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Background: Impairment of synaptic plasticity along with the formation of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and tau-protein neurofibrillary tangles have been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Earlier studies with rat and mouse hippocampal slices have revealed the association of AD with the absence of synthesis of memory related proteins leading to impairment in cognitive functions. The role of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a gaseous neurotransmitter, has been gaining attention as a neuroprotective agent. However, its role in AD-like conditions has not been studied so far., Objective: To study the neuroprotective role of H2S in AD conditions using rat hippocampal slices and the organic molecule GYY4137, a slow releasing H2S donor., Methods: Electrophysiological recordings were carried out in rat hippocampal slices to look into the impairment of LTP, a cellular correlate of memory. The Aβ42 peptide was bath-applied to mimic AD-like conditions and checked for both late-LTP and synaptic tagging and capture (STC) mechanisms of the synapses. GYY4137 was applied to look into its neuroprotective role at different stages during the recording of fEPSP., Results: There has been a steady decline in the plasticity properties of the synapses, in the form of late-LTP and STC, after the application of Aβ42 peptide in the hippocampal slices. However, application of GYY4137 rescued these conditions in vitro., Conclusions: GYY4137, with its slow release of H2S, could possibly act as a therapeutic agent in cognitive dysfunctions of the brain, mainly AD.

The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic has the potential to worsen existing health inequalities faced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia. We aimed to assess the impact of the pandemic on First Nations people health assessments using an interrupted time series model utilizing data extracted from the Australian Medicare Benefits Schedule database. Additive triple exponential smoothing was used to model health assessments undertaken between January 2017 and December 2019. The model was used to predict health assessments between January 2020 and June 2020 with 95% confidence ( P < .05). There was no significant difference between observed and predicted First Nations people health assessments in January, February, and June 2020. However, we found a statistically significant decrease in health assessments in March (16.5%), April (23.1%), and May (17.2%) 2020. The proportion of total health assessments delivered via telehealth was 0.5%, 23.6%, 17.6%, and 10.0% for March, April, May, and June 2020, respectively. The decrease in total First Nations people health assessments compounds the risk of poorer health outcomes in this population already vulnerable due to a high burden of chronic disease and considerable social, economic, and health inequalities. Strategies to improve the delivery of telehealth for First Nations people must be considered.

Elbow flexion is widely regarded as the most important function to restore in brachial plexus injuries. Free functioning muscle transfer surgery is indicated in patients with delayed presentation or failure of other primary procedures. Results of the transfer surgeries have been reported in the form of case series, but no further studies are available. This systematic review aims to provide a deeper understanding of this complex surgery and consists of 19 articles that include 364 patients. Data on injury characteristics, surgical techniques, complications as well as outcome measures were analysed. Our results show that functional muscle transfer for elbow flexion enables 87% and 65% of patients to achieve a useful power grade of ≥ 3 and ≥ 4, respectively, although other important outcome factors should be considered.

Acute poisoning is a serious health problem that is associated with high mortality. Management of acute poisoning cases in the critical care settings is the biggest challenge due to the difficulty in identification of poison involved. Immediate information about the poisoning and its management is crucial in the early diagnosis, treatment, and in the prevention of poisoning complications. Poison information resources, such as various poison apps and databases, are essential for the retrieval of updated and quick information on poisoning. Through provision of information to the public and to health care professionals, apps and databases play a significant role in the management of poisoning cases.

We assessed whether radial shaft fracture obliquity measurements on radiographs could predict intra-operative distal radioulnar joint instability. We also clinically validated previously described predictors of distal radioulnar joint instability, which included a fracture line within 7.5 cm of the lunate fossa, radial shortening >5 mm, and ulna styloid fracture. We retrospectively analysed the radiographs of all surgically managed patients in our unit with radial shaft fractures from 2006 through 2016. The degree of obliquity was analysed on the basis of the maximum fracture-line angle in either the coronal or the sagittal plane. A radial shaft fracture obliquity >30° is predictive of distal radioulnar joint instability ( P = 0.001). Radial fracture shaft obliquity >30° was the most sensitive radiological parameter (76%) for predicting distal radioulnar joint instability. Oblique radial shaft fractures appear to be associated with increased incidence of distal radioulnar joint instability. This radiologic parameter may be used together with established parameters in predicting distal radioulnar joint instability for surgical treatment., Level of Evidence: III.

Purpose: We evaluate the clinical and functional outcome of open primary repair of acute TFCC tears in distal radius fracture, when there is gross intraoperative distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) instability after fixation of the distal radius, in the absence of an ulnar styloid fracture or when the ulnar fracture fragment is too small to be fixed., Methods: A retrospective review of our institution's distal radius fracture database over a 4-year period (January 2010 to December 2013). A total of 12 (1.38%) out of 3379 patients had an open TFCC repair in the same setting as fixation of distal radius. Assessment of outcome involved the analysis of objective and subjective clinical and functional outcomes., Results: All patient regained Activities of Daily Living (ADL) independence; eleven out of 12 patients (91.7%) returned to pre-injury function and 8 out of 11 patients (72.7%) returned to their jobs. DRUJ stability was preserved in 10 patients (83.3%) with 10 patients (83.3%) having grip strength of at least 50%, compared to the uninjured hand, and 7 (58.3%) with grip strength of more than or equal to 75%. Complications of surgery identified can be classified into 4 broad categories: infection, neurological complications, persistent DRUJ instability and prolonged pain., Conclusion: The authors believe a primary open repair of the TFCC should be considered when patients present with instability during intra-operative DRUJ ballottement test after distal radius fixation, in the absence of an ulnar styloid fracture or when the ulnar fracture fragment is too small to be fixed.

Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are associated with alterations in epigenetic factors leading to cognitive decline. Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) is a known critical epigenetic negative regulator of learning and memory. In this study, attenuation of long-term potentiation by amyloid-β oligomer, and its reversal by specific HDAC3 inhibitor RGFP966, was performed in rat CA1 pyramidal neurons using whole cell voltage-clamp and field recording techniques. Our findings provide the first evidence that amyloid-β oligomer-induced synaptic plasticity impairment can be prevented by inhibition of HDAC3 enzyme both at the single neuron as well as in a population of neurons, thus identifying HDAC3 as a potential target for ameliorating AD related plasticity impairments.

A 52-year-old woman presented to the ENT clinic with a huge swelling on the right side of her face that had originated 6 years earlier. The mass was ultimately diagnosed as a carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma of the maxillary sinus. Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma itself is uncommon, and its origin in the maxillary sinus is very rare. We discuss the presentation, histopathologic picture, and management of this case.

Cartilaginous tumors are common in the long bones of the body and relatively rare in the head and neck. When they do occur in the head and neck, the most common site is the midface. Since the first case report by Morgan in 1842, approximately 150 cases of head and neck chondroma have been recorded in the English-language literature. In this article, the authors describe a new case in which a chondroma of the nasal bone caused an external nasal deformity in a 17-year-old boy. The lesion was excised via an external rhinoplasty approach. The authors believe that this is the first reported case of a chondroma arising from the nasal bone. The authors have made an attempt to comprehensively review the literature on this rare and controversial tumor and place special emphasis on its uncertain biologic nature. A detailed discussion of the diagnosis and management of this tumor is also included in this report.