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In this article, various authors provide their thoughts on the appropriate ways for creating geopolitical boundaries. Topics addressed by these scholars include the relationship between globalization, borders, and urban growth; the unporous border between South Sudan and Sudan, created in 2011; and the way in which national boundaries and nation states give rise to ethnic conflict. Also discussed are the ways in which telecommunications can bridge borders and unequal freedom of movement among peoples of different origins.

In this article the author discusses aspects on the pedagogic hegemony over hierarchical relations between intercity relations. He cites on the to sets of materialist mechanism of city structures such as the agglomeration process creating economic clusters and connectivity process creating economic networks both between cities. The author points that parallel paradigms exist in the less well-research area of the external relations of cities in economies.

The article reflects on the expansion of economic life in cities. The expansion of cities results in the creation of dynamic, complex and diverse economies. Five forces of economic growth produce diverse city economies. These forces include the following: enlarged city markets, increased numbers and kinds of jobs, transplants of city work, new uses for technology and growth of city capital. When these forces operate singly and do not compensate each other, they produce simple economic regions, instead of producing complex economies.