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Objective: To assess patients’ awareness of the availability of information related to orthodontics on social media, and to explore patients’ willingness to engage with social media to aid with orthodontic treatment. Design: Prospective cross-sectional survey. Setting: This survey was conducted at Croydon University Hospital orthodontic department. Participants: A total of 125 orthodontic patients, both new and in treatment. There were no exclusion criteria. Methods: All participants completed a questionnaire designed to explore their awareness, access to and utilisation of social media as well as their willingness to engage with social media to support orthodontic treatment. There were no age restrictions or exclusion criteria. Results: Of the patients, 99% had access to social media. Of these patients, 64% were aware that social media platforms were available to help with orthodontic treatment, 30% had utilised social media related to orthodontics, with the most popular platforms being Instagram (n = 17) and Snapchat (n = 12). Of the patients, 73% stated that they would be willing to use social media in the future to support orthodontic treatment. Conclusion: Social media can be engaging, accessible and versatile, and has been shown to be effective at improving patients’ knowledge regarding orthodontic treatment. As such, it may be used as a valuable tool for information provision to engage orthodontic patients. Awareness of the availability of orthodontics content on social media is increasing; however, only one-third of participants had previously used it to aid with orthodontic treatment. Given the availability of information on social media targeted at orthodontic patients there is a need to assess the quality of this information and if appropriate navigate patients towards high-quality, effective resources.

Reflux monitoring has advanced from inpatient continuous pH recordings on scrolling graph paper introduced 50 years ago to modern catheter-based 24-hour and wireless multiple-day ambulatory recordings, and the capability of detecting reflux episodes irrespective of pH using impedance technology. Testing is performed off antisecretory therapy when there is no prior documentation of reflux disease, and pH-impedance monitoring can be performed on therapy in symptomatic patients with proven reflux. Prolonged wireless pH monitoring evaluates day-to-day variation in reflux exposure. New impedance-based metrics evaluating baseline impedance and post-reflux swallow induced peristaltic wave have potential to augment the diagnostic value of reflux monitoring.

The stories that museum objects convey change on social media. This narrative shift is analyzed through the development of social media methods that track the dissemination of the Viking helmet from the Swedish History Museum to personalized YouTube search engine result pages (SERPs). Social media methods are used to compare the narratives and meanings produced on YouTube SERPs with the narratives and meanings sanctioned by the Swedish History Museum. The hermeneutic process at the core of the methodological approach reveals how personalization algorithms targeting user identities through IP addresses influence the meanings of objects, which are mediated and commercialized via social media SERPs. This research demonstrates that personalized search engine result pages have an algorithmic impact on the narratives of objects that counters the social justice goals integral to contemporary museum practices. The meaning curation of museum objects is not customized to individual preferences and identities. Museums advance selected interpretations of objects to endorse a variety of vantage points so that the fixity of identity categories can be questioned.

In 5 months of COVID isolation, living out of a suitcase in temporary housing, countless fractal patterns emerged. I can’t say if I created these patterns by looking for them, or that I know the whole world by looking at a grain of sand. The truth of the matter is that it feels like the key for massive scale change is just in front of us, but slipping from our grasp. As we move through these days, weeks, and months, we have very little time before the difference recedes again. I address this matter of concern as a matter of method in performative grounded theory piece.

Social media fuel a sense of unsettledness to encourage uninterrupted connectivity and generate quantifiable engagement. This article is concerned with the habitual, naturalized character acquired by these platforms and with how this is paradoxically constructed by prompting a permanent state of anticipation. The aim here is to explore, with a phenomenological sensibility, the experiences that emerge in settings of continuous connectedness from the perspective of the people who use these technologies in the context of everyday life – that is, the ‘users’. Theoretically, the entry point is to revisit the claim of liveness – and its shifting relations with issues of sequential flow and eventfulness – and to position it as a central resource in this process, in which users are deliberately encouraged to expect the unexpected even in ‘non-eventful’ situations. Drawing from the thematic analysis of data collected through the diary-interview method with people who live in London and use a range of social media, I examine both how this urge of continuous connectedness operates and the ambivalent experiences it generates. The findings were categorized into five themes: excitement, anxiety, reassurance, fatigue, and responsibility.

In this paper, a process is devised systematically to scrutinize the scrolling chaotic behaviour of fractional-order Chua's system. The process is composed of fractional Laplace transformation, artificial neural network with Mexican hat wavelet as an activation function and simulated annealing. Sequentially, the parametric expansion of fractional Laplace transform is employed to convert the governing fractional system into an ordinary differential system. Next, artificial neural network and simulated annealing approximate and optimize the attained system and produce accurate solutions. The predictability and elaboration of double scrolling chaotic structures of fractional-order Chua's system are also studied using the Lyapunov exponent and fifth–fourth Runge–Kutta method. Moreover, the mean absolute error and root mean square error are measured for the convergence analysis of the proposed scheme. On the whole, the accurate approximate solutions, the phase plots of Lyapunov exponent spectrum and bifurcation maps of the dynamical evolution of fractional Chua's system are a triumph of this endeavour.

The narrative shape of Revelation is notoriously difficult to identify, and varies from commentator to commentator. However, there are indicators of structure, some of which are subtler than others. This textual note identifies uses of three Greek words for ‘scroll’ (belonging to the βιβλ- word-group), twenty-eight in total, and suggests that the hitherto unidentified cluster of seven uses of the word ‘scroll’ in Revelation twenty-two could form an inclusio with the seven uses in chapter five. It further proposes that in chapter ten we are alerted to the forthcoming contents of the now opened scroll by the equivalent use of ‘little scroll’ and ‘scroll.’ I argue that the opened scroll’s contents, relating a metanarrative of salvation and judgement, are narrated from 11:19 to the close of the inclusio in chapter twenty-two, where I postulate a double ending—that of the scroll eaten by John and that of the whole book.

Many people express concern that Facebook’s users are overly connected. This article examines responses to survey questions asked after a large random sample of American Facebook users had been paid to deactivate Facebook. We find a recurring discourse of mind including, for example, references to mindfulness. Using iterative qualitative coding, we ask what meanings and practices are invoked in this discourse. Furthermore, we critically assess the potential of what respondents describe to address the problems of overconnection. We find explicit awareness of the automaticity of use, the value and content of Facebook, and how it makes users feel. We find that users came to practice disconnection at many nested levels of vernacular affordances. Ultimately, we argue that Facebook has become a landscape trap, altering daily life such that individual practices, such as mindful scrolling, cannot overcome the overconnection problems it may create. Mindfulness in this discourse may be power, but it is power to avoid elements of Facebook, not power to transform it.

There is some evidence that a scrolling design may reduce breakoffs in mobile web surveys compared to a paging design, but there is little empirical evidence to guide the choice of the optimal number of items per page. We investigate the effect of the number of items presented on a page on data quality in two types of questionnaires: with or without user-controlled skips. Three versions of a 30-item instrument were compared, with 5, 15, or all 30 questions presented on a page, in two different surveys, one with skips and one without. We found that displaying 30 items on a page reduced the breakoff rate by almost one-third compared to presenting five items per page in the questionnaire without skips, but the difference was not statistically significant. In both surveys with and without skips, the completion times were significantly lower in the 30-item per page condition; however, item nonresponse rates were also higher. We give some practical recommendations to guide choices while designing questionnaires for mobile web surveys.

This study was designed to examine how several methods for completing tasks (such as scrolling and zooming) differ when using touch screen devices. The goal of this research is to identify which methods produce the least amount of errors, and require the shortest amount of time when trying to accomplish a task. The study also aims to answer whether certain methods are better suited for different screen sizes (i.e., phone sized screen vs. a tablet sized screen). Results indicated that the phone sized device allowed users to complete all tasks more quickly but required greater effort to complete the task than the tablet sized device. Certain methods were identified to reduce the amount of time to accomplish a task, produce fewer errors, and reduce the effort required to accomplish a task.

Objective: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects and interactions of line length, line number, and line spacing on Chinese screen-based proofreading performance and amount of scrolling. Background: Proofreading is an important process, and much of it is now done on screen. The Chinese language is increasingly important, but very little work has been done on the factors that affect proofreading performance for Chinese passages. Method: Three display factors related to screen size, namely line length, line number, and line spacing, were selected to be investigated in an experiment to determine their effects on proofreading performance and amount of scrolling. Correlations between proofreading performance in time and accuracy and scrolling amount were also analyzed. Results: The results showed that line number and line spacing had significant main and interaction effects on both proofreading time and detection rate. Line length and line number influenced scrolling amount significantly, but there was no interaction effect for scrolling. Scrolling amount was negatively correlated with proofreading time and typo detection rate such that more scrolling movement was associated with faster proofreading, but lower detection rate. There was a trade-off between time and accuracy. Conclusion: For balancing time and detection rate and improving performance for on-screen Chinese proofreading, the display setting of medium line length (36 characters per line) with four lines and 1.5 line spacing should be used. Application: The findings provide information and recommendations for display factors and the screen design that should prove useful for improving proofreading time and accuracy.

Objective: We evaluated alternative scrolling methods on non–touch screen computer operating systems by comparing human performance in different scrolling conditions. Background: The scrolling directions on current operating systems are discrepant. Few researchers have investigated how scrolling method influences users’ performance. The response–effect (R-E) compatibility principle can be used as a theoretical guide. Method: Experiments 1 and 2 involved two successive tasks (scrolling and target content judgment) to simulate how people scroll to acquire and use off-screen information. Performance in R-E compatible and incompatible conditions was compared. Experiment 3 involved a location judgment task to test the influence of target location. Experiments 4 and 5 included a scrolling effect following the location judgment task to test the sufficient role of the scrolling effect. Results: Overall, responses were facilitated when the response direction was compatible with the forthcoming display-content movement direction (an R-E compatibility effect), when the scrolling effect was task relevant or task irrelevant. A spatial stimulus–response (S-R) compatibility effect attributable to target location was also found. When the scrolling effect was present, there were both R-E and S-R components; the R-E effect was the larger of the two. Conclusion: Scrolling in the direction of content movement yielded the best performance, and the scrolling effect was the main source of the R-E compatibility effect. Application: These findings suggest that (a) the R-E compatibility principle may be used as a general design guideline for scrolling and (b) a consistent scrolling method should be available on various operating systems.

Despite the fact that luggage screening occurs with the dynamic presentation of images, most luggage screening research is conducted with static images. Although some research has suggested that performance with static and dynamic images is equivalent, this has not been addressed in the context of complex visual search tasks such as luggage screening. Participants completed a luggage screening task under either static or dynamic conditions to test the hypothesis that performance would vary by condition. A series of 2 (block) x 3 (condition) mixed ANOVAs revealed that sensitivity was higher in the scrolling condition than in the 3 second condition and that this effect may have been due to presentation time. Results also revealed that performance workload was lower in the 9 second condition than in the scrolling or 3 second condition. Luggage screening simulation styles may be an important consideration when designing research to test the effectiveness of different performance enhancement devices or the impact of different conditions.

The settings of scrolling direction (e.g., whether scrolling up or down to move the display content up) on current computer operating systems are discrepant, which may impair users’ performance and user experience. To evaluate the alternatives, we conducted two experiments. In Experiment 1, we simulated the way people read and scroll on a computer by asking participants to press the up-arrow or down-arrow key to scroll the screen. In Experiment 2, we eliminated the scrolling component by including only a location-judgment task. We examined directional stimulus-response compatibility in the scrolling task and the location-judgment task. Results showed that responses were facilitated when the control direction was compatible with the display content movement direction. This finding is consonant with the Mac OS X Lion operating system, which defines the default scrolling direction as “move content in the direction of finger movement.” We recommend that other systems adopt this directional compatible mapping.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess how scrolling through playlists on an MP3 player or its aftermarket controller affects driving performance and to examine how drivers adapt device use to driving demands. Background: Drivers use increasingly complex infotainment devices that can undermine driving performance. The goal activation hypothesis suggests that drivers might fail to compensate for these demands, particularly with long tasks and large search set sizes. Method: A total of 50 participants searched for songs in playlists of varying lengths using either an MP3 player or an aftermarket controller while negotiating road segments with traffic and construction in a medium-fidelity driving simulator. Results: Searching through long playlists (580 songs) resulted in poor driving performance and required more long glances (longer than 2 s) to the device compared with other playlist lengths. The aftermarket controller also led to more long glances compared with the MP3 player. Drivers did not adequately adapt their behavior to roadway demand, as evident in their degraded driving performance. No significant performance differences were found between short playlists, the radio-tuning task, and the no-task condition. Conclusion: Selecting songs from long playlists undermined driving performance, and drivers did not sufficiently adapt their use of the device to the roadway demands, consistent with the goal activation hypothesis. The aftermarket controller degraded rather than enhanced performance. Application: Infotainment systems should support drivers in managing distraction. Aftermarket controllers can have the unintended effect of making devices carried into the car less compatible with driving. These results can motivate development of new interfaces as alternatives to scrolling lists.

While much research has been conducted on the software system architecture needed for capturing and managing patient consents and research permissions in health care facilities, limited information is available on the usability of such capture systems. Typically, a general consenting process involves the patients indicating their choices and then signing/initialing to verify these preferences. This study proposes four new ways of capturing these consents/research permissions using Apple iPad and touchscreen-based systems, investigating their feasibility and usability by comparing them to the conventional paper-based consenting process. Fifteen participants completed the consenting process using five capture systems: iPad-based system with pagination and scrolling interfaces, touchscreen-based system with pagination and scrolling interfaces and the paper-based system. After each consenting condition, the participants completed the NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX), the computer system usability questionnaire...

From PDAs to cell phones to MP3 players, handheld electronic devices are ubiquitous. Human factors engineers and designers have a need to remain informed about advances in research on user interface design for this class of devices. This review provides human factors research summaries and research-based guidelines for the design of handheld devices. The major topics include anthropometry (fitting the device to the hand), input (types of device control and methods for data entry), output (display design), interaction design (one-handed use, scrolling, menu design, image manipulation, and using the mobile Web), and data sharing (among users, devices, and networks). Thus, this review covers the key aspects of the design of handheld devices, from the design of the physical form of the device through its hardware and software, including its behavior in networks.

This study examined the effect of varying dynamic display characteristics of in-vehicle text messages on visual sampling behavior. Sixteen participants navigated a simulated driving environment while reading text messages on an in-vehicle display. Each participant was exposed to four combinations of message segment length (short or long) and scrolling rate (slow or fast). Visual sampling was measured by the frequency and duration of glances to the display and the roadway, and comprehension of messages was measured by a series of post-drive questions. Results showed that varying segment length and scrolling rate affected the number of glances made to the display, but not their duration. Participants adjusted their reading rate to accommodate the rate at which messages scrolled, which protected reading comprehension but reduced the time spent viewing the roadway as the rate increased.

We introduce a new method of sign language subtitling aimed at young deaf children who have not acquired reading skills yet, and can communicate only via signs. The method is based on: 1) the recently developed concept of “semantroid™” (an animated 3D avatar limited to head and hands); 2) the design, development, and psychophysical evaluation of a highly comprehensible model of the semantroid; and 3) the implementation of a new multi-window, scrolling captioning technique. Based on “semantic intensity” estimates, we have enhanced the comprehensibility of the semantroid by: i) the use of non-photorealistic rendering (NPR); and ii) the creation of a 3D face model with distinctive features. We have then validated the comprehensibility of the semantroid through a series of tests on human subjects which assessed accuracy and speed of recognition of facial stimuli and hand gestures as a function of mode of representation and facial geometry. Test results show that, in the context of sign language subtitling (i.e., in limited space), the most comprehensible semantroid model is a toon-rendered model with distinctive facial features. Because of its enhanced comprehensibility, this type of semantroid can be scaled to fit in a very small area, and thus it is possible to display multiple captioning windows simultaneously. The concurrent display of several progressive animated signed sentences allows for review of information, a feature not present in any sign language subtitling method presented so far. As an example of application, we have applied the multi-window, scrolling captioning technique to a children's video of a chemistry experiment.

This study investigated the effects of two different computer texts on readers' recall with three different content types (Blocked Constructs, Ordered Constructs, and Detail Layered Constructs) based on individuals' different working memory capacities. The findings indicated that the format and content types influenced how well information was remembered among readers. Participants with low working memory who read traditional scrolling text produced better recall scores than those who read the paged hypertext in two of the three content types. However, for those with high working memory capacity, all results came out differently depending on the content types.

The book of Jeremiah uses metaphors and sign acts involving written documents, analogies between written collections of oracles and other authoritative texts, and the fulfillment of prophecy to make the case for its authoritative status in written form. References to significant written documents also mark the major subdivisions of the book of Jeremiah, and cue the reader to an appropriate understanding of and response to the content of the final form of the book.

Myriad research suggests that delays associated with downloading of pages from server to client can have serious and deleterious consequences for usability. This has understandably led to design guidance suggesting that page download times be kept to a minimum in order to assure an optimum user experience. We argue that there may be some caveats to this rule, particularly when designing long applications, such as those used for data collection by customer service representatives. A series of three studies was conducted to test this assumption. Within each study, download pattern, navigation pattern, and total download time were differentially manipulated. Overall, it was found that an application downloaded in its entirety, rendered as a single page and navigated by scrolling, was subjectively preferred and scored lower on certain subjective workload subscales than applications downloaded incrementally, rendered as multiple pages and navigated by clicking. These results call into question the validity of design guidance focused exclusively on system delay time.

This study examined the performance and preference of individuals searching for information presented within search results that were displayed in either mostly paging or mostly scrolling formats. The conditions were: ten links per page at ten pages, fifty links per page at two pages, and one hundred-links on one page. Overall, the fifty-link condition had the fastest search time and was the most preferred. Users perceived that the hundred-link condition was more difficult to find information, presented too many choices, and looked less professional than the ten-link condition. The results suggest that a moderate amount of paging and scrolling was optimal. However, when forced to choose between the two, users preferred paging, even though paging took more time to find information than did scrolling.

This research was conducted to determine how risk information is presented within direct-to-consumer (DTC) drug advertisements on the World Wide Web (WWW). Twenty prescription drug manufacturers' web sites were examined with respect to risk and benefit information placement. Measured were (a) the number of clicks required to view the benefit and risk information from the home page, (b) the number of clicks to the risk information from the benefit information, (c) the number of clicks to the benefit information from the risk information, (d) and whether scrolling was required to view both benefit and risk information. Also measured were whether the benefit and risk information was on the same page and whether a separate file reader was needed to view the risk information. Results indicated that the risk information is more difficult to find on DTC prescription medication web site advertisements compared to benefits. More clicks from the home page were required to find the risk information than the benefits. Also, scrolling was required more often to find the risk information compared to the benefits. Implications of these results are discussed with respect to the equal balance of risk and benefit information that is required by U.S. Federal Regulations.

This study examined possible sources of differences in searching for information in hard copy (paper) reference books and electronic versions of the same document with powerful search tools. Two hypotheses were advanced—the amount of text displayed to the user at any one point in time and the book metaphor. To test this hypothesis, 30 users were asked to perform several search tasks utilizing each of three document modes (Hard Copy, Electronic Scrolling, Electronic Page Flipping) over three sessions under one of two page length (Short, Long) conditions. Results indicated that there were no differences in search time as a function of document mode; however, the two computer modes were preferred over hard copy. Results were interpreted in terms of user computer experience and the difficulty in using the hard copy documentation when the amount of index and text information displayed to the user is controlled.

Missile crew members are subject to certain inefficiencies in the daily operations of maintaining a missile on strategic alert. A computer-based display of procedural information offers several features that can assist a missile crew member. One of these features is the capability to provide progress information (i.e., feedback) to the operator during checklist execution. An experiment was conducted to examine differences between experts and non-experts in three computer-based formats with respect to the current paper-based system. The computer-based formats varied as to the type of feedback provided to the operators. The results indicated that experts responded faster and more accurately than non-experts. Computer-based checklists allowed experts and non-experts to substantially reduce their error rates compared to the paper-based system. User-initiated scrolling time for the computer-based formats had no impact on overall performance.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate menuing and scrolling as alternative information access techniques when a touch-sensitive input device was used to interact with the system. A hierarchical menu structure and three scrolling methods, line-by-line, half-screen, and full-screen, were tested. Level of goal word familiarity (familiar and unfamiliar) and window display size (12 or 24 lines displayed on the screen) were also examined. The task consisted of using a touch tablet to locate a target goal word with one of the four access methods. Members of a single set of 64 words, 32 familiar and 32 unfamiliar, served as goal words in all conditions. Performance data (total time to complete the task) were collected from 48 subjects. Access method and window size were between-subject variables. Each subject received both word familiarity levels. Results of an analysis of variance on mean total task time (MTIME) revealed a significant access method by word familiarity interaction. Separate analyses of variance were conducted on MTIME for familiar and unfamiliar goal word sets. When the goal word was familiar, menuing was fastest, followed by line-by-line, full-screen, and half-screen scrolling. For unfamiliar goal words, line-by-line scrolling was fastest, followed by full-screen, half-screen, and menuing. The effect of window size was not significant. The findings of this study suggest that the operator's familiarity with the information being searched is important when deciding upon an access method.

An interactive computer-assisted learning program is described, aimed at teaching students, on a range of undergraduate/diploma level courses, the basic pharmacology of transmission at autonomic ganglia and sympathetically innervated smooth muscle. The program, which is menu-driven, simulates experiments which can be conducted on the superior cervical ganglion nictitating membrane preparation (in vivo) of the anaesthetised cat, and is written for IBM-compatible microcomputers. Students “design” experiments by selecting certain experimental parameters such as: an appropriate drug to investigate from a comprehensive list; the site of administration; and whether to stimulate pre-ganglionic nerves. Simulated contractions of the nictitating membrane, derived from actual experimental data, are presented on a scrolling display on the monitor in a form comparable to that of a chart recorder. The learning package includes background information and teacher-designed help screens, and is supported by tutors’ notes and suggested assignments. The use of the program in teaching pharmacology and as an alternative to animal experiments, is discussed.

Paging and scrolling were compared as to their relative suitability for determining which part of a body of information is to be displayed on a screen. Unpracticed subjects performed three different tasks (word reading, line searching, sorting) with both modes of operation. The subjects also rated the suitability of the two modes of operation for each task. Paging was preferred by inexperienced users and it resulted in better performance on the sorting task.

An experiment was designed to evaluate strategies of interactive file search. Five computerized search procedures were studied to evaluate selection frequency and search efficiency. These search procedures were: scrolling, paging, string search, absolute line movement, and relative line movement. Search strategies were assessed with respect to five independent variables that were manipulated with a mixed-factor, factorial design. These independent variables were: file type, file length, window size, target type, and subject experience. The results indicated that file length, subject experience, and window size were the salient factors of file search. Differences between expert and novice users, as well as, one-line and multi-line windows were discussed with regard to file search performance.

When confronted with the task of moving information on a CRT display, what factors affect the decision to use a window or scroll method? This experiment examined 79 users' decisions to scroll or window based on the type of data, pattern, and movement on a CRT display. Subjects with experience in the control of data on a display preferred to scroll. A significantly greater proportion of users chose to scroll when they were familiar with the pattern displayed and when the movement was constrained within the boundary of the screen. The type of movement also significantly affected the time required to indicate whether the movement was due to scrolling or windowing.

The investigation represents an exploration of search strategies in an information-retrieval task. The task environment consisted of five search procedures: scrolling, paging, string search, absolute line movement, and relative line movement. Independent variables included user, task, and editor characteristics. The user variable was previous interactive computing experience (novice or expert). The task variables were file type (data or text), file length (short or long), and target type (embedded, nonembedded, or repeated). The editor variable was window size (1, 7, 13, or 19 lines). The results of the 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 4 mixed-factor experiment indicated that subject experience, file length, target type, and window size, as well as an interaction between subject experience and file length, were the salient factors of file search. Large differences in novice and expert search strategies were also discovered. Most importantly, the investigation revealed the need for adaptive interfaces that can alter in response to a user's style.

An experiment was designed with four independent variables for Chinese information displays on video display terminals (VDTs): (1) character spacing, (2) display control (scrolling or paging), (3) scrolling speed, and (4) display format (horizontal or vertical). The dependent variables were visual fatigue and performance measures including fault detection, reading speed, and comprehension level. Sixty university students participated in the experiment and read an BOOO-word article on the VDT. The results revealed that some interaction and main effects were significant, and recommendations were made for the design of Chinese information displays that could be applied to office automation systems.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the optimum mode of operation of the "scroll" keys on a visual display terminal. One mode involved "moving the data"; that is, pressing the "scroll up" key moved the data up, thus displaying data toward the end of the file. The other mode involved "moving the window"; pressing the "window up" key moved the window up, thus displaying data toward the beginning of the file. A total of 281 novice subjects were tested under a variety of experimental conditions. Results showed that in most cases, subjects in the window groups performed significantly faster and with significantly fewer moves than did subjects in the scroll groups. When allowed to "self-define" the system, a significant majority of the subjects defined the system to window. Explaining and demonstrating the appropriate concept had no significant effect on performance, nor did the use of key top graphic "scroll" figures.

Computer screen design has some features in common with printed page de sign and some very different features as well. Basic communication techniques, such as conciseness, clarity, and consistency, are still important, as are use of short sentences and paragraphs, common diction, itemizing, headings, and white space. The different features of the electronic medium, such as varied color, reverse video, scrolling and other movement, sound, and automatic spacing, can cause some problems for users if not designed effec tively. This paper will discuss strategies for effective computer screen design based on the research on screen format and screen readability, and the use of graphics features and color. Both novice and experienced computer users can benefit from this information.

Eye movement was recorded as people read texts presented on a CRT in two different spacings, two different character densities, and at five different scrolling rates. Differences in efficiency of reading single- and double-spacing were statistically significant, but were of little practical significance. Character densities of 35 characters or 70 characters per line favored the smaller-size character with respect to efficiency of reading. Comparison of scrolling rates suggested that the static page was processed more efficiently than was the page scrolled at the subject's preferred rate or at a rate 10% slower than that; pages presented faster than the preferred rate were read more efficiently. Little if any change in preferred rate occurred as a function of practice with 16 pages of text. Systems in which, by program control, text was presented at rates 10% or 20% faster than the preferred scrolling rate should lead to more efficient performance, but might create some problems of user acceptance.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the legibility of text scrolled across a 40 character reflective twisted nematic field effect liquid crystal display and a 40 character vacuum fluorescent display. In addition to display type, the effect of the following factors on legibility were also examined: 1) the amount of light, 2) scrolling rate, and 3) type of scrolling (word vs. character). The range of angle adjustment or tilt selected by the operators was also recorded. The results indicated that there were no significant performance differences between the displays although reduced room lighting did have a significant negative impact on operators error rates for both types of displays. The angle settings selected by the operators also differed between the displays, with the LCD exhibiting a greater range of adjustment than the vacuum fluorescent display.

This article explores the potential role of sustained social media use in longitudinal qualitative research. We introduce the research design and methodology of a research project exploring sustained use (five or more years) of the social network site Facebook among young people in their twenties. By focusing on this group, we seek to uncover how ‘growing up’ stories are told and archived online, and how disclosure practices (what people say and share on social media) change over time. We question how we can understand the ‘digital trace’ inscribed through the Facebook Timeline as a longitudinal narrative text. We argue that ‘scrolling back’ through Facebook with participants as ‘co-analysts’ of their own digital traces can add to the qualitative longitudinal research (QLR) tradition. QLR and the scroll back method attend to a similar set of concerns around change over time, the depth of inquiry, and uncovering rigorous, rich life narratives. We explore limitations (especially around intentionality) and ethical challenges, while also arguing for the inclusion of these often highly personal, deep, co-constructed digital texts in qualitative longitudinal research. We also consider how the scroll back method could apply to other digital media, as the sites and applications that people user diversifies and changes over time.

Most investigations of task performance as a function of the scrolling rate have focused on display characteristics (e.g. character density and line spacing) as the major class of covariats. However, a more important class of variables pertain to the user's goal or task that caused him to envoke the scrolling function. Accordingly, the focus of the present study is the impact various scrolling rates have on performance as the complexity of the user's task is varied. The complexity of a search task was varied over two levels on a Depth of Processing dimension (Cralk & Lockhart 1972) for each of three line-by-line scrolling rate conditions as well as for a paging condition in which the contents of the screen was advanced 23 lines of the 24 line display. In the semantic search condition, (high task complexity) users searched text displayed on a CRT for a word that is a member of a pre-designated category such as an animal name. This task requires that the user process each word in the display on a semantic level to determine whether or not it is a member of the target category. Also, it is argued that the semantic search task, which is less complex than a reading task, is representative of tasks for which users typically search a display. In the feature search condition, (low task complexity) users searched a CRT display for an exact match to a pre-designated target word. For this task the user need only process each word in the display to the visual feature level to determine whether or not it is the target word. Assuming that more cognitive processing time is required for the semantic search task than the feature search task, it was expected that the optimal scrolling rate for the visual search task would be faster than that obtained for the semantic search task. The preliminary results confirmed this expectation and also indicated that the paging conditon produced better performance than any of the line-by-line scrolling conditions.