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Defense policy makers have become increasingly concerned about conflict in the “gray zone” between peace and war. Such conflicts are often interpreted as cases of deterrence failures, as new technologies or tactics—from cyber operations to “little green men”—seem to increase the effectiveness of low-intensity aggression. However, gray zone conflict could also be a case of deterrence success, where challengers adopt a constrained form of aggression in response to a credible escalation threat. We develop a model that formalizes both scenarios and identifies distinct empirical patterns across the two cases. We use the model’s findings to empirically analyze Russian gray zone activity since the 1990s, finding that Russian activity appears, in part, to be restrained by NATO’s deterrent threat. Our model also shows that developing gray zone conflict capabilities can lead to more peace but could also backfire and provoke a challenger to escalate to war.

The nineteenth-century strategist Carl von Clausewitz describes “fog” and “friction” as fundamental features of war. Military leverage of sophisticated information technology in the twenty-first ce...

This article explores the development of Karl Barth’s theology of the sacraments, with specific reference to his evolving understanding of the function and ground of baptism. It is argued here that Barth’s late explication of baptism in the final fragment of Church Dogmatics IV/4 posits an inextricable link between the nature and purpose of baptism and the ground and goal of mission, as two inseparable acts of ethical obedience to the call and Word of God.

Public sector organizations are experiencing incredible pressures to become more efficient, while simultaneously maintaining a high level of responsiveness to public constituents. These pressures are translated into intense demands placed on public sector employees and their collective performance. The purpose of this article is to examine important perceptions about key organizational phenomena and related employee attitudes in the context of performance in public sector organizations. Specifically, the implications of perceived organizational support (POS) and perceived psychological contract support (PSCS) are explored, leading to the development of a conceptual model which embodies non-task behaviors of organizational citizenship behaviors and counterproductive work behaviors, as well as cynicism and embeddedness as salient attitudes that should be considered in conjunction with POS and PSCS as antecedents of job performance in public sector organizations.

In this article, the author explores the eschatological development in Dietrich Bonhoeffer's theology, from his earliest lectures in 1932, to his final fragmentary writings in the Tegel prison cell. It will be shown that Bonhoeffer's eschatological interpretation of the Book of Genesis ( Schöpfung und Fall) returns in his later work as an interpretive key to understanding his concept of “religionless Christianity.” Finally, the article attempts to show how a similarly eschatological commitment may assist the contemporary church to witness to Christ in a “world come of age,” and what such a witness may look like.

The patterns and pathways into intellectual disability (ID) offender services were studied through case file review for 477 participants referred in one calendar year to community generic, community forensic, and low, medium, and maximum secure services. Data were gathered on referral source, demographic information, index behavior, prior problem behaviors, diagnostic information, and abuse or deprivation. Community referrers tended to refer to community services and secure service referrers to secure services. Physical and verbal violence were the most frequent index behaviors, whereas contact sexual offenses were more prominent in maximum security. Age at first incident varied with security, with the youngest in maximum secure services. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or conduct disorder was the most frequently recorded diagnosis, and severe deprivation was the most frequent adverse developmental experience. Fire starting, theft, and road traffic offenses did not feature prominently. Generic community services accepted a number of referrals with forensic-type behavior and had higher proportions of both women and people with moderate or severe ID.

The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) is the most widely used measure of psychopathy in forensic clinical practice, but the generalizability of the measure to offenders with intellectual disabilities (ID) has not been clearly established. This study examined the structural equivalence and scalar equivalence of the PCL-R in a sample of 185 male offenders with ID in forensic mental health settings, as compared with a sample of 1,212 male prisoners without ID. Three models of the PCL-R's factor structure were evaluated with confirmatory factor analysis. The 3-factor hierarchical model of psychopathy was found to be a good fit to the ID PCL-R data, whereas neither the 4-factor model nor the traditional 2-factor model fitted. There were no cross-group differences in the factor structure, providing evidence of structural equivalence. However, item response theory analyses indicated metric differences in the ratings of psychopathy symptoms between the ID group and the comparison prisoner group. This finding has potential implications for the interpretation of PCL-R scores obtained with people with ID in forensic psychiatric settings. © The Author(s) 2010.

This article explores the still-unresolved question surrounding the relationship of history to theology, specifically the role of traumatic history in the formulation of theological discourse. It is suggested here that, in order for theology to address adequately the needs of contemporary culture, a revision of the traditional concept of revelation is required, so that historical events can be seen as revelatory in themselves, while simultaneously maintaining the integrity of the revelation-idea and the historical particularities of the events themselves. The Holocaust serves as a paradigm of history-as-revelation, while the work of Dietrich Ritschl provides a model for the redefinition of revelation.

This article reports an evaluation of a community intellectual disability offender service over the period from 1990 to 2001. Men who committed sex offenses or sexually abusive incidents (n = 106) and men who committed other types of offenses and serious incidents (n = 78) are compared on personal characteristics, referral sources, forensic details, and outcome up to 7 years after referral. The cohorts are older than one would expect from the criminology literature, and, at about 33%, the incidence of mental illness is consistent with some previous studies. A greater proportion of sex offenders had criminal justice involvement and a formal disposal from court. Fire raising was not overly represented as an offense. There was a higher rate of reoffending in the nonsexual cohort, which persisted up to 7 years. Investigating only reoffenders, there was a considerable amount of harm reduction recorded upto 7 years, statistically significant up to 5 years following initial referral.

This article is an initial investigation into the effects of Snoezelen on concentration and responsiveness in people who have profound and multiple handicaps. Eight subjects with profound learning disabilities took part. Ratings of concentration were recorded at each session using a simple task. The subjects were also assessed at every fifth session for responsiveness to the Snoezelen environment. The results suggest that all the subjects except one, who failed to score, responded In some way with improvements in scores. The improvements in concentration were significant for two subjects, moderate for four and minimal for one. The changes in concentration were not always related to the responsiveness/enjoyment in the Snoezelen environment. However, the two subjects who, in general, showed significant improvements in concentration were also rated as being the most responsive to the Snoezelen environment.

The religious use of the πιστ- word group in the NT is not an isolated development in the first and second centuries CE. Employment of the word group as faith termin ology can be traced back to Classical Greek where, in a few instances, πιστεύειν appears in reference to faith in (the) God(s). In these passages πιστεύειν θεω/θεoις carries the idea of 'religious engagement'. This prepares the way for the Septuagint translators who found the πιστ- word group to be a good equivalent for the Hebrew root ?. Because πιστ- was not a perfect match for ?, the Greek word group, by virtue of its association with the Hebrew word group, began to assume new (Hebrew) nuances of religious faith. This development can be further traced in Sirach and in Philo of Alexandria, as well as in other Hellenistic Jewish writings. Sirach and Philo in particular provide evidence that the πιστ- word group was flexible and expandable in its religious understanding. The NT represents a further major development of the religious use of the word group. Taking up the ideas of the Hebrew ? and the early Classical understanding of πιστεύειν θεω/θεoίς as religious engagement, the NT develops the πιστ- word group into termini technici for the proper relationship of humankind to God.

Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a neuropsychiatric illness that often develops in childhood, affects 1%–2% of the population, and causes significant impairment across the lifespan. The first step in identifying and treating OCD is a thorough evidence-based assessment. This paper reviews the administration pragmatics, psychometric properties, and limitations of commonly used assessment measures for adults and youths with OCD. This includes diagnostic interviews, clinician-administered symptom severity scales, self-report measures, and parent/child measures. Additionally, adjunctive measures that assess important related factors (ie, impairment, family accommodation, and insight) are also discussed. This paper concludes with recommendations for an evidence-based assessment based on individualized assessment goals that include generating an OCD diagnosis, determining symptom severity, and monitoring treatment progress.

The temporal bone report of an operated case of osteogenesis imperfecta tarda is presented. Histological examination confirmed the presence of bilateral fixation of the footplate by otosclerosis as the cause of the conductive hearing loss. Fragility of bony septae in the mastoid and of the stapedial crura were observed. Sensorineural impairment in later years with a reduction in neural elements in the cochlea appear related to the extent and activity of the otosclerotic foci. Additional temporal bone reports of three cases of osteogenesis imperfecta congenita show lack of deposition of the skein-like bone in the endochondral layer, sparse bony septae in marrow spaces and deficiency of the periosteal layer. The stapedial crura were thin and in two cases both were deformed and fractured.

Red blood cells obtained from chronic alcoholics 24 hours after withdrawal of alcohol show evidence of increased capability to actively transport Na+and K−. The cells have a marginally lower internal Na+concentration and a higher internal K+concentration than cells from age matched controls. In addition, the Ouabain dependent K+uptake is greater in red blood cells from alcoholics and more (Na++ K−) activated Adenosine Triphosphatase activity may be obtained from them. It is suggested that these results confirm a previous suggestion (Israel et aI 1970) that one mechanism by which tolerance develops to the central effects of alcohol ingestion, might be explained by an increased capability of the cells to expel Na ion.

The Rasberry-Heinrich model for correcting for absorption and secondary fluorescence effects is evaluated in the analysis of silicate rocks. The interelement effect of binary mixtures of the oxides of Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Fe, and Mn is studied in a 1:11 fusion mixture with Li2B4O7. Two binary systems are expected to exhibit secondary fluorescence effects and are reported in detail. The combination Fe2O3/TiO2 shows a small secondary fluorescence, whereas the Al2O3/SiO2 binary shows an absorption effect. The latter effect is attributed to the large absorption effect due to oxygen. The secondary fluorescence of its Fe2O3/TiO2 system in a diluted matrix of Li2B4O7 acts like a negative absorption rather than secondary fluorescence as described by the Rasberry-Heinrich model.

A case of herpes zoster oticus is presented in which the lateral and superior semicircular canals of the labyrinth were affected unilaterally. The results of several electronystagmographic examinations are described and correlated with the patient's description of symptoms. This case study indicates that disease affecting the lateral semicircular canal is reliably detected by the conventional caloric test. However, the fact that the posterior semicircular canal remained intact could not be inferred from the results of the caloric test in this case. Also, the appearance of nystagmus upon eye closure appears to have been a more sensitive index of the state of the disease process than was the caloric test.

Histological study of the temporal bones of an infant with the preauricular pit, cervical fistula, hearing loss syndrome revealed abnormalities in the middle ear, the vestibular system, and the cochlea. There is a gross bilateral abnormality in the form and relationship of the middle ear spaces, the middle cranial fossa and the inner ear. The horizontal canal lacks ampulla and crista; the posterior canal terminates a short distance from the ampulla. The cochlear cavity is approximately four fifths of normal size. The modiolus of the cochlea shows minor abnormalities. Spiral ganglion cells and peripheral nerve fibers are present in all coils, but are below normal in population in the basal and apical coils. The stria vascularis is slightly deformed and partly atrophic in the upper apical coil. An occasional concretion is present in the base of the stria vascularis in the middle and apical coils.

Temporal bone histopathology of 17 aged patients who had spontaneous and gradually progressive bilateral sensorineural hearing losses associated with aging was studied. Six cases in the present material showed the gradually sloping audiometric curve; nine cases, abrupt high tone hearing loss; and two cases, the flat audiometric curve. The most prominent histopathological change in the inner ear was a decrease in the population of the spiral ganglion cells. However, diffuse senile atrophy was also often seen in the organ of Corti and the stria vascularis. A positive correlation between the degree of arteriosclerosis and the degree of sensorineural degeneration in the cochlea was not obtained in the present cases. Also, the correlation was not found to be consistent between the type of the audiometric curve and the localization of lesions in the sensory, the neural or the vascular elements in the cochlea. Our observations show that a certain type of audiometric curve does not necessarily indicate a lesion in a specific cochlear element.