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Purpose: To explore public confidence in a COVID-19 vaccine. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: A rural college town in central Pennsylvania. Subjects: Adult residents without minor children. Measures: The primary outcome was COVID-19 vaccination intention. Secondary measures included vaccination attitudes, norms, efficacy, past behavior, trust in the vaccination process, and sociodemographic variables of education, financial standing, political viewpoint, and religiosity. Analysis: Descriptive statistics were used to describe quantitative data. Multivariate ordinal regression was used to model predictors of vaccine intention. Results: Of 950 respondents, 55% were “very likely” and 20% “somewhat likely” to take a coronavirus vaccine, even though 70% had taken the flu vaccine since September 2019. The strongest predictors of vaccine acceptance were trust in the system evaluating vaccines and perceptions of local COVID-19 vaccination norms. The strongest predictors of negative vaccine intentions were worries about unknown side-effects and positive attitudes toward natural infection. Sociodemographic factors, political views, and religiosity did not predict vaccine intentions. Conclusion: Fewer adults intend to take a coronavirus vaccine than currently take the flu vaccine. Traditional sociodemographic factors may not be effective predictors of COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Although based on a small sample, the study adds to our limited understanding of COVID-19-specific vaccine confidence among some rural Americans and suggests that traditional public health vaccination campaigns based on sociodemographic characteristics may not be effective.

When public figures make announcements about their illness, audiences may be influenced to change their own health behaviors. However, if a disliked political figure becomes ill, feelings of schadenfreude, or pleasure at another’s misfortune, may arise and schadenfreude could predict news consumer’s information seeking and health-related intentions. Surveys of audience responses to news of conservative radio host Rush Limbaugh’s lung cancer diagnosis ( N = 414) and to news of Republican Senator Rand Paul’s COVID-19 diagnosis ( N = 407) found that such illness announcements can evoke schadenfreude, with schadenfreude associated with decreased willingness to undertake preventative health behaviors.

The current study sought to characterize implicit bias toward children with autism and examine whether viewing educational materials about autism would change attitudes toward children with autism. A website developed by Sesame Street containing information about autism and resources for families was distributed to parents of children with autism ( n = 473) and parents of children without autism ( n = 707). Pre- and post-test measures of implicit bias toward children with autism; explicit attitudes and knowledge about autism; and parenting confidence, strain, and stigma were completed before and after the website was presented. Results indicated that parents of children with autism showed less implicit bias compared with those of non-autistic children during the pre-test, but the groups did not differ at the post-test. Parents without autistic children and those with more negative explicit attitudes showed a greater reduction in implicit bias from the pre- to the post-test. In addition, for parents of children with autism, a more positive change in explicit attitudes and increased knowledge from the pre- to the post-test was associated with more empowerment at the post-test. Together, our findings suggest that the online educational resources can reduce implicit bias against children with autism and help mitigate some of the psychological issues associated with parenting children with autism.

Adoption of mobile devices (e.g., smart phones and tablets) has popularized a neck-down posture during media consumption that is different from the traditional upright body posture for video viewing. A neck-down posture exerts substantial pressure upon the spine, and this posture has been previously linked to psychological effects. This study advances the literature by studying the impact of posture effects on processing audiovisual information. In a mixed design experiment ( N = 87), the effect of neck posture when viewing 24 video PSAs was tested using physiological and self-report measures. Multilevel modeling analyses of heart rate and corrugator data showed that spinal flexion lowered attentional engagement and caused incongruent emotional responses to the messages compared to a neutral spine posture. However, spinal-flexion participants exhibited greater skin conductance, counter to the predicted emotional disengagement. The impact of neck posture on message processing was largest at the beginning of the experiment and faded over time.

Investigating, respecting, and working with surgical patients’ spiritualities is as critical a skill as the proficient technical performance of operations. When spirituality is ignored, sacred patient values remain undiscovered, authentic trust is hindered, and healthy shared decision-making processes suffer. These are instances when the other edge of the spiritual scalpel comes back to cut us as surgeons, but more importantly, upon withdrawal of spiritual understanding, it deeply injures our patients and their families. Spiritual screening, spiritual history taking, engaged, active listening, and big-picture prognostic truth-telling while promoting hope are critical skills for efficacious whole-person surgical care and the healing of our surgical patients’ suffering—in all aspects of their humanity. These skills require surgeon introspection and vulnerability, however, as well as regular practice, and can be quite difficult; frequently leading to understandable discomfort, particularly when the surgeon does not share the patient’s spiritual orientation or religious commitments. This literature-based essay addresses all of these issues, providing surgeons with a variety of new spiritual tools for their holistic armamentarium to promote healing, rather than further injury.

The August 2020 death of Black actor Chadwick Boseman, at age 43 from colon cancer was a notable public event. Given Boseman’s popularity, particularly amongst Black audiences, and racial disparities in colorectal cancer rates, public responses to this news provided a window into potential racial differences in expressing and responding to parasocial grief, that is, grief at the loss of a public figure. Additionally, given how the movies he starred in were easily viewable by audiences stuck at home during the COVID-19 pandemic and given his popularity on digital spaces like Black Twitter, this case offers insights into how media use can help people cope with parasocial grief. We conducted a mixed-methods survey study of audience responses Boseman’s death. Quantitative results reveal that Black audiences had different rates of social sharing and movie viewing than non-Black audiences, with additional insights emerging from a thematic analysis of the open-ended data.

The effectiveness of material to emit energy as thermal radiation is important in determining the apparent temperature in infrared thermographic measurements. For this reason, a number of measurements of the thermal emissivity in the mid-infrared thermographic (8–12 µm) region have been reported for fabrics. However, many fabrics adsorb moisture from the air, and condensed water has a relatively high thermal emissivity. In this manuscript, we report measurements of adsorption isotherms and mid-infrared thermal emissivity for nylon, cotton, polyester, and acrylic as a function of their moisture content in weight percent at temperatures just above ambient. We find that the order of water mass percentage gain for the fabrics in high humidity conditions are polyester

Attrition rates due to poor academic performance are particularly high for the Navy’s air traffic control training program. The school relies on scores from the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) for its selection criteria which do not seem to be sufficient by themselves in predicting who will succeed in training. We hypothesized that including cognitive assessments designed to assess skills specific to air traffic control would improve the ability to predict training performance. The model results showed that cognitive abilities were related to training performance beyond ASVAB scores, however, they were more successful at classifying academic success ( M = .92) than academic attrition ( M = .23). Importantly, the results highlight the importance of additional screening materials that can be used to help reduce attrition and the cost of training

This study explores the question of how the use of satire, as embedded within the trappings of a traditional news outlet (i.e. a reputable newspaper like the Boston Globe), could influence perceptions of the respective news organization and facets of engagement with it. An online experiment ( N = 366) was conducted, offering comparisons both in terms of message features (i.e. a satirical versus conventional presentation of political information) and source attribution cues (i.e. satirical content attributed to a hard news source versus attribution to a satirical outlet). Results indicate that the use of satire may present some risks for a news outlet in terms of undermining reader trust, which can impact audience engagement. However, the results also suggest that the weight of legitimacy and credibility commonly associated with a traditional news outlet can translate into a perception of its satire having a stronger influence on individuals (compared to content from a purely satirical outlet), which can in turn influence the likelihood of sharing the satirical content. Tests of indirect effects highlight the mediating roles of source trust and perceived influence in processes of influence on facets of engagement (i.e. returning to the news source and sharing its content). On the whole, the model of relationships does not appear to be moderated by political party identification.

Objective: While research suggests media use is positively associated with skin-damaging behaviours, especially among US college-aged women, less is known about the role of specific media types in potentially promoting indoor or outdoor tanning. Design: We used an online survey to examine the relationship between demographic variables, entertainment media and social media use, attitudes towards looking like people in the media and indoor tanning and outdoor sunbathing frequency. Setting: US Pacific Northwest. Method: Online survey with a convenience sample of college women ( N = 502) in September 2016. Results: Attitudes towards looking like people in media were a significant predictor of frequency of indoor and outdoor tanning, above and beyond demographic variables and media use. Greater magazine use predicted increased indoor tanning and social media use predicted outdoor sunbathing frequency. Greater use of visual-oriented social media platforms like Instagram, SnapChat and Pinterest predicted increased sunbathing. Conclusion: Health communicators should consider specific channels for prevention efforts, particularly social media for targeting sunbathers.

Autonomous vehicles represent an emerging technology with the potential to radically transform everyday life. Yet there is little understanding of how promotional tactics—easy-to-grasp technology labels or pairing the technology with well-known celebrities—influence public perceptions of risk, benefits, and intentions. Therefore, we experimentally tested ( N = 721) the effects of technology name and celebrity presence on emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to promotional messages. Moreover, we examined how individual differences and attention to news about autonomous vehicles can moderate responses. Results of this exploratory study revealed the importance of affective and cognitive mediators and audience-related moderators in shaping responses.

The use of rotating filter wheels is common in photometric applications. Traditional filter wheel designs typically exhibit a number of filter openings spaced evenly about the circumference of the wheel. In this work we examine a number of shortcomings of this traditional filter design in measurements of phytoplankton fluorescence made with our fluorescence imaging photometer (FIP). We present an alternative asymmetric wheel design that offers a number of advantages over the traditional design as well as a new processing algorithm designed to accommodate convolution of signals from adjacent channels inherent in measurements collected with the asymmetric design. This approach eliminates the need for a separate signal to establish timing and wheel position, unambiguously establishes filter order even when the direction of rotation is unknown, allows for better estimates of signal baseline, and is more resilient to effects of vibration and other dynamic processes that could occur on the time scale of wheel rotation. We demonstrate performance improvements for phytoplankton fluorescence measurements associated with the new wheel design and algorithm compared with previously published methods using the FIP. Both the improved image processing algorithm and filter wheel design were found to reduce noise in our measurements significantly.

Context: Many older adults discharged from an inpatient stay require postacute facility placement, which can be a barrier to hospice enrollment since the Medicare hospice benefit does not cover facility costs for patients under routine hospice care. Objectives: To evaluate the extent to which need for postdischarge facility care was a barrier to hospice enrollment for older patients with short life expectancy discharged from a palliative care unit. Methods: Retrospective cohort using a prospectively collected database of patients 65 and older with a life expectancy of Results: Of 817 included patients, 649 (79%) were discharged with hospice. Patients discharged home had a significantly higher rate of hospice enrollment than patients discharged to a facility—92% versus 71% ( P < .0001). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, discharge to home versus facility remained a strong predictor of hospice enrollment, with an odds ratio for hospice enrollment of 6.04 (95% confidence interval: 3.73-9.79). Conclusion: Need for postdischarge facility placement represents a barrier for hospice enrollment among older patients who are otherwise hospice appropriate. The structure of the hospice benefit may require modification so that these hospice appropriate patients can utilize the benefit.

Purpose Exposure to different types of vaccine information in social media can result in parents making disparate vaccine decisions, including not following national guidelines for human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. We sought to characterize parents’ exposure to and engagement with information about HPV vaccination in social media, and the associations between exposure to such information and vaccine decisions for their adolescent children. Methods In 2019, we conducted a web-based survey with a national sample of 1073 parents of adolescents who use social media. The survey assessed whether parents have seen information in favor, against, or mixed about HPV vaccination. Multivariable logistic regressions assessed correlates of vaccine decisions, including HPV vaccine initiation, delay, and refusal. Results Sixty-one percent of parents reported that their children have initiated HPV vaccination. Over one-third of parents (37%) reported seeing HPV vaccine information on social media, which was either in favor (20%), against (5%), or a mix (12%). Parents exposed to information in favor were more likely than those who saw no information to have initiated HPV vaccination (OR = 1.74, 95% CI:1.24, 2.44). Parents exposed to information against vaccination were more likely to have delayed (OR = 3.29, 95% CI:1.66, 6.51) or refused (OR = 4.72, 95% CI:2.35, 9.50) HPV vaccination. Exposure to mixed information was also significantly associated with vaccine delay and refusal. Discussion Our findings suggest that the type of information seen on social media regarding HPV vaccination may influence the decisions parents make about vaccinating their children. Efforts should be sought to increase online information in favor of HPV vaccination and combat vaccine misinformation in social media.

Background: Palliative care units (PCUs) staffed by specialty-trained physicians and nurses have been established in a number of medical centers. The purpose of this study is to review the 5-year experience of a PCU at a large, urban academic referral center. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed a prospectively collected database of all admissions to the PCU at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in the first 5 years of its existence, from 2012 through 2017. Results: Over these 5 years, there were 3321 admissions to the PCU. No single underlying disease process accounted for the majority of the patients, but the largest single category of patients were those with malignancy, who accounted for 38% of admissions. Transfers from the intensive care unit accounted for 50% of admissions, with 43% of admissions from a hospital floor and 7% coming from the emergency department or a clinic. Median length of stay in the PCU was 3 days. In hospital deaths occurred for 50% of admitted patients, while 38% of patients were discharged from the PCU to hospice. Conclusion: These data show that a successful PCU is enabled by buy in from a wide variety of referring specialists and by a multidisciplinary palliative care team focused on care of the actively dying patient as well as pain and symptom management, advance care planning, and hospice referral since a large proportion of referred patients do not die in house.

This study combined conceptual frameworks from health information seeking, appraisal theory of emotions, and social determinants of health literatures to examine how emotional states and education predict online health information seeking. Nationally representative data from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS 4, Cycle 3) were used to test the roles of education, anxiety, anger, sadness, hope, happiness, and an education by anxiety interaction in predicting online health information seeking. Results suggest that women, tablet owners, smartphone owners, the college educated, those who are sad some or all of the time, and those who are anxious most of the time were significantly more likely to seek online health information. Conversely, being angry all of the time decreased the likelihood of seeking. Furthermore, two significant interactions emerged between anxiety and education levels. Discrete psychological states and demographic factors (gender and education) individually and jointly impact information seeking tendencies.

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyse social media users’ reactions to a celebrity’s cancer announcement in order to inform future cancer-related campaigns. Design: A content analysis of Facebook users’ written responses to the actor Hugh Jackman’s 2013 post announcing his skin cancer diagnosis. Setting: Facebook’s application programming interface (API) software was used to compile all 14,534 comments posted by Facebook users under Jackman’s Facebook post between 21 November 2013 and 6 January 2014. Method: The Facebook API captured number of post likes and gender of the poster, while two trained coders also analysed the posts for emotional reactions, emoticon use and mentions of cancer-related behaviours. Results: Hope was the most common text-based emotional expression, and happy emoticons were the most used visual emotional expression in user comments in response to Jackman’s diagnosis. Posts mentioning detection behaviours were more likely to receive likes than those that did not mention them. Additionally, female users were significantly more likely to mention detection behaviours related to skin cancer than were male users. Conclusion: Celebrity cancer announcements may serve as de facto cancer awareness campaigns as well as highlight how to effectively craft coordinating strategic campaigns launched after a celebrity cancer disclosure.

Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy, in which the sample is pressed against an internal reflection element, is a popular technique for rapid IR spectral collection. However, depending on the accessory design, the pressure applied to the sample is not always well controlled. While collecting data from fabrics with heterogeneous coatings, we have observed systematic pressure-dependent changes in spectra that can be eliminated by more reproducible pressure control. We also described a pressure sensor adapted to work with an ATR tower to enable more precise control of pressure during ATR sampling.

Background. Unlike other types of cancer, skin cancer incidence rates are on the rise and adolescent females are particularly likely to tan indoors, a major risk factor. However, little research has examined the role of media use in encouraging or discouraging this dangerous behavior in this population. Aims. To empirically assess the links between media use, indoor tanning-related outcome expectations, and behavioral intentions. Method. A survey of adolescent females ( N = 510) ages 15 to 18 in the Southeastern United States assessed demographics, types of media use, and indoor tanning intentions. Results. Significant correlations between media use and indoor tanning outcome expectations were found. Use of interpersonal and social media (i.e., talking on the phone, texting, and online social media) were positively associated with positive outcome expectations about indoor tanning and negatively associated with negative outcome expectations. A path analysis revealed that interpersonal/social media use had indirect associations with indoor tanning intentions via tanning outcome expectations. Mass media use (e.g., news media, entertainment media, and magazines) was not significantly associated with most indoor tanning outcome expectations but did have a direct negative association with behavioral intentions. Discussion. There are important relationships between media use, indoor tanning outcome expectations, and behavioral intentions. Interpersonal and social media use may help cultivate outcome expectations that encourage indoor tanning, which in turn may increase intentions to tan, while news media consumption in particular may reduce intentions to tan. Conclusion. These findings highlight the social nature of adolescent females and point to specific intervention channels for reducing indoor tanning among this population.

A quick search of social media websites demonstrates that users often describe their benign behaviors (e.g., organizing drawers or color-coding) as related to obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Yet, the actual disease is complex and often much more severe than suggested by Twitter users who employ the term #OCD. The present experiment examines the effects of such disease trivialization on social media users’ perceptions of the disease, emotional reactions, and intentions to take action related to the disease. To do so, it first explicates the concept of disease trivialization as a three-part phenomenon involving oversimplification, decreased severity, and mockery. Findings from an experiment ( N = 574) indicate that different patterns of emotional reactions can be found in response to framing of OCD as either trivial, clinical, or both trivial and clinical. Moreover, significant interactions between independent variables were found. Participant gender and preexisting familiarity with OCD also shaped participant perceptions and behavioral intentions. Directions for future work are discussed.

Indicators of collective user behavior and opinion are increasingly common features of online news stories and may include information about how the story made users feel. An experiment ( N = 298) examined the effects of the presence and valence of a “mood meter” posted alongside an online human-interest story on memory for, attitude toward, emotional response to, and intentions to share the story. The presence of a mood meter led to lower recall of story content, more negative attitudes toward the story, and less positive emotional responses. The results suggest that participating in a mood meter may attenuate positive responses to human-interest stories.

In order to better understand drivers of dangerous indoor tanning behaviors, researchers developed the Comprehensive Indoor Tanning Expectations scale. To examine the longitudinal effectiveness of Comprehensive Indoor Tanning Expectations, we surveyed young women in the Southeastern United States at two time points ( N = 553). The scale demonstrated strong test–retest reliability. Participants who believed indoor tanning would improve their mood and afford social approval were significantly more likely to tan 6 months later, while participants who believed indoor tanning leads to psychological/physical discomfort were significantly less likely to tan 6 months later. Knowing the psychological bases for indoor tanning can inform intervention and message design.

Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) was used to detect blood stains based on signature protein absorption in the mid-IR region, where intensity changes in the spectrum can be related to blood concentration. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was applied for multivariate calibrations of IR spectra of blood dilutions on four types of fabric (acrylic, nylon, polyester, and cotton). Gap derivatives (GDs) were applied as a preprocessing technique to optimize the performance of calibration models. We report a much improved IR detection limit (DL) for blood on cotton (2700× in dilution factor units) and the first IR DL reported for blood on nylon (250×). Due to sample heterogeneity caused by fabric hydrophobicity, acrylic fabric produced variable ATR FT-IR spectra that caused poor DLs in concentration units compared to previous work. Polyester showed a similar problem at low blood concentrations that lead to a relatively poor DL as well. However, the increased surface sensitivity and decreased penetration depth of ATR FT-IR make it an excellent choice for detection of small quantities of blood on the front surface of all fabrics tested (0.0010 µg for cotton, 0.0077 µg for nylon, 0.011 µg for acrylic, and 0.0066 µg for polyester).

Higher-order gap derivatives are sometimes avoided as a preprocessing method for multivariate calibration despite their numerous advantages. One reason that they are avoided is the difficulty in interpreting the complex processed spectra and the regression vectors that arise from common calibration procedures like principal components regression or partial least squares regression. In this report we offer a method of calculating gap derivatives of any order with the aim of retrieving zero-order spectral information via numerical integration. This method is also extended to the integration of the accompanying regression vectors to aid in the interpretation of multivariate calibration models.

Derivatives are common preprocessing tools, typically implemented as Savitzky–Golay (SG) smoothing derivatives. This work discusses the implementation and optimization of fourth-order gap derivatives (GDs) as an alternative to SG derivatives for processing infrared spectra before multivariate calibration. Gap derivatives approximate the analytical derivative by calculating finite differences of spectra without curve fitting. Gap derivatives offer an advantage of tunability for spectral data as the distance (gap) over which this finite difference is calculated can be varied. Gap selection is a compromise between signal attenuation, noise amplification, and spectral resolution. A method and discussion of the importance of fourth derivative gap selections are presented as well as a comparison to SG preprocessing and lower-order GDs in the context of multivariate calibration. In most cases, we found that optimized GDs led to calibration models performing comparably to or better than SG derivatives, and that optimized fourth-order GDs behaved similarly to matched filters.

Objective: The goal of this study was to take an in-depth look at why college students do (or do not) seek health information, and how they seek information when they do. Design: Qualitative content analysis of responses to an open-ended prompt embedded in a survey about health information seeking behaviours. Setting: Nearly 700 ( N = 697) college students at a public university in the Southeastern USA responded to an open-ended prompt to discuss health information seeking. Method: Two coders used constant-comparative method to identify themes within the data set. Results: Students in the sample were motivated to seek health information by personal relevance, emotions, identity and media coverage. When they did seek such information, they relied heavily on the Internet. Many respondents reported not seeking health information due to perceptions of low personal risk, third person perceptions that they knew more than others and/or a fatalistic view of their future health. Conclusion: College students seek health information largely based on perceptions of relevance. Health professionals wanting to motivate this population to educate themselves about health issues may wish to focus on making relevance salient as well as understanding both cognitive and affective motivations to seek or avoid seeking.

Contemporary Christian body theology focuses on recovering a Jewish understanding of the unity of the body and soul against a dualism inherited from Greek philosophy. The Gospel of Matthew presents several instances when Jesus speaks of dismemberment (5:29–30, 18:8–9, 19:12, 24:45–51), in which he adopts a rhetoric, familiar from the Hebrew Bible, of violently controlling the body. However, the emphasis on self-control exercised through violence upon one's own body finds its background in the body-soul dualism of Hellenistic literature. These dismemberment logia problematize the claims of body theologians that body-soul dualism is foreign to the Christian tradition.

A between-subjects experiment ( N = 531) studied the juxtaposition of programming from the Discovery Channel’s Shark Week with shark conservation public service announcements (PSAs). Cultivation and priming theories provided a conceptual framework for testing how shark-on-human violence paired with different types of PSAs (celebrity endorser present or not) influence audiences’ emotional reactions, threat perceptions, willingness to support conservation, and intentions to seek information. Findings reveal that shark-on-human violence and presence of a PSA influence fear reactions and perceived threat of shark attacks. Findings related to conservation support, information seeking, and the role of previous Shark Week viewing and demographics are also discussed.

Although mental illness is a serious public health issue, little is known about the nature of national television news coverage of these medical conditions. The framing of this coverage, the subtopics discussed in stories, and the sources used to tell those stories of mental illness may have a significant impact on attitudes and behaviors tied to diagnosis, treatment, and social interactions with those with a mental illness. Through a content analysis of 18 years of coverage of anxiety and depression, we sought to gain deeper insight into the connections between source use and frames in national television news stories about mental illness. Prospect theory and Iyengar’s concepts of episodic and thematic frames formed the foundation of this content analysis. The data revealed different source use patterns in gain—versus loss-framed stories as well as in episodic—versus thematic-framed stories. Implications for researchers, news organizations, and mental health advocates are discussed.