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In many European countries, one needs a permanent address to be entitled to social rights. To address this minimum prerequisite, mechanisms for administrative inclusion are in place for persons experiencing homelessness, such as the reference address in Belgium. This paper disentangles the non-take-up mechanisms behind this reference address by drawing on interviews with professionals. Our evidence suggests this is a minimum minimorum of social protection, albeit it can reflect and reinforce exclusion of the beneficiaries. This article contributes to the debate on the entitlement and non-take-up of rights, and the possibility of an administrative address that includes the most excluded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's dramatic economic development and urbanisation have led to an increase in its number of internal migrants. As of 2013, this group accounted for more than 20 per cent of the country's population, and approximately 70 per cent of people in this group are working in the informal economy. This paper pays special attention to migrant-traders in the informal sector and the strategies they use in Shanghai. Migrants are doubly marginalised by the hukou and danwei... systems in the megacity and have only limited access to social welfare. It is argued that the informal strategies of these marginalised actors develop in related patterns of social relationships and institutional constraints. Such strategies create new forms of informal institutions that are justified and gain legitimacy when countering unequal and hierarchical formal institutions and social arrangements. This paper empirically explores how informal institutions can act in parallel with or diverge from formal institutions, and how they might influence formal institutions in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Method: There is an absence of research on the prevalence of bereavement during early childhood and the relationship between childhood bereavement and socioeconomic status (SES) and this poses a challenge in both understanding and supporting children's bereavement experiences. Using longitudinal data from the Growing Up in Scotland study, which tracks the lives of three nationally representative cohorts of children, this paper aimed to address these gaps in research. It specifically drew on data from Birth Cohort 1 to document the recorded bereavements of 2,815 children who completed all 8 sweeps of data collection, from age 10 months to 10 years. Findings: The study found that 50.8% of all children are bereaved of a parent, sibling, grandparent or other close family member by age 8 and this rises to 62% by age 10. The most common death experienced was that of a grandparent or other close relative. The study also found that children born into the lowest income households are at greater risk of being bereaved of a parent or sibling than those born into the highest income households. Discussion and Conclusion: Given the prevalence of childhood bereavement and its relationship with disadvantage, this paper argues that there is an important need to understand bereavement as a universal issue that is affected by the social conditions in which a child becomes bereaved, as well as an individual experience potentially requiring specialist support. This paper thus seeks to position childhood bereavement more firmly within the public health approach to palliative and bereavement care discourse and contends that doing so provides a unique and comprehensive opportunity to better understand and holistically respond to the experience of bereavement during childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This scoping review explores key strategies of creating inclusive dementia-friendly communities that support people with dementia and their informal caregiver. Background: Social exclusion is commonly reported by people with dementia. Dementia-friendly community has emerged as an idea with potential to contribute to cultivating social inclusion. Methods: This scoping review follows the Joanna Briggs Institute scoping review methodology and took place between April and September 2020. The review included a three-step search strategy: (1) identifying keywords from CINAHL and AgeLine; (2) conducting a second search using all identified keywords and index terms across selected databases (CINAHL, AgeLine, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, ProQuest, and Google); and (3) hand-searching the reference lists of all included articles and reports for additional studies. Results: Twenty-nine papers were included in the review. Content analysis identified strategies for creating dementia-friendly communities: (a) active involvement of people with dementia and caregivers (b) inclusive environmental design; (c) public education to reduce stigma and raise awareness; and (d) customized strategies informed by theory. Conclusion: This scoping review provides an overview of current evidence on strategies supporting dementia-friendly communities for social inclusion. Future efforts should apply implementation science theories to inform strategies for education, practice, policy and future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated "perception of decent work (DW) and Employee Commitment: the mediating role of Job Satisfaction; to determine the extent to which employees" perception of DW influences their commitment to work. Specifically, the study sought to find out how job satisfaction mediates the relationship between the perception of DWand employee commitment. A cross-sectional survey research design of employees of tertiary institutions (Universities), as well as corporate organizations (multinational companies), in Nigeria was employed. A structured questionnaire elicited the required data from the randomly sampled respondents. Confirmatory factor analysis served to validate the instrument while Cronbach's alpha served as the reliability test. The data were analyzed using structural equation modelling. The results indicate that social marginalization and work volition are significant predictors of DW, job satisfaction mediates the relationship between DW and employee commitment with partial mediation on the informalization of organizations and full mediation on the rest variables. Work volition and career adaptation have positive influences on employee commitment while informalization of organization and social marginalization have negative influences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to understand the motives and effects of landscape adjustment during a period of heightened security consciousness. In this paper, the authors review aspects of the fear-landscape nexus in relation to the environments of everyday life, past and present, with particular reference to three important themes-marginality, spectacle and surveillance. In so doing this paper charts these three themes and clarifies the terminology of fear in order to identify some of the complementary ground between this term and landscape construction and reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that offering part of the sociology curriculum overseas enables an instructor to take advantage of the students' marginal position abroad. The students' marginality helps us achieve three goals discussed in Teaching Sociology: engaging the interest of undergraduate students (Mayer 1986); dealing with their ethnocentricity and lack of "world orientation" (Falk and Molloy 1985,Sanderson 1985); and integrating experiential elements into a course (Grant et al 1981). Not all our students will be able to go abroad, of course, and the paper also suggests that some of the techniques developed overseas are valuable with students whose marginality is less obvious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study explores the experiences of elderly beggars who transitioned from a life of homelessness to a hopeful life through rehabilitation programs. The aim is to gain insights into their lived experiences, challenges faced during their homeless phase, and the transformative effects of rehabilitation interventions. The study employs Case study approach applying thematic analysis to capture the narratives of elderly individuals who have undergone rehabilitation. The data was collected directly from the elderly using purposive sampling method. The in-depth interview guide was used to collect data from 30 elderly people in Atchayam Beggars Rehabilitation centre at Erode. From the findings, it was clear that homeless phase is characterized by extreme poverty, social exclusion, health issues, and a lack of basic necessities. The elderly beggars face numerous challenges, including stigma, discrimination, and a sense of hopelessness. The study documents the transformative journey of the elderly beggars, highlighting the positive changes they experience after rehabilitation. These changes include improved physical and mental well-being, restored self-esteem, regained social connections, and the acquisition of new skills. The elderly experience a renewed sense of hope, dignity, and empowerment as they move from vulnerability to independence and self-sufficiency. The study also highlights the significance of destigmatization efforts and community involvement in fostering the successful reintegration of elderly beggars into society. The study also contributes to the existing literature by shedding light on the possibilities for positive change and the journey from homeless life to a hopeful life among this vulnerable population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China consists of a mosaic of many territorial ethnic groups whose historic homelands have been incorporated into the modern Chinese state, a process by which the respective populations transformed from a "sovereign or semi-sovereign people" (Bulag 2002: 9) on China's periphery into "minority nationalities" shaoshu minyti). In 1950 Mao Zedong initiated the "Ethnic Classification Project" whose effect has been the marginalisation of the minority nationalities. In this paper, I explore the marginalisation of the Mongol population of contemporary Henan Mongolian Autonomous County within the Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in southeastern Qinghai Province. By seeking to understand how Henan Mongols deal with their socio-political and demographic marginal status, the aim of this article is to shed light on how they utilise their marginal position, and how they centralise themselves as an independent party' interacting with the civilising missions of China and Tibet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important feature of most segmented societies is that deprivations and well-being achievements are unequally distributed across well-defined sub-groups of the population, when the latter is partitioned according to a variety of social or geographical categories, such as gender, caste, ethnicity, religion, occupation, sector of origin, or region of domicile. Group disparities are a matter of both instrumental interest in assessing the nature of a society (such as in terms of its propensity for conflict) and intrinsic concern in evaluations of a society's record of 'horizontal' distributive justice. One aspect of a study of population heterogeneity would reside in the measurement of inter-group inequalities in the distribution of a society's burdens and benefits. It is this aspect of the problem that is reviewed in the present paper. It is useful to note that group inequality can be categorized into different types (which are nevertheless mutually linked by certain commonalities of purpose and motivation), and a particularly instructive taxonomy is available in a recent paper by Arjun Jayadev and Sanjay Reddy ('Inequalities and Identities', which is available on the website of the Social Science Research Network, at ). The present paper also presents taxonomy of alternative approaches to reckoning group inequality, and discusses a number of real-valued measures of group disparity, mainly based on work in which this author has earlier engaged, by himself or in collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the role that orientalism has played in shaping ethnic inequality among Jews in Israel. Earlier works usually explain ethnic exclusion as a function of Jewish life on Israeli territory. Here, however, exclusion is located within an earlier history of a Jewish encounter with orientalism and Western European colonialism. It is argued that prior to their immigration to Israel, Jews the world-over had been stigmatized as Oriental. Through a complex process, they accepted this stigma, and they arrived in Israel deeply invested in developing the new country as "western" and uncomfortable with anything identified as "eastern." It is the imperatives of this westernization "identity project" that account for the initial impetus to exclude Middle Eastern Jews, as well as non-Jewish Arabs, from emerging Israeli society. Viewing history from this perspective, ethnic cleavages in the Jewish world appear to have a historical stability and consistency that is at odds with the current focus on contingency and historical indeterminacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this commentary, we argue that the work experiences of vulnerable workers merit scholarly attention. We elaborate on the concept of vulnerability in light of the person and context interaction. Additionally, we offer compelling reasons to highlight the significance of research on vulnerable workers in the realm of management research. Finally, we outline some of the challenges researchers face when studying this special population and suggest practical solutions to overcome methodological and logistical challenges towards developing and conducting research on the vulnerable workforce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines relations between 'tinkers', or 'Travellers', and settled society in Ireland since the late nineteenth century. It argues that the racialisation and defamation of Travellers then reached new heights with the development of a rural fundamentalist nationalism which fused with Social Darwinism and caused Travellers to be treated as social anachronisms in an increasingly settled and sanitised society. This in turn meant that Travellers were located outside the moral and political structures of the Irish state and placed at the 'hostile' end of a continuum running from tradition to modernity. As a result of renewed modernisation through industrialisation in the 1970s through to the 1990s, new strategies of social closure have emerged which are causing Travellers to be located at the outer edges of Irish society. The paper finally suggests that the constant structuring and restructuring of economy and space in Ireland have fostered 'fortress' mentalities here. This is aggravating divisions, both at national and local level, between subaltern Travellers and hegemonic sectors in Irish society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses reports about the industrial and post-industrial subculture published within the issue. Christina Garsten examines the subcultures of temporary employees in formal organizations. A paper by Rolland Munro engages in anthropological concerns about margins and marginality. Brian Rusted focuses on the place of aesthetics in organizational research.

Parkin has developed a unified conceptual framework which integrates the analysis of class divisions with the analysis of communal divisions, arguing that all of these divisions are based on processes of social closure which are of the same generic kind. Within his closure model he proposes a non-structuralist collective action conception of class. This paper examines critically the conception of class of Parkin and of the Marxist structuralists he was reacting against when he developed his conception. It demon strates that the deficiencies of Parkin's conception are the result of that reaction: he has thrown out essential conceptual tools with the bathwater. Thus the paper shows that he falls into the same difficulties as E.P. Thompson in the latter's anti-structuralist position within Marxism. The paper then suggests an alternative for closure theory to Parkin's conception of class and class action and to his way of dealing with the connection between exclusionary practices faced and collective usurpationary action engaged in. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From an economic perspective, early educational intervention is an investment in the lives of young children that may yield both immediate and future returns. Economic analysis can be used to estimate the costs and benefits of investments in early intervention and to produce estimates of the net economic gain to society resulting from early intervention. In the last two decades, at least 20 economic analyses of early intervention have been conducted and their results widely distributed. The ‘cost-effectiveness’ of early intervention has been used with apparent success as an argument for a wide range of early interventions for infants and young children. This paper critically reviews the existing literature to assess the strength of the empirical evidence regarding the economics of early intervention. We find that a few studies provide credible evidence that early intervention for disadvantaged children can be a sound economic investment. Many of the studies that have been conducted were found to be problematic, however, and much work remains to be done. Few conclusions can be drawn regarding the relative economic efficiency of alternative intervention strategies or the long-term economic benefits of early intervention programs for handicapped children. Recommendations are offered for improving the research base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of more general efforts at school improvement, a number of states have instituted public preschool education programs for disadvantaged children. These new programs have been criticized from several perspectives and their potential effectiveness called into question. This paper presents the initial findings of a longitudinal study of new public preschool programs in South Carolina. Two separate research designs were used to maximize both internal and external validity. Classroom observation was used to measure program quality. The preschool program was found to increase children `s school readiness, if a minimum (and readily achievable) level of quality was maintained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper suggests a qualification of the theory of the marginal man as conceived by sociologist R.E. Park and elaborated by sociologist Everett V. Stonequist. The concept around which this qualification is oriented is that of the marginal culture. Anthropologists have sometimes used this term to refer to a distant or border culture, but it is used in this discussion as a nongeographical equivalent of the anthropological concept of marginal area. The marginal area is conceived as a region where two cultures overlap and where the occupying group partakes of the traits of both cultures. Here sociologists may review briefly the Park and Stonequist exposition of the theory of the marginal man. When an individual shaped and molded by one culture is brought by migration, education, marriage, or other influence into permanent contact with a culture of a different content, or when an individual from birth is initiated into two or more historic traditions, languages, political loyalties, moral codes, or religions, then he is likely to find himself on the margin of each culture, but a member of neither.

The article presents information on various research papers on the emotionally and socially handicapped. Many behavioral scientists have their turned attention to the area and numerous publications have resulted prescribing social action for the disadvantaged, the delinquent and the disturbed. Majority of publications on this subject have been prescriptions, subjective descriptions, and clinical case studies. In both the areas of major change there is great promise and great need for scientifically responsible research. No specific definition of the emotionally and socially handicapped has been widely accepted and consequently the figures on incidence vary according to the definition employed. An usually accepted but still controversial belief is that emotionally disturbed children as a group are deficient in school skills, particularly in reading. The evidence for the converse of this is that reading-disabled pupils show more maladjustment than pupils making normal progress, but the belief whether disturbed children are also disabled in school skills remains moot.

To help marginalized people break out of their cycle of oppression and poverty we need to implement long term integrated policies focusing on all four of their environments: material, physiological, personal and social. This paper will present a policy framework, The Policy Mandala, and illustrate its usefulness with the comparative experience of Dalits (Scheduled Castes) in India and ALANA (African Latino Asian and Native American) people in the USA, in their struggle for economic and social liberation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intersectionality has become the primary analytic tool that feminist and anti-racist scholars deploy for theorizing identity and oppression. This paper exposes and critically interrogates the assumptions underpinning intersectionality by focusing on four tensions within intersectionality scholarship: the lack of a defined intersectional methodology; the use of black women as quintessential intersectional subjects; the vague definition of intersectionality; and the empirical validity of intersectionality. Ultimately, my project does not seek to undermine intersectionality; instead, I encourage both feminist and anti-racist scholars to grapple with intersectionality's theoretical, political, and methodological murkiness to construct a more complex way of theorizing identity and oppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that in order to assess whether consumption sectors form meaningful social collectivities it is essential to consider patterns of housing mobility. Just as Goldthorpe has argued that a process of `class formation' occurs when individuals tend to belong to the same class as their parents, so we argue that it is important to examine whether there is a process of `tenure formation' where individuals have the same tenure as their parents. Only in this case is it likely that tenure forms a basis for social identity and collective action. We argue that existing studies on housing mobility fail to systematically address this issue. We draw on survey research on council tenants in Guild ford, Surrey to describe patterns of housing mobility. We show that there are high rates of housing mobility which suggests that housing tenure is not an axis of social closure. We therefore conclude that, at least in this area of the South East, a consideration of housing mobility casts considerable doubts on the view that consumption sector cleavages are becoming more significant in social and political life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of social closure has been employed by followers of Max Weber as part of an explanation of how members of a social stratum establish and maintain their status, and of how collective social mobility is achieved. Particular attention has been drawn to professional occupations and their registration under statute as an important part of the process of closure. This paper examines the case of the accountancy profession and shows how, after decades of attempting to achieve registration, this goal was abandoned, partly because the costs came to outweigh the rewards and partly because a very similar end was achieved by other means. A model of social closure is presented which allows this exceptional case to be explained without dispensing with existing formulations. The explanation hinges on the nature of occupational knowledge, the nature of the clientele, the historical/cultural antecedents and the interplay of these factors in the 'professional arena'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the relationship between a belief in a just world and depression. The paper examines the relationship between the degree to which individuals believe that events and experiences that occur to other people are somehow deserved as a belief in a just world and depressive symptomatology. The article also examines the nature of the relationship of the belief that the world is a just place, chronic stressors, and depression. A number of studies have investigated some of the correlates of such a belief: for example, authoritarianism, belief in an active God, negative attitudes toward underprivileged groups, admiration of political leaders, a fundamentalist religious orientation and a belief that the poor deserve their fate. The evidence from these studies suggests that perceptions of the world being just and fair have socialization antecedents and cognitive and behavioral consequences. Role strains are the primary type of chronic stress that have been considered as mechanisms linking stressful events to adverse reactions such as depression. Exposure to stressful events can increase role strains, thereby increasing the likelihood of distress. Ongoing role strains can also increase individual vulnerability to the effect of the life event or distress.

In this paper it is suggested that a sociological explanation of the process of differential professional socialization among working class chemistry students can derived from an application of the theory of marginality. The working class university student is in a structural situation of marginality, but his unique experience of this situation and subsequent response to it will be mediated by three sets of variables. Factors pertaining to his past experience, present environment, and expectations about the future are all relevant to an understanding of the nature of his marginality. Where the experience of marginality takes the form of an acute identity crisis a solution may be found in the total embracement of one role. We suggest that of the roles available to the science student that of the dedicated scientist offers one of the most attractive identities. Data is presented which provides some support for the suggestion that embracement of this role, in the form of commitment to science, may be viewed as a solution to a marginality crisis for some upwardly mobile students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents the authors' response to an article related to self-perceptions of disadvantaged children that was published in the November 1969 issue of the "American Educational Research Journal." Discussion on the relationship between social class and self-esteem; Views on the role of social context in interpreting one's own success; Discussion on the difference between the academic achievement of disadvantaged and advantaged children; Information on reasons for the positive self-perceptions of disadvantaged children.

Presents the author's opinions on self-perceptions of disadvantaged children. Views on differences between good and poor school achievers from a lower-class, or disadvantaged, environment; Information on differences in self-perceptions of advantaged and dis-advantaged children; Views on ratings of poor school achievers; Discussion on measurements of self-perceptions.

The article presents information on the history of Jewish people. It further analyzes the structure of Jewish identification and applies this theoretical orientation to recent Jewish history. Studies about Judaism and the Jewish people have, almost uniformly, proceeded at a high level of generality, for the nature of the research problems required the investigator to overlook striking, even obvious, differences within Judaism and to emphasize those characteristics that made Judaism unique. The fallacy of the theory of marginality as it is currently applied to the Jew is that it tacitly defines Jewish identification in terms of the complex of values and beliefs that characterized the religious culture of the ghetto, consequently, any renunciation of this complex is viewed as a tendency to disassociate oneself from the whole of Judaism and to seek integration within the wider American culture. This narrow defnition has led to many errors of interpretation since it excludes from analysis the ways of identification that have evolved to resolve two conflicts that face the contemporary Jew and jeopardize his Jewish identification, the conflict between traditional culture and certain elements of his new environment, and the conflict between his religion and the values and knowledge attendant with a secular education.

Loneliness among the elderly has become a pressing issue in Western societies. In the Spanish context, the problem of the so-called "empty" Spain disproportionately affects this population group—elderly individuals living in rural areas with low population density, and therefore at higher risk of social exclusion and isolation. We introduce here a mixed-method, quantitative-qualitative research protocol, triangulated with technological tools, designed to improve both data acquisition and subsequent data analysis and interpretation. This study will take place in a rural locality in the Extremadura region (Spain), chosen according to a particular socio-demographic profile. The De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale will be used on a cohort of 80 people over 65 years old. Within this cohort, a smaller sample of 20–30 individuals will be selected for semi-structured interviews about their beliefs and experiences of loneliness. Finally, data gathered from technological tools (smartbands, Bluetooth sensors) will allow us to monitor social interactions and to map daily loneliness/interaction patterns. Data will be triangulated by analyzing and comparing the empirical material gathered through these different methods and tools. Strict adherence to ethical standards for data protection and handling will be essential through data collection and analysis. As well as providing insights into the phenomenon of loneliness in old age, the use of different methods and tools for data collection will provide the basis for an epistemological reflection on the scope and limits of each one of these methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine how a good faith effort at collaboration with Native peoples in the regulation of white-fronted geese in North America nonetheless resulted in their marginalization. Our investigation explores how dramatically different ways of knowing are articulated and contested in a complex, structurally differentiated, and highly professionalized institutional setting—the Migratory Bird Management Regime of North America. We find local knowledge emerging among and being legible to the street-level administrators of the management regime, but unable to penetrate regional management, where methodological commitments reinforced existing problem frames and administrative objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capitalism in northern societies is entering an age of advanced precarity. On the one hand, postindustrial societies are confronted by growing surplus populations for whom there exist few positive functions in the market. These new ‘dangerous classes’ are increasingly subject to surveillance, discipline, and exclusion as the policing and penal instruments of the state are called upon to detect and contain risk. On the other hand, capitalism’s ‘insiders’ are increasingly consigned to a precarious life of hyperflexible labor and generalized insecurity. Confronted with a growing mass of ‘social detritus’, augmented by advances in automation and catalyzed by accelerating flows of capital, states in the Global North will increasingly be forced to mobilize the disciplinary instruments of policing and punishment to contain the swelling ranks of problem populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why do members of some ethnic groups rebel against the state? One approach holds that groups subject to exclusion from national politics engage in armed conflict. We theorize that the presence of resource wealth moderates the effect of political exclusion. Ethnic groups subject to exclusion whose settlement area includes oil wealth are more likely to experience the onset of armed conflict than groups experiencing exclusion alone. We depart from the convention of cross-national analysis to examine subnational, geocoded units of analysis—ethnic group settlement areas—to better capture the impact of natural resource distribution. Using data on ethnic group political exclusion derived from the Ethnic Power Relations database and geo-coded indicators, we conduct a series of logistic regression analyses for the years 1946 to 2005. We find that exclusion alone increase the likelihood of conflict, while the presence of oil wealth further raises the risk of war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do we do good guesswork at meaning if our informant lives in a secret world? Doing research often includes awkward moments, unforeseen events, and incidents. Here we name some of these "happenstances." We suggest that happenstances may offer a solution to the problem of meaning discrepancies: The happenstance is one of those moments that allow the researcher to temporarily bridge into the meanings of his or her informant. We have carried out research on marginal youth. In both of our studies, happenstances have turned interview situations upside down. Here we identify how these unforeseen events provided us with valuable insights into our informants' contexts. We conclude by addressing how these happenstances, though they appear to be a product of pure accident, may become part of a systematic approach in discovering contextual knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing interest in visual timeline methods signals a need for critical engagement. Drawing on critical emancipatory epistemologies in our study exploring resilience among marginalized groups, we investigate how the creation of visual timelines informs verbal semistructured interviewing. We consider both how experiences of drawing timelines and how the role of the timeline in interviews varied for South Asian immigrant women who experienced domestic violence, and street-involved youth who experienced prior or recent violent victimization. Here we focus on three overarching themes developed through analysis of timelines: (a) rapport building, (b) participants as navigators, and (c) therapeutic moments and positive closure. In the discussion, we engage with the potential of visual timelines to supplement and situate semistructured interviewing, and illustrate how the framing of research is central to whether that research maintains a critical emancipatory orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The double disadvantage hypothesis predicts that adults who hold more than one disadvantaged status may experience worse health than their singly disadvantaged and privileged counterparts. Research that has tested this thesis has yielded mixed findings due partly to a failure to examine the role of discrimination. This article uses data from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (N = 2,647) to investigate the relationship between multiple disadvantaged statuses and health, and whether multiple forms of interpersonal discrimination contribute to this association. The results suggest that multiply disadvantaged adults are more likely to experience major depression, poor physical health, and functional limitations than their singly disadvantaged and privileged counterparts. Further, multiple forms of discrimination partially mediate the relationship between multiple stigmatized statuses and health. Taken together, these findings suggest that multiply disadvantaged adults do face a “double disadvantage” in health, in part, because of their disproportionate exposure to discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Policies to stimulate enterprise in deprived areas typically attempt to remove the specific obstacles faced by firms in deprived locations. Yet there is little evidence that firms in deprived areas actually perceive different problems to those in more affluent places. Alternatively, different types of firms may locate in deprived places. This article uses a sample of 7670 English SMEs to investigate this issue. It asks two questions: Do firms in deprived areas perceive different barriers to success than other firms? And is this because of their location (a ‘place’ effect) or other characteristics (a ‘firm’ effect)? We find only limited evidence that ‘place’ effects are in operation: of nine potential obstacles only a lack of access to finance is significant, controlling for other firm characteristics. However, this finding may be important given that firms in deprived areas are equally likely to be growth orientated. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Resources are often allocated in groups through decentralized nonmarket mechanisms. We experimentally investigate groups where a rich representative allocates resources among poorer members, who can announce disapproval by voting for a measure hurting the representative. We examine the effect of inequality aversion by keeping information on the allocation private in one and commonly known in another condition. Further, we investigate whether casting votes publicly or secretly influences allocation and voting behavior. We find that disapproval rates are highest with secret voting or a commonly known resource allocation. Disapproval voting fails to stimulate representatives to appear more prosocial, but rather induces them to keep everything. Private information on the allocation and public voting leads to least disapproval and exclusion of the poorest group members from the resources. The analysis shows that inequality aversion of poorer group members crucially interacts with the investigated institutional and informational details of the resource allocation situation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Disabled people are exposed to a higher incidence of violence compared to the population average. Consequently, they are often described as ‘vulnerable’. This article argues that this concept focuses explanations for violence on the person at risk. It therefore redirects attention towards the social forces that make violence more likely to occur. With reference to case studies, a micro-analysis outlines how subtle forms of oppression, including imbalanced personal relationships, social exclusion, restricted autonomy and a higher tolerance for maltreatment within segregated settings, affect the daily experiences of disabled people. This is followed by a macro-analysis, which exposes further structural inequalities and a societal ratification of hostility towards disabled people. These processes are described as forming a continuum, which highlights that boundaries between mundane experiences and contact violence are at times blurred and shifting. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this study, we recast the formula of the social marginal cost of public funds (SMCF) and highlight the role of what we call individual marginal costs of public funds (IMCF). After elaborating on aspects of distributional weights, we estimate the wage elasticity of labor supply and the IMCFs on a household basis. This allows us to explore not only the distributions of the elasticity and the IMCFs but also their relations to household income, which helps us assess the assumptions made in previous studies. Further, we use the SMCF estimates to evaluate the system of personal income taxes in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article explores the efforts of the early People’s Republic of China (PRC) to intern and reform beggars, prostitutes, and other socially marginalized individuals as important precursors to the post-1957 system of Reeducation through Labor. It links a case study of local practice in Beijing to central government discussions about policy formulation to trace a series of co-constituted changes in the practical methods associated with thought reform as well as in the way PRC reeducators perceived the nature of their targets. It argues that Reeducation through Labor, as moniker and practice, was forged through the many contradictions between real idealism and practical reality that were discussed, debated, but never entirely resolved by the earliest PRC reeducators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contributes to research concerning the determinants of student mobility between public and private schools. The authors analyze a unique set of data collected asp art of a new evaluation of Milwaukee's citywide voucher program. The authors find several important patterns. Students who switch from the private to the public sector were performing lower than their peers on standardized tests in the prior year. African Americans were disproportionately more likely to leave the private sector, as were students in schools serving proportionally more voucher students. The authors argue that although these results indicate that a large voucher program may provide an educational home for some students, it may not provide a long-term solution to those who are among the most disadvantaged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A literary criticism of the book "The Aftermath of Feminism: Gender, Culture and Social Change," by Angela McRobbie is presented. It examines the incorporation of feminism into neoliberal global agendas, and the mistaken belief that feminism has achieved its goals while black and Asian women are marginalized or excluded in the new feminist culture of normative whiteness. It comments on the remaking of working-class women and the existing history of humiliation and shaming of working-class women.

It is widely believed that household registration (hukou) continues to play a fundamental role in determining migrant workers’ life chances in contemporary China. This article contends, on the contrary, that the importance of hukou has declined substantially, and that migrant workers’ life chances would not be significantly improved even if China were to abolish the hukou system. Based on an investigation of migrant workers in Beijing and Chifeng City in Inner Mongolia, the author shows that in addition to hukou, two other mechanisms—social exclusion and the market—also limit migrant workers’ life chances. Moreover, it is not hukou but social exclusion and market resources that most concern the majority of migrant workers when they strive to find a better job, move up the social ladder, and secure opportunities to settle in the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews research on the achievement outcomes of mathematics programs for middle and high schools. Study inclusion requirements include use of a randomized or matched control group, a study duration of at least 12 weeks, and equality at pretest. There were 100 qualifying studies, 26 of which used random assignment to treatments. Effect sizes were very small for mathematics curricula and for computer-assisted instruction. Positive effects were found for two cooperative learning programs. Outcomes were similar for disadvantaged and nondisadvantaged students and for students of different ethnicities. Consistent with an earlier review of elementary programs, this article concludes that programs that affect daily teaching practices and student interactions have more promise than those emphasizing textbooks or technology alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review examined 57 post-1990 empirical studies of school size effects on a variety of student and organizational outcomes. The weight of evidence provided by this research clearly favors smaller schools. Students who traditionally struggle at school and students from disadvantaged social and economic backgrounds are the major benefactors of smaller schools. Elementary schools with large proportions of such students should be limited in size to not more than about 300 students; those serving economically and socially heterogeneous or relatively advantaged students should be limited in size to about 500 students. Secondary schools serving exclusively or largely diverse and/or disadvantaged students should be limited in size to about 600 students or fewer, while those secondary schools serving economically and socially heterogeneous or relatively advantaged students should be limited in size to about 1,000 students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the insinuation of therapeutic culture into everyday life from the vantage point of a qualitative cross-generational study of economically marginalized young women and their mothers. Against dominant assessments of therapeutic culture -- as representing cultural decline, social regulation or transformation -- we draw on interview narratives to analyse its practical and situated effects. We argue that desires for disclosure and open communication are not trivial or narcissistic and instead interpret them as productive emotional strategies for managing difficult circumstances, and for engendering a sense of competence and possibility. Thus a concern with 'talking things through' is neither ineffectual nor adequately understood as a manifestation of an ahistorical feminine alignment with emotions and interior life. While we do not dismiss regulatory aspects of therapeutic culture, our analysis offers an alternative and empirically based account of the ways cultural imperatives are enacted across generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is based on a four-generational study of residents in three squatter communities (favelas) in Rio de Janeiro from 1968 to 2003. It shows how the marginalization of the urban poor has deepened over the past thirty-five years through drug-related violence, the failure of democracy to deliver on its promise of voice for the dis-enfranchised, the stigma of place and race, the increase in unemployment, and the inability to translate educational gains into concomitant income or occupational gains. Despite significant improvements in consumption of collective urban services, household goods, and schooling, few have been successful enough to move into "good neighborhoods" or into professional jobs. Gang violence creates a pervasive sense of fear and diminishes the social capital of the communities. Despite the promise of the ends of the dictatorship in 1984, favela residents feel they are more excluded. Yet they still have hope that their lives will improve in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article shows the growing activities related to the existence of three types of urban violence: the structural violence inherent in the existing social inequalities in Latino American countries, radical violence, and criminal violence. Neoliberal policies generate more inequality, exclusion, poverty, and alienation, which yield a rising tide of criminal and radical violence, which triggers more state violence and coercion, which, in turn, encourages more resistance from below. Violence and security have become a key link in the economic arena characterizing the Latin American metropolis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing upon qualitative, longitudinal research with 'socially excluded' young adults from some of England's poorest neighbourhoods, the article explores how locally-embedded, social networks become part of the process whereby poverty and class inequalities are reproduced. Networks of family and friends, rooted in severely de-industrialized locales, supported young people as they carved out transitions to adulthood in adverse circumstances. Examples are given in respect of informants' highly localized housing careers and their longer-term experience of 'poor work'. Paradoxically, though, while local networks helped in coping with the problems of growing up in poor neighbourhoods and generated a sense of inclusion, the sort of social capital embedded in them served simultaneously to close down opportunities and to limit the possibilities of escaping the conditions of social exclusion. Overall, and contrary to some recent youth sociology the article stresses the continuing importance of class and place in shaping youth transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theories of 'individualization' and 'risk' have shifted attention away from the material and structural roots of inequality and sanctioned a psychologized view of class distinctions in terms of personal qualities. This article will demonstrate how the association of disadvantage with a particular form of subjectivity is operationalized and institutionalized through a contemporary focus on childrearing practices. Discourses of 'social exclusion' construct working-class families as lacking in personal skills and moral responsibility, destined to transfer disadvantage to their children in a 'cycle of deprivation'. This view under-pins the current UK policy focus on parenting, characterized by state efforts to regulate and control the way children are brought up. Drawing on qualitative research with parents across a wide range of 'social backgrounds, this article wilt show how such an approach fails to recognize the socially and materially grounded nature of childrearing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]