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Based on a study of U.S.-tagged items in a global database of fact-checked statements about the novel coronavirus throughout the first year of the pandemic, this article explores the nature of fact-checkers’ “retroactive gatekeeping.” This term is introduced here to describe the process of assessing the veracity of information after it has entered the public domain rather than before. Although an overwhelming majority of statements across 16 thematic categories were deemed false and debunked, often repeatedly, misinformation continued to circulate freely and widely.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore how treatment adherence and lifestyle changes required for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes (T2D) are related to quality of life (QoL) among predominantly ethnic minority and socioeconomically disadvantaged adults engaged in making changes to improve T2D self-management. Methods: Adults with T2D in New York City were recruited for the parent study based on recent A1C (≥7.5%) and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 arms, receiving educational materials and additional self-management support calls, respectively. Substudy participants were recruited from both arms after study completion. Participants (N = 50; 62% Spanish speaking) were interviewed by phone using a semistructured guide and were asked to define QoL and share ways that T2D, treatment, self-management, and study participation influenced their QoL. Interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: QoL was described as a multidimensional health-related construct with detracting and enhancing factors related to T2D. Detracting factors included financial strain, symptom progression and burden, perceived necessity to change cultural and lifestyle traditions, and dietary and medical limitations. Enhancing factors included social support, diabetes education, health behavior change, sociocultural connection. Conclusion: QoL for diverse and socioeconomically disadvantaged adults with T2D is multifaceted and includes aspects of health, independence, social support, culture, and lifestyle, which may not be captured by existing QoL measures. Findings may inform the development of a novel QoL measure for T2D.

At the end of the last century, there was a debate about whether cognitive psychology had superseded behavioral psychology and psychoanalysis, and the question was raised of whether the latter two might even be dead. The aim of this study was to investigate how these sub-disciplines have developed since then. The citation count, Journal Impact Factor (JIF), and Immediacy Index of four leading journals from each sub-discipline were abstracted for the years 1998, 2008, and 2018. Trends were analyzed using joinpoint regression analysis. The average number of times each sub-discipline’s journals were cited increased between 1988 and 2018. The cognitive journals’ JIF increased slightly, the behavioral journals’ doubled, and the psychoanalytic journals’ remained at the same level. The average annual percentage change for citations to the International Journal of Psychoanalysis showed that the number of citations statistically significantly increased over the years. This was also the case for the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. Its JIF trend changed at one point: it decreased up through 2006, after which it increased. Citations to Cognitive Psychology also increased over time, while there was no evidence that its JIF changed. This shows that all three sub-disciplines are still alive and relevant.

Objective: Identify factors predictive of therapeutic success following ultrasound-guided sheath injection of the long head of the biceps tendon. Materials and Methods: A total of 162 cases were divided into three groups based on clinical responses: complete, partial, or no relief. The presence or absence of clinical symptoms, glenohumeral joint structural pathology, and treatment method was compared. Results: Of the 115 injections with follow-up, 19.1% reported no clinical response while 53.0% had a complete response. Patients with fibromyalgia or chronic spine pain were strongly associated with a poor outcome (odds ratio [OR] = 5.7, P < .001). Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided intra-sheath injection is an effective method of non-surgical management for biceps tendinopathy.

What does democracy demand of business? We argue that an answer to this question requires an understanding of the sorts of ethical obligations businesses have more generally. Against approaches that understand the duties of business in terms of citizenship or fiduciary obligation, we propose and develop the notion of subcontractor duties. We conceive of commercial activity as a social subcontract, in which businesses are empowered to exercise their judgment in pursuit of parochial interests, but for broader social reasons. Such license, however, puts businesses in a position to use this judgment in ways that unduly influence broader political processes. Given this, business ethics should be seen as indispensable for normative democratic theory, as it offers a conception of how business leaders should discharge their discretionary power in a manner least offensive to democratic principles. Drawing on a pragmatist understanding of democracy, we contend that businesses must respect, and avoid undermining, the formal and informal processes that characterize democratic politics. We conclude with rough sketch of what this looks like in practice, listing three broad sets of desiderata that a social subcontract seems to demand of businesses vis-à-vis democracy.

Most adults processed through local correctional facilities report symptoms consistent with substance use disorder and there is growing interest in bail reform to reduce or eliminate financial conditions as a requirement for release from detention in local jails. These practices are endorsed for their ability to reduce jail populations and enhance judicial efficiency, but failure to appear in court has become a major area of concern under these new procedures. The current study examined the associations between substance use disorder, financial release conditions, and failure to appear in court in the context of a naturalistic study of bail reform in one judicial district. Multivariate logistic regression results demonstrate significantly higher odds of failure to appear in court among adults with substance use disorder who received a nonfinancial release from jail. Findings suggest bail reform initiatives must address substance use disorder and provide person-centered services during the pretrial release period to become effective.

Background: Patients with cardiogenic shock may require extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) prior to durable mechanical circulatory support (dMCS) or heart transplantation (HTx). Methods: We investigated the clinical characteristics and outcomes of adult patients with ECMO support as bridge to dMCS or HTx between 1/1/13 and 12/31/20. Results: Of 57 patients who underwent bridging ECMO, 41 (72%) received dMCS (approximately half with biventricular support) and 16 (28%) underwent HTx, 13 (81%) after the 2018 UNOS allocation system change. ECMO → HTx patients had shorter ventilatory time (3.5 vs 7.5 days; p = 0.018), ICU stay (6 vs 18 days; p = 0.001), and less need for inpatient rehabilitation (18.8% vs 57.5%; p = 0.016). The 1-year survival post HTx was 81.3% in the ECMO → HTx group and 86.4% in the ECMO → dMCS group ( p = 0.11). For those patients in the ECMO → dMCS group who did not undergo HTx, 1-year survival was significantly lower, 31.6% ( p = 0.001). Conclusion: Patients on ECMO who undergo HTx, with or without dMCS bridge, have acceptable post-HTx survival. These findings suggest that HTx from ECMO is a viable option for carefully selected patients deemed acceptable to proceed with definitive advanced therapies, especially in the era of the new UNOS allocation system.

Introduction Trauma patients who develop indications for therapeutic anticoagulation (TAC) present a challenge due to concern for bleeding. Transfusion requirement has been described as a common complication of TAC after trauma but its clinical relevance is unclear. Objective Determine risk factors for and clinical outcomes associated with transfusion requirement on TAC after trauma. Methods All trauma patients admitted to an academic urban level I trauma center from January 2010 to August 2020 who received TAC were included in this retrospective cohort study. Data included injury characteristics; TAC indication and timing; transfusions; and interventions. Patients who required transfusion after TAC were compared to those who did not. Results Eighty-two patients were included. The most common reasons for TAC were deep vein thrombosis (67.1%) and pulmonary embolism (31.7%). Two (2.4%) patients developed gastrointestinal bleeding. One (1.2%) underwent endoscopic intervention. Two patients (4.9%) had intracranial hemorrhage progression. Blood transfusion after TAC initiation was required in 43.9% of patients. Patients who were transfused started TAC more quickly after traumatic injury (5.5 vs 10.0 days, P = .03), had fewer hospital-free days (54 vs 64 days, P < .01), ICU-free days (8.5 vs 16.5 days, P = .01), and higher mortality (13.9% vs 2.1%, P = .04). Conclusion Transfusions are common after starting TAC in trauma patients. Requiring transfusion after starting TAC was associated with shorter time from injury to starting TAC, higher mortality, and fewer ICU and hospital-free days.

Background: Research has extensively examined family members’ grief prior to the death of an individual with a life-limiting illness but several inconsistencies in its conceptualization of related constructs, yet significant conceptualization issues exist. Aim: This study aimed to identify and characterize studies published on family members grief before the death of an individual with a life-limiting illness, and propose definitions based on past studies in order to initiate conceptual clarity. Design: A mixed-method systematic review utilized six databases and was last conducted July 10, 2021. The search strategy was developed using Medical Subject Headings. This study was prospectively registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020166254). Results: One hundred thirty-four full-text articles met inclusion criteria. This review revealed across studies a wide variation in terminology, conceptualization, and characterization of grief before the death. More than 18 terms and 30 definitions have been used. In many cases, the same term (e.g. anticipatory grief) was defined differently across studies. Conclusions: We found grief occurring before the death of a person with a life-limiting illness, which we termed pre-death grief, is comprised of two distinct constructs: anticipatory grief and illness-related grief. Anticipatory grief is future-oriented and is characterized by separation distress and worry about a future without the person with the life-limiting illness being physically present. Illness-related grief is present-oriented and is characterized by grief over current and ongoing losses experienced during the illness trajectory. These definitions provide the field with uniform constructs to advance the study of grief before the death of an individual with a life-limiting illness.