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The conflict between rapid economic development, resource mismatch, and ecological damage is growing more severe. Industrial structure upgrading, as a bridge between economic activity and the ecological environment, is a crucial strategy for solving ecological and environmental problems. Based on the mediating effect and threshold models, this study selected 30 provincial panel data points in China from 2000 to 2020 to study the impact of environmental regulation and technological innovation on industrial structure upgrading. According to the findings, environmental regulation has a "U" shaped impact on industrial upgrading and passes the three threshold tests, with technological innovation playing a partially positive mediating role. There is regional heterogeneity in the impact of environmental regulation on industrial upgrading, with a "U" shaped impact on the eastern regions; there is inhibited industrial upscaling in the central and western areas. Foreign trade hinders industrial development in the eastern region but promotes rapid development and achieves structural adjustment in the central and western areas. The expansion of fixed asset investment hinders industrial restructuring. Government regulation can encourage industrial structure upgrading in all regions. We propose policy recommendations based on China's current situation. The development of technological innovation should be promoted, and environmental rules should be differentiated according to local conditions. This study has a certain guiding significance and reference value for balancing environmental governance and economic development, effectively implementing an innovation-driven development strategy, and formulating China's regional development strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of research and development (R&D) is characterised by improvisation, improvement and innovation based on information, knowledge and experimentation. It is the key to modern industrial development. Theoretically, firms are supposed to invest in R&D in order to enhance their existing offering and stay in business, given the competitive globalised market. The Indian economy is characterised as one of the growing global economies. Industrialisation process in India is dominated by the micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs). A low level of operation keeps these firms on a small budget, thus making the sector non-conducive in conducting firm-specific R&D. The current article is an empirical elucidation of the MSMEs' industrialisation process in light of industry-specific R&D. The study is based on the Annual Survey of Industries data, analysing the national-level industrialisation process for 3 years from 2016 through 2018. The article finds that the overall MSME sector-specific R&D atmosphere in the country is not satisfactory. There is no correlation and symmetry between the level of industrialisation across states, average output and the R&D process. The findings of the article recommend a change in the industrial policy with a focus on the growth and development of industry-specific R&D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cluster-based industrial development has been pursued by policymakers in India. It emphasised an innovation-led path to development because of its potential of generating high-quality and technologically advanced jobs with decent wages. Continuous innovation is one of the main factors which can sustain competitive advantage in small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Hence in this article, we study how innovation frequency is influenced by various factors such as entrepreneurial characteristics, firm and its linkages with various stakeholders. The study was conducted among 160 randomly selected SMEs from the database of primary Association of Ambattur Industrial Cluster Members, AIEMA-Ambattur Industrial Estate Manufacturers Association. Primary data was collected through a structured questionnaire given to the decision-makers of each SME unit. Multinomial logistic regression was carried out on the data with innovation frequency as the dependent variable. The result of the study showed that factors such as entrepreneurial intention, entrepreneur type, firm's life cycle, firm's age, firm's investment level and linkage with research institutions have a highly significant effect on innovation frequency and factors such as entrepreneur education, firm's ownership structure, industry type, firm's size and linkages with customers, government, universities, technical institutions also have a positive significant effect of increasing the innovation frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a consideration of the Singapore government's moves to encourage citizens to create innovative, high-technology enterprises—or to become 'technopreneurs'—this essay looks at how government efforts to promote innovation, can articulate with prevailing national and social imaginaries, in ways that reshape notions of citizenship and nationhood and that have potential ramifications for the kinds of risks and burdens that citizens can be asked to bear. I show, specifically, how the new value of innovation is being incorporated into Singapore's older narrative of national survival in a way that changes this narrative's mode of emplotment from one of comedy to one of satire. Through this shift, promises of collective prosperity and progress, which are integral to the nation's founding era of industrial manufacturing-based development, are withdrawn, while new notions of individual and financial risk and reward are introduced. I argue that attending to modes of emplotment may be a useful way to identify the broader entailments of different governments' innovation policies and programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparing innovation across regions is challenging. Innovation processes and outcomes are shaped by different actors, interactions, and institutions. Regional contingencies complicate the comparison as evident from the existing approaches to explaining innovation across regions. Quantitative innovation measurement approaches may quantify differences between regions, but disregard regional contingencies. Qualitative, heuristic approaches may understand an individual region’s innovation history and culture, but cannot quantify differences between regions. This paper introduces an adapted version of the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to fill this methodological void. It shows that the AHP allows us both to consider regional contingency and to quantify differences between regions. This paper applies the AHP to compare innovation of the equipment manufacturing industries of Shanghai and Xiamen, China. It thus exemplifies how this method might be used for research and application in human geography, planning, regional science, and related fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of globalisation and industrialisation has been a subject for research around the globe due to the huge paradigm shift caused by them. Such phenomena are also a cause of concern as cities consume close to three-quarters of the world’s natural resources and generate three-quarters of its pollution and waste. There is a need for the cities to get smarter through the application of innovative solutions to address large-scale urbanisation challenges and find new ways for creating liveable, competitive and self-reliant cities.In this direction, the advent of smart cities could be a much larger wave of transformation which is about to splash the entire world. The precise content, feature and nature of smart cities vary from country to country, depending upon geographical condition, ecosystems, resource availabilities and major challenges being faced. Pilot projects have been taken up in almost all parts of the world to emulate such cities. Many countries have rolled out grand plans for the development of both greenfield and brownfield smart cities. There have been several agitations against such extensive infiltration of information technologies in societies due to the fear of cyberattacks, privacy threats, etc. However, societies have decided to go ahead because of the greater advantages as well as necessity of smarter systems for ensuring a quality life for citizens. The revolution of upcoming smart cities would thus be one of the most holistic movements, which would require extensive participation from almost all fronts of the society, thus resulting in a truly substantive development.Due to enhanced dependency on data sensors, automation technologies, information and communication technologies, software analytical applications, etc., any disruption/disaster may disintegrate the whole string of services and jeopardise the smart city ecosystem. Further, high concentration of population and economic activities make smart cities vulnerable to severe damage in terms of human lives as well as financial breakdown. Therefore, resilient measures for various natural and man-made disasters need to be taken care of. Major portions of all urban areas on earth are coastal/riverside, exposing them to sea/river-level rise and storm surges. Climate impacts such as cyclones, floods and droughts have financial impacts, with major disruption to business operations and city finances. This necessitates that at the onset of the development of smart city, concomitant actions are needed to make them resilient to disaster as well.This article introduces the concept of smart city and discusses its various attributes. Technology span required for smart city development has been analysed and presented. Some of the global initiatives have been discussed, along with the Government of India’s ambitious programme of establishing 100 smart cities on a fast track. The planning and prioritisation strategies necessary for the success and sustainability of such a programme are discussed. To be really intelligent, cities must also consider the impacts of climate change. Therefore, disaster risk reduction is one of the key aspects in smart city development. Accordingly, vulnerabilities associated with smart cities have been listed with a holistic and far-sighted approach. These help in identification of mechanisms, policies and practices to be taken up by all the stakeholders to ensure that the smart cities serve their purpose of socio-economic development and citizen-centric governance, instead of procedural governance, without posing a threat to security, stability and integrity of the individuals and the society as a whole. The article also highlights the need for establishing a central command control centre and the shift in administrative procedures as well as emergency governance structures to accommodate the modern needs of involving citizens extensively in building these cities, not only literally but also figuratively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After decades of improving the efficiency and economy of our existing building ecology, instruments of the Third Industrial Revolution are redefining the practice of architecture, both internally and externally. This article focuses on the employment of the Constrained Design Hysteresis methodology as a mediating strategy, in which computational tools for content creation and fabrication can merge in post-industrial societies to effectively reindustrialize the fields of architectural design manufacturing and building. Such reformation of the accepted norms of architectural building practice do not represent a regression of the profession to a pre-industrial mode of building craftsmanship, but an evolution into one that directly addresses various shortcomings of global industrialization, ranging from restrictions imposed by mass production to the creation of social class disparity. In this context, the application of computational tools and processes can both empower and liberate design individuals through the restructuring of the existing industrial manufacturing ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public electricity supplies became available in Calcutta as early as the 1890s and by the 1940s had developed to become the major source of power and lighting both for industries and private use. Could the electrification of Calcutta act as an agent of industrial development? What impact did it have on the socio-economic condition of the city? The twentieth century was to be the age of electricity. Apart from industrial use of this new technology, to realise its full practical capacities a new discipline emerged—electrical engineering. The Bengali electrical engineering community, alumni of Sibpur and Jadavpur Engineering Colleges, gradually oriented themselves towards ideas of industrial development based on Indian realities. Few trained electrical engineers entered in the business sector and became very successful. High level of technological innovation such as that of hydroelectricity was also exploited by the Bengali entrepreneurs. The credentials of the Bengali erudite and ordinary people in the field of electricity, which this article tries to explore, offer an interesting example of Indian response to the new knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Rise of the Creative Class, which was originally published in 2002, has generated widespread conversation and debate and has had a considerable impact on economic development policy and practice. This essay briefly recaps the key tenants of the creative class theory of economic development, discusses the key issues in the debate over it, and assesses its impacts on economic development policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article challenges the long-standing emphasis in the developmental state literature on the powerful pilot agency as an essential component of industrialization. Although a pilot agency may be able to facilitate growth in mature industries, we argue that policy makers seeking to promote rapid innovation-based competition must instead rely on continuous, radical policy innovation. We argue that this kind of experimentation is more likely to occur at the periphery of the public sector, in agencies with few hard resources and limited political prestige. In addition to providing a novel interpretation of how states enter new, high-technology markets, we explain why some successful countries become less innovative over time. As agencies successfully introduce radical policy innovations, their higher profile exposes them to greater political interference and reduces their entrepreneurial capacity. The argument is supported by within-case analysis of two historically low-technology economies that successfully promoted rapid innovation-based growth, Finland and Israel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abandonment of nature as an architectural model and the redefinition of the relationship between form and material were two of the main consequences of industrialization for modern architecture. While nature was replaced by the machine as a model for architecture, industrial production suppressed the craftsman's knowledge of the material and the associated techniques once essential to the form-making process. Thus, the replacement of nature as a model implied that principles once related to natural processes started to be seen as industrial values, i.e., the economy of means stopped being recognized as a quality related to natural form-making processes and became a demand of industrial production. Nowadays, material properties and nature are being reintroduced into architecture with the help of digital technologies; that is, the return of nature though computation. As a result, nature has become an operational model as opposed to the visual or iconic one it used to be; its inner qualities and processes are being decoded in order to inform the form-making process and foster innovative digital ornamentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced industrial democracies experience increasing inequalities or at least a new trade-off between equality and growth: liberal welfare states opted for growth and accepted rising inequality, while conservative welfare states tried to hold back inequality, thereby accepting lower growth. The rise in inequality is widely interpreted with regard to globalization and technological change. This article contrasts this interpretation with an alternative based on the argumentation of Kuznets's inverted U-turn which is individually reformulated as some diffusion process of some qualification. While threats such as globalization can be reformulated as a 'negative diffusion process', a positive diffusion process is also possible. The two alternative mechanisms are identical regarding inequality measures as the Gini coefficient, but they are differentiated in their trend expectations with regard to income distributions' skewness. In the globalization model, increasing inequality is accompanied first by a fall and later by a rise in skewness, while the qualification diffusion model shows the opposite sequence: rising to a maximum and falling back later on. Due to their different position in the inequality-growth trade-off, liberal and social democratic welfare states are assumed to be ahead in this evolution, while conservative welfare states lag behind. Based on the Luxembourg Income Study, skewness estimations of logged monetary income distributions form an unbalanced panel with 69 observations from 16 OECD countries. A fixed effects regression for the skewness time trend in conservative welfare states and the trend difference for the two other welfare state groups shows strong support for the positive diffusion model, giving rise to the expectation that inequality can and will decrease again. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to advance understandings of the processes of cluster-building and evolution, or transformative and adaptive change, through the conscious design and reflective activities of private and public actors. A model of transformation is developed which illustrates the importance of actors becoming exposed to new ideas and visions for industrial change by political entrepreneurs and external networks. Further, actors must be guided in their decision making and action by the new vision, and this requires that they are persuaded of its viability through the provision of test cases and supportive resources and institutions. In order for new ideas to become guiding models, actors must be convinced of their desirability through the portrayal of models as a means of confronting competitive challenges and serving the economic interests of the city/region. Subsequent adaptive change is iterative and reflexive, involving a process of strategic learning amongst key industrial and political actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on economic historian Walt W. Rostow and his contributions to the historiography of industrialization and economic growth. He was born in 1916 and educated at Yale University. Three of his essential features of economic growth were, the propensity to develop fundamental science, the propensity to apply science to economic ends, and the propensity to accept innovations. Moreover, Rostow identified Great Britain as the first and subsequent model of industrial change. In addition, several arguments on the role of science, technology and industry are also offered.

This article examines what happens in the experience of embodiment when a person is immersed or clad in technologies designed to redefine the edges and to extend the communicative capabilities of each individual body. The article also analyses how multisensory communications technology is currently challenging contemporary definitions of gender, community and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is based on the general introduction and the opening sections of chapters 1 and 2 from the author's book, Living in the Labyrinth of Technology. It revisits the process of industrialization as having a dual component: people changing technology and technology changing people. The latter is almost universally overlooked and provides a different perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains the divergence among countries in level of development in terms of primary and secondary uneven development, both resulting from the process of accumulation. Primary uneven development arises because of the more dynamic expansion of capitalist countries relatively to countries in which capitalism is incipient, This difference is inherent in the social relations of capital. Secondary uneven development occurs within the group of predominantly capitalist countries, due to competition and adoption of technical innovations within the social relations of capital. The former generates divergence; the latter exhibits a cyclical pattern of convergence and divergence, with convergence the long term tendency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1870 and 1916 rapid and widespread mechanization and capitalization dramatically transformed the means and relations of production in the mass industries. At the same time, increasing ethnic diversity challenged the class basis of labor solidarity. The cases of steel and bituminous coal mining illustrate important contrasting responses to these forces on the part of organized labor. In particular, the Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers lost members and became increasingly ineffectual, while the United Mine Workers underwent intense and sustained growth. Our comparison of the two unions' notably different trajectories reveals the importance of socio-historical factors as well as union strategies for dealing with technological innovation and ethnic divisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the first section of this article, a comparative analysis is undertaken of Latin America and semi-industrialized countries in other areas of the world. Attention is drawn to the specific features of Latin America as regards its lack of a strong predisposition toward the incorporation of technological progress and its dubious achievements in relation to growth, equity, and competitiveness. In the second section, a similar type of comparative analysis is applied to the leading countries. Finally, some reflections are presented with regard to directions and actions in Latin America and in the north that could contribute to confronting what in the first section is defined as the challenge of Latin America, that is, to approaching the until now empty box wherein growth converges with equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most economics literature on East Asian industrialization falls victim to the assumption that only those features of economic policy consistent with neoclassical principles could have contributed to good economic performance. Explanations of good performance accordingly ignore nonneoclassical features. This article suggests that new, insights can be gained by carefully examining what these governments actually did. We find that much of what they did is consistent with the principles of old-style pre-1970 development economics. In particular, they gave central attention to ways of augmenting and directing the composition of investment, and much less attention to ways of increasing efficiency of resource use. They used protection as an instrument to enhance innovation and international competitiveness. In important industries they regulated both quantities and prices so as to achieve government-selected goals, preventing those parts of the economy from being guided by international prices. Economics has much to learn by embracing such nonneoclassical facts and seeking to build a theory to accommodate them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the changes occurred in the transition age. The real test of the matter lies in the extent to which the actual bases of human life and endeavor are being changed. The period is not something new to this generation. There is good evidence that society has been in a state of mobility since at least the 1890's. In all probability, present changes have their roots much farther back than that. The rapid rise of technology and the trend toward corporate, social, and collective action in the economy have made difficult the determination of ordinary and transitory changes in the culture. The preindustrial society was based principally in the tradition of economic individualism, either of the type common to the freehold farmer or that of the enterpriser. There are many factors that mark present transitional state. By no means the least of these is the rapid rise of technology. It has left its mark upon every phase of human life. Further evidences of transition may be found in the disintegration of the family brought about by the industrialization of the world.

The article discusses the necessity of infrastructure technology innovation for industrial competitiveness in Great Britain. It states that they form the basis of a successful innovation system which help knowledge flow across the economy, between researchers, businesses and government. It metnions that Great Britain is investing in infratechnologies because they help to develop a proof of concept, to demonstrate that the intended performance of a product is achievable.