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Given the importance of theorizing about an entrepreneurial phenomenon, we seek to highlight the common challenges of entrepreneurship papers' theorizing and offer suggestions for how we (as a community of scholars) can address these challenges to develop more robust and impactful entrepreneurship papers to advance the entrepreneurship field. Specifically, we identify the following major reviewer comments of entrepreneurship papers regarding their scope, common features (i.e., contextualization, boundary conditions, and time considerations), and "point of view". Elaborating on these common comments of entrepreneurship theory papers, we offer guidance on incorporating these insights when writing or reviewing entrepreneurship papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there are a number of excellent suggestions from editors on how to conduct, structure, and publish research in general, we thought it would be useful to offer some guidance from an entrepreneurship perspective. Writing this paper allowed us to reflect on our work as authors, reviewers, and editors to offer some advice in the form of simple rules for conducting entrepreneurship research, templates for structuring entrepreneurship research, and heuristics for writing entrepreneurship research. While not exhaustive, we have focused on the "rules of thumb" that have served us well and we hope that others find them useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Educational process inequality is an important branch of higher education fairness and the role difference of student leaders is one of the important phenomena of educational process inequality. Based on the employment administrative data of 2018 college graduates in a province in central China, this paper investigates the relationship between family background factors and college students serving as student cadres by using Multiple Logit Regression. The results show that the father's work unit and the father's educational level have a significant impact on college students as student leaders. The students whose father works in a unit within the system and whose father has a college degree or above were more likely to be student cadres. However, the poor students with disadvantaged family economic resources are more likely to serve as student leaders, which is contrary to the expected conclusion. Scholastic attainment can effectively adjust the positive influence of family background factors on the experience of student cadres and promote the relative equality of education process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Military experience, as a special early experience exerts a very profound impact on individual decision making. This paper investigates the impact of military experience on male labor force entrepreneurial choices and its underlying mechanisms, using the 2014 to 2016 China Labor-force Dynamics Survey data. It is found that military experience significantly reduces the probability of individual entrepreneurship. The analysis of the influence mechanism shows that military experience inhibits survival entrepreneurship mainly by increasing employment opportunities in state-owned units, increasing the probability of becoming a member of the Communist Party of China(CPC), and accumulating human capital. This paper also finds that the inhibitory effect of military experience on individual entrepreneurship varies across household registration groups and is more significant for laborers with non-agricultural household. This paper not only reveals the impact of the military experience on individual entrepreneurship choices, but also provides empirical evidence for the development of innovation and entrepreneurship policies in emerging economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychological mediators underlie many entrepreneurship phenomena. Unfolding psychological mechanisms enhances our understanding of theoretical relationships in entrepreneurship. This paper first reviews the current state of entrepreneurship studies examining psychological mediators and identifies the hurdles that push researchers away from employing randomized experiments to unfold the causal relationships underlying mediation. To alleviate these hurdles, we then propose parsimonious yet rigorous experimental designs that make experiments testing psychological mediators in entrepreneurship feasible and cost efficient. In addition, when manipulating the mediator is not feasible, we theorize and identify two remedies a single experiment can use to examine the causal chain underlying mediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents the research papers that were recognized at the 2001 Research in ENTrepreneurship. 'Organisational Structures in SMEs: Occurrence and Clusters,' by J. Meijaard, M.J. Brand, and M. Mosselman; 'Small Business Performance: Exploring the Link Between Management Practices and the Financial Performance of Small and Medium Sized Belgian Construction SMEs,' by J. Maes, L. Sels, and F. Roodhooft.

The article call for papers for a special issue on organizational creativity, play and entrepreneurship in the journal along with deadline for submission of the paper.

This research introduces Meta-Analysis Structural Equation Modeling (MASEM), a novel method that integrates meta-analysis (MA) and structural equation modeling (SEM). The method helps researchers to comprehensively understand issues in the strategic management field. Applying MASEM to analyze data from 112 papers, covering 101,981 observations, the results can be summarized as follows. (1) Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) is significantly positively correlated with firm performance (FP), which addresses the issue of inconsistency among prior studies' findings. (2) There is a significantly positive correlation between EO and market orientation (MO) and a significantly positive relationship between MO and FP, indicating that MO is a mediator variable to the EO-FP. (3) Environmental dynamism (ED) increases a positive link exists between MO and FP; in other words, compared to low ED, the presence of high ED enhances the correlation between MO and FP significantly. (4) ED influences the slope of MO's function as a mediator between EO and FP - that is, high ED increases the slope of the intermediary effect of MO on the MO-FP nexus, and low ED reduces the slope of the mediation effect of MO on the MO-FP nexus. These findings provide new thoughts and insights for studies on the correlation between EO and FP and offer substantial suggestions for enterprises. The aforementioned results indicate that besides providing deeper insights and a more comprehensive understanding, MASEM presents deeper insights for researchers and is more efficient than the traditional meta-analysis method. Moreover, MASEM can be applied to in other fields and used with other methods for greater in-depth analyses. Overall, the MASEM technique herein has high reliability and validity when utilized for discussing relationships among variables and gives more comprehensive and accurate conclusions in theoretical and practical aspects. Plain Language Summary: The Relationship Between Entrepreneurial Orientation and Firm Performance From the perspective of MASEM This research proposes meta-analysis structural equation modeling (MASEM), which combines meta-analysis and structural equation modeling. The method helps researchers to comprehensively understand issues in the strategic management field. Applying MASEM to analyze data from 112 papers, covering 101,981 observations. (1) There is a significantly positive relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and firm performance (FP), which addresses the issue of inconsistency among prior studies' findings. (2) There is a significantly positive relationship between EO and market orientation (MO) and a significantly positive relationship between MO and FP, indicating that MO is a mediator variable to the EO-FP. (3) Environmental dynamism (ED) increases the positive relationship between MO and FP; compared to low ED, high ED has a greater impact on the relationship between MO and FP. (4) ED influences the slope of the mediation effect of MO on the relationship between EO and FP—that is, high ED increases the slope of the mediation effect of MO on the MO-FP nexus, and low ED reduces the slope of the mediation effect of MO on the MO-FP nexus. These findings provide new thoughts and insights for studies on the correlation between EO and FP and offer substantial suggestions for enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs) have gained attention as enablers of innovation and entrepreneurship. This paper explores entrepreneurial ecosystems in developed countries. Entrepreneurship is a globally important phenomenon for economic development and addressing socio-economic challenges such as unemployment, inequality, and poverty. Systematic literature review (SLR), with the aid of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) approach was used in the items selection process. A final sample of 28 primary articles was used. Additionally, bibliometric analysis was conducted using VOSviewer software to determine publication patterns and citation trends. More relevant and recent articles were incorporated into the bibliometric analysis to improve the results. Isenberg's six domains of entrepreneurial ecosystems framework, supported by the Dynamic capabilities (DC) theory underpinned the study. Results show that though entrepreneurial ecosystems are prevalent, they face many challenges. However, opportunities are also available but may be difficult to access. Globally, scholars agree that entrepreneurial ecosystems enhance economic development, and they help to solve socio-economic challenges such as unemployment, inequality, and poverty. This paper recommends that entrepreneurial ecosystems should be fostered in all regions to promote economic development and provide solutions to solve socio-economic problems. Local and global leaders should invest in the development of entrepreneurial ecosystems to promote economic development. The original value is based on exploring the dynamic nature of entrepreneurial ecosystems in the global environment using a developed country perspective. The findings provide important insights to policymakers and other stakeholders for developing strategies and interventions for enhancing economic growth through entrepreneurship. Plain Language Summary: How businesses collaborate in developed countries The purpose of the paper is to explore entrepreneurial ecosystems in developed countries. Entrepreneurship is a globally important phenomenon for economic development and addressing socio-economic challenges such as unemployment, inequality, and poverty. Systematic literature review (SLR) and bibliometric analysis (using VOSviewer software) were used as research methods. Isenberg's six domains of entrepreneurial ecosystems framework, supported by the Dynamic capabilities (DC) theory underpinned the study. Results show that though entrepreneurial ecosystems are prevalent, they face many challenges, but opportunities are available. Entrepreneurial ecosystems should be fostered in all regions to promote economic development and provide solutions to solve socio-economic problems. The findings provide important insights to policymakers and other stakeholders for developing strategies and interventions for enhancing economic growth through entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to comprehensively define village social capital, assess its multifaceted dimensions in relation to farmers' entrepreneurial decision-making, and investigate the mediating role of rural development. The research sample consists of 14,133 farmers selected through a multi-stage proportional-to-size unequal probability sampling method. Data collection was carried out using questionnaires as part of the "Chinese Thousand Village Survey" project. Empirical analysis was conducted using binary logit and basic linear regression models, supplemented by probit models and other robustness testing methods. The findings indicate that village social capital exerts a significant and favorable influence on farmers' entrepreneurial decision-making. Controlling for other variables, a unit increment in farmers' village social network, village social participation, and village social trust is associated with a respective increase in farmers' odds of entrepreneurial decision-making by 3.96, 5.42, and 16.28%. Village social trust emerges as the most influential factor. Additionally, rural harmony and rural economy partially mediate the relationship between village social capital and farmers' entrepreneurial decision-making. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between village social capital and farmers' entrepreneurial decision-making, offering valuable guidance for farmers looking to leverage village social capital in their entrepreneurial endeavors. It lays a theoretical foundation for relevant entities to strengthen village social capital and cultivate a supportive environment for rural entrepreneurship. To our knowledge, this paper is among the earlier studies that investigate farmers' entrepreneurial decision-making. Besides, the relationship between village social capital and rural development is rarely studied in the literature as two determinants of farmers' entrepreneurial decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article invites submission of abstracts for the 10th Organization Studies Workshop that will focus on organizational creativity and entrepreneurship, to be held in Crete, Greece, in May 2015, and the deadline for making submissions is December 15, 2014.

In this paper, we address recent calls to increase the societal relevance of entrepreneurship research. We explore how entrepreneurship researchers and practitioners work together in the formulation of a research problem for impact. Leveraging process-tracing, we analyzed six entrepreneurship research projects, from early conceptualization to publication, all part of the Journal of Business Venturing Insights ' Entrepreneurship Rapid Response Research Initiative. We made two discoveries, as it pertains to the formulation of problems in entrepreneurship research. First, we found four critical change dimensions, along which a problem evolves throughout the research process: worthiness, divisibility, centrality, and specificity. Second, we found two equifinal problem formulation pathways in impact-oriented entrepreneurship research: inward-looking iterative and outward-looking joint problem formulation. These are marked by drivers of the research project, timing of involvement of the practitioner, and interactions between researchers and practitioners, which influence the sequence of the four change dimensions in problem formulation. Our study contributes by theorizing problem formulation as a process, not a point in time, and hence intertwined with solutions, making the process consequential. We also offer concrete implications for entrepreneurship scholars wanting to engage in research that impacts practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial inclusion refers to a process that ensures the ease of access, availability, and usage of the financial system for all members of an economy. This paper aims to study financial inclusion's impact on enterprise innovation and compare the different effects of traditional and digital financial inclusion. Existing papers mainly focus on digital financial inclusion's influence. Based on China's data, this paper fills the gap by constructing an index system to measure traditional financial inclusion and discussing the impact mechanism of the two kinds of financial inclusion on enterprise innovation (output and efficiency). The results illustrate that traditional financial inclusion inhibits the innovation output of enterprises, while digital financial inclusion has a positive effect. However, both traditional and digital financial inclusion is still in the stage of constraining the innovation efficiency of enterprises. Moreover, the two types of financial inclusion function differently for enterprises of different sizes and ownership. Evidence from China is expected to reveal the features of this relationship and inspire research in more economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The future of the field of entrepreneurship is bright primarily because of the many research opportunities to make a difference. However, as scholars how can we find these opportunities and choose the ones most likely to contribute to the literature? This essay introduces me-search and a special issue of research-agenda papers from leading scholars as tools for blazing new trails in entrepreneurship research. Me-search and the agenda papers point to the importance of solving a practical problem; problematizing, contextualizing, and abstracting entrepreneurship research; and using empirical theorizing to explore entrepreneurial phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After more than four decades of China's reform and opening up, many family businesses in China are welcoming the peak of trans-generational inheritance. Therefore, more research is needed to help the second-generation successors avoid the potential negative effect of trans-generational conflicts and keep and maintain the sustainable development of their family businesses. To fill these gaps in the literature, this paper explores the impact of trans-generational conflicts on transgenerational entrepreneurial performance and investigates the moderating role of first-generation entrepreneurs' business and social networks. Based on a survey data captured from the 221 matched responses from founder and second-generation successors dyads in China, we found that both cognitive and process conflicts have negative effects on trans-generational entrepreneurial performance, and process conflict has a greater negative impact than cognitive conflict. Furthermore, we found that the first-generation entrepreneurs' business and social networks independently alleviate the negative impact of cognitive conflict on trans-generational entrepreneurial performance. By examining the three-way inaction effect, we also found that the negative effect of process conflict on trans-generational entrepreneurial performance is alleviated. Theoretical and managerial implications are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article calls for the submission of high-quality papers related to small businesses and entrepreneurship for the special issue of the journal.

Innovation is a significant method of ensuring excellence and competitiveness for contemporary organizations. Therefore, employees are highly motivated to involve in innovative behavior which comprises developing novel and beneficial ideas, sharing ideas of your own or other people to colleagues, and putting those ideas into practice. This bibliometric analysis aims to have a deeper understanding and an advanced knowledge about "innovative behavior" both theoretical and recent research developments using the Scopus database. The study was carried out to see the patterns in publication between 1961 and 2019; authors, journals, countries, academic discipline, research institutes/universities, and various keywords relevant to "innovative behavior" were used as search words. After thorough consideration and the use of multiple checkpoints to remove irrelevant studies, 931 research papers were reviewed. In the analysis of authors' keywords "innovation" was the most frequently occurred among other keywords. The data has shown a stronger link between "innovative behavior" and "innovation" with 34 occurrences. We noticed that "innovative behavior" has the highest occurrence with 264 times with 37 links and 235 total link strength in which the innovative behavior links with some variables such as leadership, organizational commitment, knowledge sharing, entrepreneurship, psychological empowerment, organizational culture, work engagement, innovative climate, and employee behavior. These are the major concepts that occurred within "innovative behavior" research. Along with future guidelines and study limitations, certain variables with infrequent occurrences are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's rapid economic growth and correlating growth of metropolitan areas has attracted young people leaving their hometowns from the rural areas. Revitalizing the rural areas has been a national development strategy in China. College students returning home to start businesses is one way to alleviate the current shortage of young talents in rural areas of China. Based on the model of goal-directed behavior (MGB), this paper takes behavioral attitude, subjective norms, positive expectations of emotion, negative expectations of emotion, perceived behavioral controls, and government support, all as independent variables. The paper uses the desire as the intermediary variable to construct a goal-oriented behavior model about the intention of entrepreneurial initiatives by college students. By using survey data, the empirical analysis shows that the model has a strong explanatory power on the intention of college students. The positive expected emotions, perceived behavioral control, and government support, have a significantly positive influence on college student's intentions through controlling behavior desire. The perceived behavioral control and behavioral desire of the subjects had a direct positive and significant influence on their intention. This research provides a reference for the government to formulate policies to attract college students to return to their hometowns to start businesses and boost rural revitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article calls for the submission of papers on enterprise activity, performance and policy during times of financial crisis, to be published in a special issue of the "International Small Business Journal."

Organizations are constantly searching for new pathways to ensure survival and sustainability in a highly dynamic and competitive environment. Against this background, the present study aims to propose a strategic framework considering the crucial role of small businesses and entrepreneurship for sustainable economic, social, and environmental development. This paper employed a selective-intensive literature review technique to review and evaluate extant sustainability orientation (SO) literature from multiple strategic orientation paradigm. In addition, drawing from the theoretical underpinnings of resource complementarity and configuration perspective, this study proposes a configuration of sustainability orientation (SO), entrepreneurial orientation (EO), and market orientation (MO) in the era of sustainable development. The key finding of this paper is the development of a higher-order dynamic capability, that is, Entrepreneurial Responsible Orientation (ERO). ERO is proposed as an entrepreneurial strategic framework that integrates three distinct but complementary elements (i.e., sustainability, entrepreneurial, and marketing) under the umbrella of strategic orientation that drives superior sustainable firm performance. Moreover, we put forward the future research agenda by developing several potential research questions, thus, the findings of this study will serve as a springboard to extend the knowledge base in this field of research. This paper provides an integrated framework in the contexts of small businesses and entrepreneurship by utilizing the combination of the theoretical and conceptual development approaches. The proposed framework, if implemented successfully, has the potential to drive sustainable performance of the small firms particularly, and sustainable development of the country, generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurship has been claimed to matter and deserve priority because it has been linked to some of the most compelling economic and social issues of our time. This paper suggests that entrepreneurship is also inextricably linked to a fundamental value common among the western developed economies, democracy. Three distinct contexts are examined to link democracy to entrepreneurship, two historical and one contemporary. The first is National Socialism in Germany, which emerged by suppressing both entrepreneurship and democracy. The second is the rise of the Trusts, or dominant large corporations and concomitant decline of small business in the United States at the end of the nineteenth century. Finally, both measurement and perception suggest a decline in democracy as well as entrepreneurship in the contemporary era. These concerns are only exacerbated in the current Covid-19 crisis. The paper concludes that an important policy mandate for entrepreneurship may be to ensure the independent, decentralized and autonomous decision-making serving as a cornerstone of democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluate the contributions to entrepreneurial orientation (EO) in three articles: Wales, Monsen, and McKelvie; Wiklund and Shepherd; and Morris, Webb, and Franklin, commenting on key findings and their implications for further development of EO. We outline the potential for a multiplicative construct of EO and future directions for research in the field of international entrepreneurship: cross-border internationalizing firms and comparative studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) is an important construct in the fields of management and entrepreneurship research. Interest in EO knowledge continues to thrive with a burgeoning research agenda in multiple contexts and with diverse implications. However, a subset of this research, which endeavors to apply the EO construct to explain or predict individuals' entrepreneurial beliefs and behaviors, has met with resistance. This paper examines the case for EO at the individual level (Ind.EO). We consider the EO legacy concerns, and the various theoretical implications and benefits of doing so. Drawing upon an "EO as a family of constructs" framework, we propose paths forward for studying Ind.EO credibly, consistent with, but distinct from, traditional firm-level EO. Finally, we outline a research agenda and discuss the contributions and potential implications for Ind.EO research across the wider entrepreneurship discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a new concept, entrepreneurial political activity based on corporate political activity to understand when an entrepreneur, representing both the firm and the individual simultaneously, will engage in political activity. The case of petty traders in Kumasi, Ghana generates grounded theory of entrepreneurial political activity. Faced with an existential threat, informal entrepreneurs had to decide whether to try to influence government policy by engaging in political activity. Findings from over 200 interviews demonstrated entrepreneurs carefully considered the state's willingness to allow for the extra-legal economic activity in the informal economy to continue, and if they had trust in the leadership of the collective action before engaging in political action. Policy saliency motivating action was determined by growth orientation and dependency on the venture for household survival, both driven by the entrepreneur's social role in the social system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is now well-established that business groups (BGs)—an inimitable multifirm structure that enables legally distinct firms to take coordinated action—constitute a dominant organizational form in many economies around the world. The BG phenomenon has attracted sustained scholarly attention over the last three decades. Despite the shift in BG research toward BG heterogeneity and strategic performance outcomes, prior reviews and the last meta-analysis a decade ago focus narrowly on the question of whether BGs confer a financial performance advantage on affiliated firms. We provide a more extensive account of the BG effect and an in-depth review of the theoretical approaches used in prior work by focusing only on family-controlled business groups (FBGs)—the dominant type of BG. We make three contributions. First, we develop a parsimonious organizing framework to summarize extant FBG research in a nuanced way—specifying the relationships examined, theoretical explanations advanced, and empirical evidence adduced. This summary reveals that extant FBG theorizing is predominantly structurally focused. Second, we propose a reorientation of FBG research toward a microfoundations-based approach. We develop a scheme for theoretical "taking" and "giving" of relevant microfoundational frameworks from contiguous management subfields to systematically identify potential paths ahead for future FBG theorizing. Finally, we granularly discuss illustrative microfoundation-based frameworks, outlining how their application could both enrich and better integrate FBG research with contiguous management subfields such as entrepreneurship, family business, and strategy research. We thus consolidate our understanding of FBG research, identify gaps, and suggest promising pathways for future work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a call for papers for the special issue of "International Small Business Journal" on Entrepreneurship in Emerging Market Economies: Contemporary Issues and Perspectives.

This article addresses how the Chinese short video-sharing platform TikTok, a key actor of global platform economy and its disconnect or subsequent ban influenced and changed ideas of creativity in India. Through qualitative interviews and content analysis of TikTok videos (available on YouTube), YouTube interviews of content creators and newspaper articles of the app ban, this paper suggests that TikTok, as a 'memetic text' and a site of 'vernacular creativity', encourages both 'everyday acts of resistance' and professionalism/entrepreneurial citizenship. While the app ban signposts digital 'imitation' publics' transition from 'low' to 'high' technology environments, the values of professionalism and entrepreneurship remain constant. The paper shows the tension between professionalism/entrepreneurship and the 'everyday acts of resistance' to state-led technocratic vision. It argues against the disconnect between democratisation and 'demoticisation' of technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This section introduces a series of articles on the impact that government policies have on entrepreneurship and how gender and children impact entrepreneurial choices and activities.

This paper addresses despotic leadership and ideological manipulation in the workplace, and explores their detrimental consequences for employees and other stakeholders. The notion of 'hegemonic totalism' is advanced to account for how employees are often subordinated to the will of powerful elites. Our argument is illustrated through a case study of Theranos, a high prolife Silicon Valley biotech company that promised a revolution in healthcare diagnostics but which was declared bankrupt in 2018. Its once much-feted founding CEO, Elizabeth Holmes, has been sentenced to eleven years in prison for fraud. Analysis of empirical material on the company illustrates how business leaders may engage in despotic practices, while simultaneously invoking apparently positive ideals to enforce the performance of consent by employees. Following an exploration of the paradoxes and pathologies of hegemonic totalism, our study identifies three primary countervailing forces that act to limit its effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing research on the relationship between social relations and new venture's performance remains inconsistent. From the perspective of institutional theory, we introduce legitimacy acquisition and symbolic strategy to develop a theoretical model to explain the disparities in the Chinese transition economy. Based on the survey data of 242 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in China's strategic emerging industries (SEIs), this paper (1) investigates the role of legitimacy acquisition as the mediator through which the two sub levels of social relations (political and business) affecting new venture's performance. (2) Explores the moderating role of symbolic strategies to further illustrate the conditional nature of legitimacy acquisition. The results show that legitimacy acquisition plays a complete mediating role in the relationship between social relations and new venture's performance. Symbolic strategy improves the positive effect of political ties on legitimacy acquisition, but weakens the positive effect of business relations on legitimacy acquisition. The findings contribute to the entrepreneurial literature and make significant empirical implications. Plain Language Summary: Social Relations, Legitimacy Acquisition, Symbolic Strategy and Firm Performance Purpose: The study aimed to understand how social relations impact the performance of new ventures in China, emphasizing the roles of legitimacy acquisition and symbolic strategies. Methods: Through a survey of 242 small and medium-sized enterprises in strategic emerging industries in China, the study examined how legitimacy acquisition mediates the effect of social relations on venture performance, and how symbolic strategies moderate this mediation. Conclusions: It was found that legitimacy acquisition significantly mediates the link between social relations and venture performance. Symbolic strategies, however, had a mixed effect: enhancing the positive impact of political relations on legitimacy acquisition, but diminishing the effect of business relations. Implications: The results suggest that new ventures can improve their performance by gaining legitimacy through social relations. However, employing symbolic strategies may have varied effects depending on the nature of the social relations. Limitations: The study is bound to China, limiting generalizability. Other potential mediators or moderators impacting the relationship between social relations and venture performance were not explored. Additionally, the detailed impact of political versus business relations on legitimacy acquisition was not fully examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Necessity entrepreneurship (NE) describes the process of venturing a business out of need when alternative options are seemingly absent. Whereas prior research typically understands NE to be a homogenous construct, recent theorizing suggests the possibility of NE heterogeneity. In this paper we employ Sen's capability approach to elicit NE variety. Using data gathered from 820 households in rural Tanzania, our cluster analysis generates four distinct types of NE that vary significantly regarding their entrepreneurial activities, determinants and outcomes. Our findings demonstrate the relevance of life satisfaction and reveal the role of choice in NE. Our study thereby advances a nuanced perspective of NE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A call for papers on entrepreneurial exit is presented.

SMEs' internationalization research focused mainly on measuring their international performance, especially in IT-based and knowledge-intensive industries while little attention was paid to investigating the opportunity-based view of firm internationalization especially in the context of traditional SMES. The main objectives of the present study were twofold. First, building on the opportunity-based view of firm internationalization, this study investigated the international opportunity identification (IOI) and international opportunity exploitation (IOE) among Chinese traditional SMEs. Second, this research examined the direct influence of SMEs managers' adaptive marketing capabilities (AMCs), global mindset (GM), and collaborative intensity (CI) on IOI and IOE with emphasis on the potential moderating influence of environmental dynamism (ED). The initial phase of this research employed exploratory interviews with eight SMEs managers. Exploratory findings showed that Chinese SMEs adopt both entrepreneurial and non-entrepreneurial internationalization behaviors in identifying and exploiting international opportunities. Later, an empirical investigation using 327 valid responses from managers/founders of traditional internationalized SMEs in China showed that AMCs, GM, and CI had a significant positive influence on both IOI and IOE. Further, ED was found to play a significant moderating impact on the relationship between AMCs and IOI, GM and IOI, and CI and IOE. This paper ends with clarifying a set of theoretical and practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article emphasizes the need for alternative perspectives in entrepreneurship research. Burrell and Morgan's classic text Sociological Paradigms and Organisational Analysis is as relevant now as it was when first published a quarter of a century ago. Central to Burrell and Morgan's thesis is the idea that all theories of organization are based upon a philosophy of science and a theory of society. Either explicitly or implicitly, researchers base their work on a series of philosophical assumptions regarding ontology, epistemology, and human nature, which have methodological consequences. Within each of these assumptions, the extreme positions are reflected in sociological positivism and, in opposition, German idealism. Similarly, researchers hold differing views about the nature of society, underpinned by further assumptions, and reflected in Burrell and Morgan's distinction between regulation and radical change. Researchers adhering to the regulation perspective attempt to explain society in terms that emphasize its underlying cohesiveness. Their concerns are with the status quo, social order, consensus, social integration, solidarity, individual or system needs satisfaction, and actuality. In contrast, the radical change perspective is concerned with explaining structural conflict, modes of domination, contradiction, emancipation, deprivation, and potentiality. Assumptions that researchers make, both about the philosophy of science and the theory of society, represent two independent dimensions which, taken together, delineate four distinct paradigms: Functionalist, Interpretive, Radical Humanist, and Radical Structuralist. These paradigms reflect basic metatheoretical assumptions that underpin the shared philosophy, perspective, mode of theorizing, and approach of researchers who operate within them.

This virtual special issue includes research on the effects of crises, in particular the COVID-19 pandemic, on entrepreneurship, and entrepreneurial responses to deal with consequences of crises. This issue highlights how crises affect entrepreneurs' well-being and reinforce the importance of agency of entrepreneurs and other citizens. The special issue also highlights the need for resilience; the ability of entrepreneurs, organizations, and economies to absorb and adapt to shocks; and how it can be strengthened. We discuss the importance of data in times of crisis and the greater need for engaged scholarship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines forced migrants who fled their homeland due to conflict and later returned to undertake entrepreneurial activity. Drawing on qualitative interviews with returnees to Bosnia & Herzegovina and Kosovo, we contribute to the process-oriented view of entrepreneurship by showing how forced migration leads to historical bonds to the homeland which influence resultant entrepreneurial activity. We extend literature on institutional voids by demonstrating that they can be enabling, with formal voids substituted by informal networks. Returnees rely on informal ties due to mistrust of formal ties, and these are strengthened by shared experiences of conflict and lead to activities which satisfy non-monetary gains rather than profit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greed is an excessive form of self-interest that leads individuals to pursue material wealth and immaterial desires with little or no concern for the well-being of others. While the literature suggests that greed results in managers acting unethically, a situational strength perspective suggests that this may not always be the case. Therefore, this paper aims at understanding how the new venture context, particularly the role of a team member's affective and cognitive trust in the new venture team, shapes the manifestation of greed in entrepreneurs' unethical pro-organizational behavior—behavior that allows new venture team members to advance their ventures despite the violation of social norms. Consistent with our theorizing, we find that new venture team members' affective and cognitive trust in their teams shape the relationship between greed and unethical pro-organizational behavior in opposing ways. Particularly, higher levels of greed are more likely to be connected to unethical pro-organizational behavior when a member's affective trust in the team is high and cognitive trust in the team is low. Our study offers implications for the entrepreneurship and management literatures, alongside implications for practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial is presented on the 2017 Conceptual Special Issue, which includes in-depth articles on four different topics related to management theory, bootstrapping, competitive HR and agent bias with the aim to provide guidance on how to integrate diverse theoretical perspectives to enhance the reader's understanding of a topic.

The purpose of this special issue on international entrepreneurship ( IE) is to explore concepts, phenomena, and theories with high potential to advance the field. Rather than identify concepts from the extant IE literature, we took the more novel approach of challenging leading researchers to write about IE-relevant issues through the perceptual lenses of their own, or other scholarly domains. Through this process of cross-fertilization, our intention was to generate new topics and fresh insights, alternative arguments, and constructs. The issue's seven articles enrich concepts and theories for IE; advance complementary, or competing arguments that underpin IE thinking; and open the IE dialogue to issues of current global significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we examine the relationship between space and entrepreneurship, understood as organization-creation, by drawing on Deleuze and Guattari's spatial theorizing. Building on an ethnographic study of the Nordic Start-Up Incubator, we focus on the ongoing material, discursive and affective reconfiguration of space to promote entrepreneurial 'buzz'. We show how emancipatory promises (smoothings) are entangled with a logic of enterprise (striations), and how this ambiguity is enacted (folds) as organization-creation emerges spatially. This allows us to problematize the distinction often made between entrepreneurial spaces of emancipation and managerial spaces of control and to consider how they may co-constitute each other through subtle twists and turns. We conclude by discussing this multiplicity and ambiguity with regard to the politics of entrepreneurial spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In desperation for survival, the Cuban government legalized limited forms of self-employment in the fall of 1993, and the Paladar industry (in home restaurants) was born and their numbers proliferated. For the next 25 years, the state oscillated between legalizing entrepreneurship to outright forbidding it; yet, the paladares thrived. This work explores and documents how different stakeholder evaluations of legitimacy of an entrepreneurial endeavor change over time and how these endeavors shape stakeholder's evaluations of legitimacy. Utilizing archival data, in addition to firsthand interviews with various stakeholders, this paper documents key stakeholder evaluations of legitimacy in an endeavor's context, the differences in these evaluations, how they change over time, and how these endeavors responded to and shaped these conflicts. The endeavors in our context shaped stakeholder views of legitimacy in ways that enabled them to gain access to the resources they needed to survive and prosper. This work brings a nuanced understanding of how stakeholders evaluate the legitimacy of entrepreneurial endeavors in contexts that are changing and emerging and how these evaluations are co-created in an iterative process between stakeholders and the endeavor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper serves as an introduction to the special issue of Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice on government policy and entrepreneurial activity. Entrepreneurship is an important engine of growth. Government policy, in turn, shapes the institutional environment in which entrepreneurial decisions are made. Thus, government policy is important for entrepreneurship. But what policies are more conducive to productive entrepreneurship? In spite of a significant amount of work on this and related topics, there is still much we do not know about this important relationship. After reviewing recent literature on entrepreneurship policy, this paper summarizes the contributions included in this volume and puts them in the context of the ongoing research debate. The goal of the special issue is to address important unanswered questions and trigger a constructive debate among diverging views. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the article `Relationships Among Owner/Manager Personal Values, Business Strategies and Enterprise Performance,' by Bernice Kotey and G.G. Meredith from the `Journal of Business Management' dated April 1997. Linking of the variables relating to entrepreneurial personal values, proactive strategy and high performance whilst; Relationship between business strategy and enterprise performance; Author's comment on the article's information.

Keywords: genetics; physiology; neuroscience; neurodevelopmental conditions; biology EN genetics physiology neuroscience neurodevelopmental conditions biology 3 17 15 12/10/20 20210101 NES 210101 The past decade has experienced a significant increase in the number of papers on the biology of entrepreneurship. We define the BPE as the body of research that examines the role of genetics ([25]), physiology ([52]), neuroscience ([5]; [39]), and neurodevelopmental conditions ([16]; [56]) in entrepreneurial behavior. Accordingly, we next briefly review the four strands - genetics, physiology, neuroscience, and neurodevelopmental conditions - that constitute the BPE (Table 1 for a summary). Genetics, physiology, neuroscience, neurodevelopmental conditions, biology. [Extracted from the article]

Progress in coopetition research is impeded by two problems in the literature: (a) superficial conceptualization of simultaneity and outcomes and (b) lack of theorizing about core properties of coopetition and how they influence outcomes. This paper addresses these interrelated problems and charts a path towards a theory of coopetition. We systematically analyze competition and cooperation and illuminate how the interplay between specific aspects of competition and cooperation manifests through unique coopetition mechanisms. We explicate a range of possible outcomes from coopetition—joint value creation for all firms, value creation for individual firms, and value destruction—and suggest that coopetition mechanisms help explain how and why coopetition may lead to varying outcomes. Furthermore, we explain how effective navigation of simultaneity and value creation intent, two fundamental elements of coopetition, may be instrumental in deriving beneficial outcomes. Navigating simultaneity involves balancing competition and cooperation and maintaining both at moderately strong levels, and navigating value creation consists of managing the trade-off between joint value creation and firm value creation without compromising overall value creation. By explaining how coopetition manifests, what its unique underlying properties are, and how such properties influence outcomes, our paper provides a deeper understanding of the phenomenon and progresses the literature towards a theory of coopetition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent contributions to the literature on small firm growth have been marked by a growing sense of frustration with the state-of-the-art and what it implicates in both theory and policy. In short, while growth episodes appear relatively common, a tiny proportion of firms sustain growth and 'scale'. This calls into question the very basis upon which policies seeking to target high growth firms (HGFs) rest. In addition, it cautions against perspectives that view growth as the essence of entrepreneurship. In this paper, we argue that understanding the frequency of growth episodes and the rarity of sustained growth requires a better understanding of growth consequences. To this end, we describe case study evidence from ambitious entrepreneurs whose firms experienced an episode of high growth followed by longer periods of mixed performance. Our goal is to shed light on how the experience of growing affects further growth. Our data provide initial insights into the mechanisms linking past growth to growth motivations and into the ways in which past growth lays the foundations for future performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyses of collective action in entrepreneurship are lacking in the extant literature. Despite entrepreneurship research progressively moving away from a focus on the lone heroic entrepreneur, scholars have yet to absorb the full potential of entrepreneurship as collective action. Also missing is a collective stance on key entrepreneurship concepts such as opportunity discovery or construction and entrepreneurial agency. Accordingly, this article reviews and critiques five articles that constitute this Special Issue seeking to establish 'entrepreneurship as collective action' as the next frontier of entrepreneurship theory development. The articles in this Special Issue each investigate a specific instance of collective action in entrepreneurship. This article contributes to extant scholarship by highlighting transversal themes and offering further research avenues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National Systems of Entrepreneurship is defined as a nation's resource allocation structure leading to entrepreneurial behaviors. However, the existing indicators of national framework conditions may have limitations in comparing the entrepreneurial efficiency of countries. Based on institutional theory, this paper presents a model to examine the efficiency of entrepreneurial activities stemming from the given conditions of a country and find benchmarks based on data envelopment analysis by scrutinizing inputs and outputs with static efficiency, dynamic efficiency, and strategic quadrant analysis. For this purpose, the study utilizes the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor dataset from 2015 to 2020 for 24 countries and presents the research questions regarding the differences in global entrepreneurial efficiencies, the countries for benchmarking, and the implications for entrepreneurial activities. The research implications suggest that diversifying the views on entrepreneurial efficiency may be valuable, and policymakers may focus on institutional conditions and entrepreneurial efficiency regarding the activity of early-stage businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporal dynamics are at the heart of entrepreneurship. This Special Issue of Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice presents a collection of papers focused on the intersection of time and entrepreneurial organization. Traditional approaches to the interface between entrepreneurship and time are grounded in western logic, where time is linear and scarce, faster is better, and the future is held to be more important than the past. The papers in this issue are framed by the editors in this perspective, but also suggest alternative conceptualizations of time that offer compelling new ways of understanding entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurial ecosystems have become a prominent concept, yet in its current state, the concept itself represents a paradox. While it draws on a rich intellectual history and provides an opportunity to synthesize different strands of research, it is also under-theorized and the mechanisms that govern ecosystem evolution are not well understood. This paper takes stock of recent advancements in ecosystem scholarship and synthesizes the empirical reality of the causal mechanisms. We use these dynamics to position ecosystems in a broader context, within and beyond the domain of entrepreneurship research, and propose a transdisciplinary research program for ecosystem research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]