranked test) showed significant improvement on the Guys Neurological Disability Scale (p = 0.026), with the mean score reducing from 13 to 9, and the 6-min walk test (p = 0.046), with the mean distance increasing from 200 m to 261 m. Other measures failed to reach significance. Conclusions: Findings from this pilot study suggest overall disability and mobility improved with the aerobic training. A positive treatment effect in this small study suggests the need for a larger trial. Knowledge of how to establish predictive heart rate and how to monitor the effects of cycling with people with MS will be used to inform future clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies indicate that mood can influence the likelihood of an individual demonstrating instances of helping behavior, and one previous laboratory study has indicated that music can be used to bring about manipulations of mood to such an end. To investigate this in a naturalistic setting, 646 users of a university gym were played either uplifting or annoying music while they worked out. Upon completion of their workout, they were asked to either sign a petition in support of a fictitious sporting charity (i.e., a low-cost task) or to distribute leaflets on their behalf (i.e., a high-cost task). Responses to the petition-signing measure indicated a ceiling effect with almost all participants offering to help. However, consistent with previous research on mood and helping behavior, uplifting music led to participants offering to help more on the high-cost, leaflet-distributing task than did annoying music. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of 1993 there was carried out an investigation on the extent of doping in Norwegian gyms. The main results from the investigation are: Around 2% use or have used drugs and 20% reported knowledge of other using drugs at the gym. In this article we discuss the methodology that was used and the findings from the investigation in relation to other surveys, both Norwegian and foreign studies, The findings are also basis for a more sociological discussion on doping and modern sport. In this section we discuss how big problem doping in sport in reality is, and what type of problem issues drug use in sport raises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on various developments in the field of college administration in the U.S. Establishment of four dormitories and a gymnasium in Wellesley, Massachusetts; Organization of the Webster Club of Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire; Issuance of pamphlet for the University of Chicago's summer quarter courses.

This article discusses the financial economy and school business administration in the U.S. Studies relating to the planning and construction of school buildings. Outlines a platoon plan which would effect substantial financial economies and at the same time provide better educational facilities for the pupils. Affirmed the proposal of certain people to eliminate the use of school gymnasiums, play rooms, and auditoriums. Influence in securing efficient management of school maintenance programs.

The article discusses a dream innovation called Educon, the ideal system of education. It will be a multi-million dollar project and would be located in Chicago, Illinois. It would have ideal conditions to study comfortably and undertake research, with air conditioners and escalators and would accommodate around 5000 people. There would be both learning and enjoyment. In-service training programs would be designed to promote current knowledge and skills. Lists of various facilities that would be available to insiders and outsiders is given, like gymnasiums, free food, use of hypnosis for research and many more. The main objectives of the Educon are enumerated.

Offers news briefs on issues related to education in the U.S. Development of a $100,000 worth gymnasium at the Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine; Completion of a model eight-room miniature cottage by the boys of the Goddard school in Brockton, Massachusetts; Resignation of superintendent Judison I. Woods in Gardner, Massachusetts.

Reflects on the service to humanity showed by James D. Wilson from Wingate, Indiana. Number of small schools that have been closed by Wilson; Inclusion of gymnasiums and shower baths in a township building in his state.

The article offers news briefs on educational-related issues in Connecticut as of November 25, 1909. In Norwich, a meeting was held by the members of the Norwich Principals' Club last November 10 regarding a reorganization. In Suffield, the Connecticut Literary Institution had the groundbreaking of their gymnasium. In Meriden, Professor James W. Crook is appointed to deliver the course of lectures to the Meriden Teachers' Association.

Presents an update on issues related to education in Middle Atlantic States. Description of the new gymnasium constructed at Syracuse University in New York City; Developments at public schools in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

Presents news briefs related to education in U.S. Central States. Appointment of superintendent J. C. Sanders as warden of the prison state in Iowa; Decision of the Hughes high school in Ohio to turn over its gymnasium to the neighborhood; Implications of the designation of a special supervisor of music in schools in Kentucky.

Presents an update on universities and colleges in the U.S. Total enrollment at Harvard University for school year 1908; Repair of the gymnasium of Colby College in Waterville, Maine; Efforts of University of Illinois president Edmund J. James to call for a national conference to discuss the relations of graduate schools of U.S. universities to the preparation of teachers for high schools, colleges and universities and for the practical professions.

The article presents news briefs related to education. The Commencement address at the Upper Iowa University was delivered by Bishop J. H. Vincent. Professor S. J. Buch, the acting president of Iowa College, has retired. The Knox College raised $25,000 to build a gymnasium.

The article features the latest high and junior high schools of the Frank Irving Cooper Corp. It mentions the Bridgewater Junior High School in Massachusetts, Winthrop Junior High School in Brockton, and the Arlington Junior High School East. It also cites the added gymnasium of the Somerville High School and Thomas Snell Weaver High School.

The article focuses on the Hemenway gymnasium of the Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The establishment of the gymnasium cost $110,000 while its furnishing charge was more than six thousand dollars. It emphasizes that the appreciation of the advantages of correct physical training is indicated by the augment in the use of the gymnasium.

Presents an update related to education in New York. Academic degrees received by Bridgeport High School teacher Ada J. Todd from Syracuse University and Boston University; Donation from the alumnae of Vassar College to the astronomical department; Designation of Alice B. Foster as caretaker of the new gymnasium of the Woman's Industrial and Educational Union of Buffalo.

The article offers news briefs related to education in Vermont. The state superintendent will organize public sessions at North Craftsbury and Wolcott in May 1884. The main school building of Saint Johnsbury Academy contains a gymnasium, recitation rooms and chemical laboratory and has a permanent fund of $100,000.

The article focuses on the impression of a visitor to Uppingham school established by Edward Thring in Leicestershire, England. When Thring built the chapel, boarding houses, hospital, gymnasium, he was inspired with a sense of the importance of structure. Moreover, he also included material accessories that could be made to provide students added amenities.

The article reports on developments related to education in the U.S. central states. S. O. Levinson, an alumnus of a high school in Noblesville, Indiana, has made a gift of $10,000 toward the erection of a high school gymnasium in the city. The Terre Haute Trust Co. is offering gold medals for the best essays written by school children. Boys of the manual training department of Minneapolis, Minnesota public schools will be taught how to build their own homes.

The article focuses on the use of schools as social centers in Salem, Massachusetts. Former Pickering school principal Charles F. Towne started and developed the movement for the use of the school for social purposes in the city. Social dances are held for the enjoyment of the neighborhood people and their friends. One of the most successful activities of the Pickering Neighborhood Association is the gymnasium work for girls and women.

The article reports on the acoustic makeover of The Mind Gym personal training and Development specialist in London, England provided by Hodgson & Hodgson. Poor acoustics in the main training room were making it difficult for Mind Gym instructors to deliver effective training sesions. Hodgson fittd 20 mm thick TufSound panels from floor ceiling on on-wall of the training room.

The article reports on a research related to the attitude of gym members. Stefano DellaVigna and Ulrike Malmendier, authors of the "American Economic Review," analyzed contract preferences and records of attendance of almost 8,000 gym members in New England and found out that majority of the members choose contracts that end up costing them in the long run. Their findings are attributed to the members' overestimation of future use, overconfidence in self-control, and pressure from the employees of the gym.

The article reports developments related to education in West Virginia. The principal business of the last meeting of the state board of education was the re-election of the faculties of various colleges in the state. On the other hand, the board has given its approval on the construction of a gymnasium and the creation of the physical education department at the West Liberty normal school. On April 20, 1921, the bill for teacher salary increases has been passed by the Legislature.

The article reports that the State Teachers College has posted an appropriation of $628,000 for a school building with gymnasium, auditorium, and stock pavilion in Kirksville, Missouri. About $100,000 also will be appropriated for a demonstration building with real school work from the kindergarten through the high school.

The article reports on the bond campaign by San Diego, California, which amounts to $1,075,000. The amount wills then be used for the construction of two gymnasiums at the High Schools, two Junior High Schools and for some additional grade buildings. The bond issue has been passed with the help of a survey by the teaching force.