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The article focuses on issues related to democracy. The importance of trying to understand democracy at the present time is very apparent. In some sense or other, it is more and more coming to be recognised as the dominant tendency in all those countries that are commonly described as civilized. And, indeed, in nearly all parts of the world the various countries seem to be approximating to a common civilization, which is largely based on principles of a democratic type. It is perhaps in some of the smaller countries, such as Switzerland, and in some of the younger colonies, such as Australia and New Zealand, that these democratic tendencies can be studied in their least diluted form. In Great Britain, notwithstanding the strong tendency that it has to cling to the traditions of the past, it can hardly be questioned that the influence of democratic ideals is constantly increasing. This influence is not confined to the sphere of imperial or local politics, but permeates whole life of the British.

This article studies the mentality of the Australian native. The Australian native has been repeatedly chosen to illustrate the lowest point of human development. The lowest stage of all straight-haired men, and perhaps of all the human species, is occupied by the Australian aborigines or Austral Negro. Between the most highly developed animal souls and the lowest developed human souls, there exist only a small quantitative, but no qualitative difference, and this difference is much less than the difference between the lowest and highest human souls, or than the difference between the highest and the lowest animal souls. In disposition, the Australian aborigines are bright, laughter-loving folk, but they are treacherous, untruthful and hold human life cheaply. They have no great physical courage. They are mentally in the condition of children. None of them have an idea of what the West calls moral, except the simple one of right or wrong arising out of property. The mentality of the Australian aborigines really places them nearly on a level with the apes. It is found that a backward culture, such as that of the natives of Australia, has much more substance, and affords wider scope of mental activity.

This article examines the marriage rules and kinship system of tribes in Australia. A settlement in Northern Australia in 1824 established contact with the Iwaidja tribe of Port Essington. This tribe presents a system of three matrilineal divisions, each comprising numerous totem groups. Two of these divisions intermarry with the third. A. R. Radcliffe-Brown described and discussed the kinship system and marriage rules of the Kariera tribe of Western Australia. A special form of kinship terminology was found to be associated with a marriage rule permitting marriage with the mother's brother's daughter's and father's sister's daughter. Various factors which are concerned in Australian marriage rules has ranged between purely local-group organizations, highly developed class systems, and systems which represent a compromise between these two contested forms of organization. It is therefore necessary to recapitulate the argument to some extent in order to present it in a possible historical perspective. The intermarriage of local totemic groups in accordance with any set custom will cause these groups to be associated in such a way that a pattern of genealogical sequences of named groups will tend to appear and consequently certain groups will tend to present to one another certain statuses of relationship which may be expressed in relationship terms.

The social life of the primitive Australian aborigines has been a fascinating field of scientific interest and rheoretical speculation for several generations of European and American sociologists and social anthropologists. Knowledge of the native family and kinship systems and their associated esoteric totemic rites, for example, stimulated such social theorists as Emile Durkheim and Lewis H. Morgan. The present article is an attempt to present some results of investigations done in Australia. Special emphasis is given to the several typical forms of kinship found in Australia and the principles underlying the organization of the immediate family and larger kinship structures. A somewhat different method of kinship analysis, which applies not only to Australian but to any other systems, is used in an effort to remove the strangeness and complexity from the minds of those, who have not specialized in this field of family research. The kinship terms are always designating instruments organized around the individual who places his various kin by the use of them, and by so doing, also socially places himself as the designator. In other words, Ego anchored in his immediate family, looks out at his kinship world and places all the kindred in relation to himself by means of his kinship terms and in so doing also socially orientates himself.

Determination of wages in Australia through a system of industrial arbitration has had significant economic and social consequences, unforeseen by the initiators of the system, whose principal objective in its establishment was reduction of industrial strife, This article discusses some of the effects of wage arbitration on the Australian economy and suggests that in view of the widespread economic and social consequences of arbitration, its rote in the functioning of the economy should be reviewed for the purpose of integrating wage policy more closely with other aspects of the nation's economic program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The comparative method can be a powerful instrument in understanding the complex relationship of institutions and human behavior. This article describes an attempt to apply this method to the study of labor markets. The authors compare the sources and areas of recruitment for different occupational groups in Perth, Australia with those observed in the San Francisco Bay Area by F. Theodore Malm ind reported on in the July 1954 issue of this Review. The results reported in this article refer, however, only to the two areas chosen for comparison. While Perth may be typical of Australian urban labor markets generally, because of the peculiarities of the San Francisco Bay Area—for example, the high degree of unionization and relatively small size of employing units—the results cannot be taken as necessarily representative of differences in recruiting patterns elsewhere in the two countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals primarily with Australian aboriginal society and culture, and compares these with the society and culture of white Australia in the special realm of the family. It assumes that white Australia is a complex but fundamentally coherent whole, and that aboriginal Australia can also be viewed as a coherent whole, irrespective of regional variations, for comparative purposes. The major distinction between the aboriginal family and the white family is a significant difference in the relationship between social structure and culture in the context of family. The only differentiations in modes of livelihood in an aboriginal tribe were the obvious ones based on age and sex. The familial cultures of aboriginal Australia exhibited a remarkable uniformity, even from tribe to tribe, compared with the diversity of familial cultures in white Australia, but the reverse is true of family structure. Earlier works on the aborigines had over-stressed "group marriage" to such an extent that the presence of some monogamists in the tribe was ignored. A typical aboriginal family consists of a man aged 50 years old or above, two wives, and children. Each family, whether polygynous or monogamous, constituted a separate camping unit with its own shelter and fire.

In "The Old-New Distinction and Immigrants in Australia," Stanley Lieberson's interpretation of Australian immigration statistics is open to serious question. Contrary to his premise, the Australian immigration experience does not provide appropriate data for evaluating the old-new differentiation of immigrant behavior in American history. The Australian statistics do not support Lieberson's assertion that "northwestern and southeastern European immigrant patterns of adaptation and assimilation will be similar whenever the groups are established in the society at a comparable period." The emergence of the old-new classification of immigrants in America, as Lieberson pointed out, owed much to the change in the composition of immigrants around the turn of the century. The admission into Australia since World War II of immigrants born in southern, central, and eastern European countries differed considerably and fundamentally from the previous influx of "new" immigrants into the U.S. In the case of displaced persons, the Australian government established stringent criteria for admission. The number and monthly rate of admissions of the immigrants were specified as were their age, marital status, dependent status, employability, and "security" and health conditions.

First, it should be noted that various services for immigrants, such as English language training, citizenship programs, welfare agencies, and the like, were available for newcomers to the U.S.. But, granted that the lot of the new immigrant to the U.S. in earlier periods was harsher than that of contemporary migrants to Australia, the point remains that the immigrants are subject to a constant set of conditions, i.e., Australia and the services it provides. If northwestern Europeans did possess a greater propensity to as similar and adopt than other European immigrants, then the superior social facilities. Australia should in no way prevent them from showing more favorable rates relative to south eastern European immigrants. One critical issue raised is that immigration was rigidly controlled by the Australian government. Ignoring the fact that all sorts of undesirable Europeans were excluded by the U S. beginning with the immigration law of 1882, the marital status, dependent status, employability, and security and health conditions of immigrants to Australia were rigorously specified.

The incidence and patterning of divorce in Australia differs substantially from that in the United States: Australians resort to divorce less frequently than do Americans, and generally only after a much longer duration of marriage, it is suggested that this arises from differences between the two countries in (1) the availability of divorce (in both existential and normative senses), (2) the availability of alternative "remedies" for marital disharmony, and (3) the extent of marital disharmony itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the first findings of a survey carried out in Melbourne, Australia. It attempts to test hypotheses based on the embourgeoisement thesis, and its variations, in a social system with a strong equalitarian ideology and compulsory arbitration for all sections of the work force. It assesses the economic differences between white collar and blue collar workers and also the difference between these groups and a middle class group. It also compares the Australian situation with America and Britain. It finds a significant difference between blue collar and white collar income rates, total income medians and career income medians, as against the apparent near parity of the situation in Britain and America. These differences are not mitigated by wives' earnings or income from other sources. There is an almost complete dichotomy between these groups and the middle class group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a summary of the central point made in the writer's recent book, POLICE KILLINGS IN AUSTRALIA. (Penguin, 1970), which will, be referred to simply as POLICE KILLINGS in this article. That central point is that it is highly probable that the majority of killings by police in the course of their duty occur in circumstances which are not permitted by law, but that the legality or illegality of such killings is never tested in an effective way because of various defects in the actual administration of the law. So invariable and systematic is the failure to test such conduct that one can say that the law, while remaining formally unchanged, has in fact been modified so as to afford greater protection to a privileged group within society-the police. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes an attempt to determine whether arming the police does or does not tend to increase the level of violence in a community. The study was carried out in Australia where states which are relatively homogeneous in respect of the population composition, culture, and general regulations regarding the ownership and carrying of firearms, pursue quite different policies in regard to police armament. It was found that rates of killing and wounding by and of the police appear to be highest in those states which follow the American policy in relation to arming the police and lowest in those states which maintain the English tradition of a disarmed police force. Moreover, although there is a direct correlation between the rate of killing police and the general homicide rate, the risk of being killed for policemen, which is always higher than for ordinary citizens, is relatively much higher in states which have adopted the American police firearms policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper Australian data are used to test the hypothesis that status inconsistency is linked with political liberalism. Status inconsistency is here defined operationally in two different ways: (1) as a score following Lenski's original procedure and (2) as specified combinations of status categories. Since for behavioral studies status inconsistency is better conceived in terms of interaction between specific status categories rather than as a generalized score, the method of regression analysis with dummy variables is used to assess the explanatory power of alternative statistical models. Although status inconsistency in general has no clear effect on voting behavior, specific types of inconsistency do. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After attending a rural compensatory preschool for 5 half days a week over 1 year, Australian black and white children showed substantial gains on tests of vocabulary, auditory association, grammatic closure, and operational thinking. Tests repeated 8 months later when the children were at primary school showed marked erosion on auditory association and grammatic closure but little erosion on vocabulary or operational thinking. Scores of the black children tended to erode more than scores of the white children. The erosion was attributed to failure to correct life style deficits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apparent learning disability, as measured by European/American tests and exam/nations, may, in fact, represent a false positive and an artifact of the testing, when the subjects are members of an ethnic culture in which traditions of skills and knowledge do not match those of the culture of those who devised the test. For an authentic estimate of abilities, one must have tests that fit the cultural traditions of the subjects being tested. This principle is extremely relevant to the testing of members of minority cultures in the United States, as well as of Aboriginal Australians who provided the raw data for this paper. In nonminority cultures, the same principle may also be relevant to the testing of a child with a learning disability; for a learning disability may, unsuspectedly, be the specific response of a particular child to his family's inchoate, covert, and paradoxical tradition, directive, or taboo against a specific facet of learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information on the book "Social Change in Australia: Readings in Sociology," edited by Donald E. Edgar. This collection makes little contribution to the editor's point of view. The volume as a whole provides a useful introduction to selected aspects of Australian society. Like all collections of readings, however, the book provides a mixed bag of diverse offerings ranging from sound empirical research reports to unsupported, discursive speculations. The editor argues that the distinguishing characteristic of this collection is that most of the papers are written by young graduates or teachers and report new research for the first time. One can appreciate the need for this type of text in Australian universities and colleges. Both Australia and New Zealand have suffered too long from a forced dependence on American and British edited works in order to illustrate the basic concepts and orientations of sociology.

With the increasing use of sophisticated measurement techniques in status attainment research, more attention has been given to the effects of operational definitions on substantive interpretation. This paper reports the results of recoding and recalibrating 1965 Australian mobility data. It is shown that coding unreliability has negligible impact on estimated correlations between father's, first, and current jobs, but that different coding rules and different metrics may affect substantive results. A revised comparison of the process of status attainment in Australia and the United States confirms the artifactual nature of some differences found in an earlier comparison and shows that a new Australian status scale gives equivalent results to Duncan's SEI. The farm sector aside, the process of status attainment in Australia and the United States is basically the same, and the effective equivalence of ANU II and Duncan's SEI scale means that future comparisons of status attainment (at least in the nonfarm sector) can be made without recourse to extensive data recalibration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers news briefs related to medical care in Australia in 1978. The Council of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians has introduced revolutionary changes to its membership status and examination system. It has organized meetings throughout Australia and New Zealand, and invited Don Wilson of Canada. Among the threats to health in Australia include gambling, drug addiction, and car accidents.

The article focuses on the clinical aspects of Scrub typhus, a febrile illness which is endemic in Australia and Asia. The causative agent is called Rickettsia tsutsugamushi which is transmitted by chiggers of different species of trombiculid mites. The symptoms include dusky red maculopapular rash and dry scab marking the site of the infecting bite. Furthermore, a single dose of doxycycline is an effective treatment alternative to the standard seven-day course of tetracycline.

The study reported in this paper investigates the nature of the stresses on immigrant schoolchildren, newly arrived in Australia, and the degree and type of maladjustments which become evident. The author examines, then, the adjustment path (improving, deteriorating, or curved) in an effort to determine whether the ease of adjustment for the three national groups under study is a function of their relative facility with the English language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to familiarize labor educators with the recent developments in union training in Australia. Specifically, the paper outlines the background to the establishment of TUTA, details the authority's funding, administrative structure, and training program, and comments on the current state of union education in the wake of the: recent legislative change. A brief account of trade unionism in Australia is provided as a prelude to the major subject matter for the benefit of those unfamiliar with the industrial relations setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on several different perspectives on the study of educational innovations in the United States and Australia. These approaches include a comparative policy perspective, an organizational perspective and an interactionist perspective. The first approach, a comparative policy perspective on educational innovations focuses on the federal government efforts to support educational change in the United States and in Australia. Two major noticeable difference between America and Australia are their positions on two continuums, one a continuum of homogeneity/heterogeneity, and another a continuum of centralization/decentralization. The U.S. is more heterogeneous country than Australia. The organizational perspective on educational innovations focuses on the characteristics of schools as formal organizations and the ways in which they differ from other kinds of organizations. The third and last approach of an interactionist perspective deals with the examination of the mutual adaptation process of the implementation of educational innovations.

It is argued that the social psychological literature on helping lacks an organizing framework that interrelates the various forms of helping. To provide such a framework a total of 72 Australian university students rated the similarity of 62 forms of helping derived from the literature. Multidimensional scaling analyses with fitted vectors suggest a stable, three-dimensional structure of helping. These dimensions are: planned, formal vs. spontaneous, informal help; serious vs. nonserious help; and giving, indirect vs. doing, direct help. This typology is shown to he useful for the interpretation of previous literature on helping. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the taxonomy of helping is useful in stimulating new directions in helping research, in creating new helping forms, and in planning helping studies. The generality of the present taxonomy needs to be tested with other national and subcultural groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article evaluates the research and development in teacher education in Australia. The author focused on the topic of discussion for higher education teachers. The federal government has mandated the merger of many relatively small and independent colleges and College of Advanced Education into single multi-campus college. Some of the potential theoretical gaps between teacher education curriculum practice and school-based curriculum development which is a national movement in the country were also explored.

The article offers information on several literary works done related to Australian and New Zealand politics. It is mentioned that earlier only few literary works related to the political system in Australia were available which includes and texts by Fin Crisp, Bruce Miller and Geoff Sawer. It is informed that Australia has been a conservative country and never had radical governments. It is stated that in his work "Stability and Change in Australian Politics," Don Aitkins discussed the electoral behavior in Australia. The literary works by political scientists Stephen Levine and Howard Penniman presented an insight on the political system of New Zealand.

The article focuses on the issues concerning youth unemployment and its educational implications in Australia and the U.S. Until 1974, Australia had a very low rate of overall unemployment at two per cent or below, and youth unemployment was only slightly higher, with teenage unemployment of three to four per cent, and unemployment of those 20-24 years of age between 1.5 and 3 per cent. Between 1974 and 1975, the overall unemployment rate in Australia more than doubled, with an even greater absolute and proportionate increase in youth unemployment. In contrast, the United States has had consistently higher unemployment rates than Australia for all groups until very recently. The patterns in the two countries show both similarities and differences. For both countries, youth unemployment has generally moved in the same direction as adult unemployment, only the former has be- come more serious relative to the latter in recent years. There are two ways to reduce youth unemployment. The first is to improve overall economic conditions so that all groups, including youth, benefit. The second is to create programs exclusively for youth, often at the expense of older workers. Most concrete suggestions for improving the employment situation of youth tend to follow the latter strategy; that is, to redistribute the burden of unemployment from youth to adults.

The article presents a speech from Sir Ninian Stephen, Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia, which was given at the 61st general session of the International Association for Dental Research on August 1, 1983 in Sydney, Australia. In the speech Stephen discusses dental research and the important role that it plays in society.

The nature of working class or subordinate consciousness and its relation to the dominant value system has been a central component of the research into actors' 'images of society'. This paper offers an empirical contribution to this topic via an examination of the conceptions of the economic system held by samples of Australian managers and shop stewards. Previous research has suggested that the consciousness of members of subordinate groups is inconsistent or contradictory in that lower class actors provide a mixture of support for and rejection of dominant values. The evidence reviewed here lends support to this finding but by focusing more closely upon the categories, vocabularies and frameworks which make up the actors' images of the economy, the paper attempts to offer a more satisfactory explanation of how such inconsistencies can appear, one which highlights the role of language as a mechanism in ideological incorporation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores the sex role satisfactions among children in Australia. Performance of sex, age and cultural group comparisons; Reasons for girl's dissatisfaction of sex roles; Association of the sex role satisfaction with the parent's division of labor.

Using data gathered as part of a study of young people's early career attainments, this paper examines factors that influence Australian high school seniors' plans to attend college and their actual entry into college. The paper applies the Fishbein-Ajzen (1975) model of attitude-behavior relations to the particular issue of the link between intentions to continue school and the realization of those intentions. Results show that the Fishbein-Ajzen model provides a useful, but incomplete, representation of the educational attainment process. In accord with the Fishbein-Ajzen model, favorable attitudes toward higher education, parental encouragement, and Friends' college plans all lead to the formation of intentions to enter college. Intentions, in turn, predict actual college attendance. Other results, however, suggest revisions in the Fishbein-Ajzen model. In particular, college entry was affected by attitudes toward college, academic achievement, and parental encouragement, over and above the effect of intentions. Moreover, behavioral intentions were shaped by academic achievement and by perceived academic ability, in addition to attitudes and perceived social norms. Finally, evidence was obtained that several variables in the model, such as gender and perceived parental encouragement, have interactive effects on college plans and college attendance. The results lend support to Liska's (1984) argument that social-structural opportunities and resources must be considered when applying the Fishbein-Ajzen model to behaviors such as entry into higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how immigrants' proficiency in speaking English, and preference for retaining their native tongue as the language of the home, affect their occupational attainment in the Australian labour market. In particular, it investigates how well three approaches - an assimilationist approach, a Neo-Marxist approach, and an ethnic enclaves approach - account for differences among groups in how important language usage and skill are in occupational mobility. The data are drawn from the 1981 Census public use sample. The findings show that monolingual English usage is of no benefit in the labour market and that weak English skills harm the occupational opportunities of some groups much more than others, a finding that is fully consistent with the ethnic enclaves approach. Generalising from the differences among Australian immigrant groups, the paper provides some hypotheses about language effects among immigrants to industrialised societies more generally, and develops some hypotheses about conditions fostering development of ethnic enclaves in such societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the effects of parents' occupational status, teachers' encouragement for further study, and high school curriculum on girls' academic achievement in girls' schools and coeducational schools. Data on high school seniors were collected in two Australian states: Victoria and Queensland. We used multiple regression analysis to identify the most important predictors of year 12 academic success among girls at girls' schools and coed schools. In both states, we found that mother's education was the most important independent predictor of the type of school a girl attended. In one state, attendance at a girls' school was a significant predictor of a girl's exposure to key social influences, her enrollment in a science course in year 12, and her academic achievement. In the other state, however, the sex composition of the school did not affect academic achievement or selected antecedents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most consistent findings in the sociology of religion is that women tend to be more religious than men. Surprisingly, given its universality, there are relatively few attempts to explain this phenomenon empirically. This article examines the extent to which gender differences in religious orientation can be attributed to the structural location of women in society. Three explanations to account for gender variations in religion are tested: (1) the child-rearing role of females, (2) lower levels of female work force participation relative to males, and (3) differing attitudes toward work and its relationship to family values. The analysis uses the nationally representative data collected in Australia in 1983 to show that the child-rearing role and differing attitudes toward work do not account for the greater religiousness of women. By contrast, the lower rate of female work force participation is an important explanatory factor. Possible reasons for this effect are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australia has been touted as a mode!for how the United States might benefit by undertaking public funding of private schools. However, the advocates of this view have glossed over some very significant problems. A consideration of both the successful and unsuccessful features of the Australian approach suggests that Americans should be cautious about emulating this model More broadly, cross-national research shows that a delicate balance in public policy must be struck if there is to be parity of esteem between public and private schools and equality of opportunity as well as excellence and choice in education. Because the policy changes necessary to achieve this balance are unpopular with both public and private school advocates, the political prospects for achieving this fragile balance are dim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author expresses annoyance with having to read scholarly dental articles that discuss topics such as the future of dentistry or changes in dentistry without offering any substance or strategy for addressing these issues. In this light, the author discusses progress that is being made in Australia towards the formation of a system of national dental statistics. The author examines how Australia is addressing dental issues and forming solutions.

The paper deals comparatively with the class structures of Australia, New Zealand and Canada. Four hypotheses, which could account for the similarities and differences in class structure, are identified. The first is based on their semi-peripheral status in the world economy; the second, pertaining particularly to Canada, argues for an `Americanisation effect'; the third is based on their similar heritage in the context of dominion capitalism; while the fourth proposes purely endogenous determination. The differences in class structure that the analysis reveals, particularly with respect to the managerial class, can perhaps be more persuasively explained in terms of the different historical circumstances of the three countries rather than by a set of exogenous factors which impact on all of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper details the results of a survey of a representative group of persons emigrating from South Africa to Australia. The characteristics of the group are identified and reasons for their emigration are suggested. They are found to be skilled persons of liberal or apolitical leanings, who should be of benefit to a future nonracial Australia and a loss to such a potential future South Africa. It is noted that a proportion of the emigrants have little knowledge of their country of destination and have strong family ties in their country of origin. It is suggested that this may result in their being unable to settle satisfactorily in their new homeland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problems associated with illicit drug use in general, and the illicit use of heroin in particular, have led to stringent attempts by Australian governments to enforce the laws against drug abuse. The strongest reaction of the criminal justice system has been toward heroin, with a total prohibition on heroin importation, manufacture, distribution, possession, and use. Before attempting to evaluate the extent and costs of heroin use today, this paper reviews the evolution of laws and social attitudes toward heroin in Australia. Using an economic framework for analyzing the black market in heroin, the paper examines proposals for enforcing the prohibition by tightening the supply side, and by reducing the demand for heroin. It argues that attempts to restrict the supply have had the effect of increasing the costs borne not only by the users but by society at large, through increases in acquisitive crime and police corruption. On utilitarian grounds it concludes that the costs to society of the prohibition far outweigh the costs of a policy of freer availability, and suggests that a policy of government supply of price-controlled heroin and methadone would be far preferable to today's failed policy of prohibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there has been little reliable evidence to date, the ‘personal vote’ for local Members of Parliament in Australian elections is generally thought to be negligible by political scientists. This article analyses new data from the 1987 Australian National Social Science Survey which demonstrate that the personal vote is a significant factor in federal lower house elections even when numerous other variables known to influence voting behaviour are controlled for. The data allow a calculation of the potential electoral effect of the personal vote which shows that it could be worth at least 3 per cent in some circumstances. The analysis tests for varying levels of personal voting in safe and marginal seats. Labor and coalition seats, urban and rural seats and according to the length of time the incumbent has been in office. Lastly, the electoral effects of the social background of local members are examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent analysis of the role and office of premier in Australia, Sharman, Hughes and Tuffin demonstrate that its fundamental characteristics derive ‘not from interaction with the broader political context but from the inherent logic of [the] constitutional system’. In this paper we test this argument by comparing Australian state premiers with their Canadian provincial counterparts. If Sharman et al. are correct about the institutional imperatives of leadership careers. Canadians and Australians ought to have similar career patterns given the basic similarities between the two systems Where differences exist, they may be explained by the selection processes used by parties to choose their leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes and analyzes the little-known, but extensive, defense cooperative relationship that exists among the armed forces of the United States, Britain, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. While perhaps arguably a relatively esoteric subject prior to 1989, given the recent changes that have taken place in the Soviet Union, U.S. alliance strategy is now on the threshold of a new era--an era in which the Soviet threat is seen by many allies as diminishing. As U.S. officials ponder the implications of a decreased Soviet threat on its many alliances, of which almost all have been threat-based, it will be important to recall the one series of collective security arrangements with allies that has been founded on similarities, vice solely threats. This intimate Anglo-Saxon connection appears to have the needed bases for enduring well into the post-cold-war era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines means of abating the greenhouse effect in Australia, by reducing the emissions of carbon dioxide. International cooperation needed to cut carbon dioxide emissions; Statistical information on the carbon dioxide emissions in Australia; Economics of abatement policies; Ways in which Australia can reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

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Two predictions of the exit/voice model of union activity that have been confirmed by empirical research in the United States are that union workers will have longer tenures and lower quit rates than nonunion workers. This study replicates the methods used in one important U.S. investigation of these "voice" effects to explore whether the same effects are apparent in Australia. The authors' analysis of data on young men from the 1985 Australian Longitudinal Survey yields support for both predictions. Two differences between the Australian and U.S. results are that the union effect on job tenure is considerably larger in Australia than in the United States, and unionism significantly reduces layoff rates in Australia, whereas it has been found to have no significant effect on layoffs in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information about some medical men who played significant roles in the progress of viniculture in Australia. Some of them include William Redfern, John Jamison, Henry John Lindeman, Christopher Rawson Penfold, Charles McKay, and Louis Lawrence Smith. It has been predicted that two reasons prompted medical personnel to establish and maintain vineyards. They include the medicinal use of wine and the need of medical personnel to diversify their interests to make a living.

This article attempts to explain the antecedents, major objectives, and characteristics of the new Australian child support reforms in the context of their introduction into a previously highly discretionary family law system. Parallels with the Wisconsin Child Support Assurance System are referred to briefly. The introduction of the Child Support Scheme in Australia has reversed the trend for the practice of family law to be both highly discretionary and noninterventionist in its application. Although private arrangements are still permitted under the reforms, pensioners and their dependents have very limited opportunities for operating outside the court system or the administrative assessment procedures, with their options being determined by the dale of their separation or the birth of their children. Either the status of marriage or the proof of paternity forms the basis of a financial obligation that continues until the child reaches 18, unless he or she becomes financially independent before that age. The extent of this obligation is unaffected by the fact that a child may have resulted from a fleeting or a long-term relationship.

The article reports about the "Third Australian Conference on Information Systems," organized by the Australian Computer Society, which will be held between October 5-8, 1992 at the University of Wollongong, New South Wales. The aim of the Conference is to advance debates concerning the roles and capabilities of information systems in organizations, and to identify and examine core definitions that constitute the discipline. The discipline must consider how systems are co-opted into organizational processes, how information systems practices influence work in organizations, and how systems and systems development projects change organizational cultures. Multidisciplinary or extra-disciplinary theory is being applied to Information Systems. Some newer theoretical directions have included the application of postmodernism, ethnographic approaches, critical theoretical perspectives, hermeneutics, grounded theory and semiotics. In addition to original research papers, the Program Committee will accept proposals for refereed panels on controversial or significant issues.

Based on reference group and cognitive bias considerations, we advance a theory, explicated via a computer simulation, to explain (1) people's perceptions of how equalitarian the class system is, (2) where people place themselves in the class system, (3) where people place others' occupations, and (4) people's estimates of the pay of different occupations. Using a new set of diagrammatic and verbal questions on class, we test our hypotheses on large, representative national samples in Australia (N = 6,177) and Hungary (N = 2,606). A full-information maximum-likelihood analysis strongly supports the hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I develop a conceptual approach to changes in masculinity that emphasizes the dynamics of the gender order as a whole. Homosexual masculinity is an important locus of these dynamics. After a critique of conventional discourses of masculinity I develop a theorized life-history method for researching gender. Analysis of eight life histories from an Australian gay community finds (1) initial engagement with hegemonic masculinity, (2) sexuality as the key site of difference, and (3) gradual closure based on relationships or on bodily experience that eroticizes similarity. Conventional masculinity is an aspect of the object of desire, yet is subverted by this object-choice; a contradictory masculinity is produced. Though the men in this study do not directly contest the gender order, the reification of "gayness" provides a social basis for sexual freedom, and the stabilization of a dissident sexuality opens possibilities for change in the social structure of gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]