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Europe’s extraordinary response to those fleeing the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 has prompted many criticisms of Europe’s treatment of other refugees, and indeed people of colour and members of ethnic minorities fleeing Ukraine. While stark, this differentiated response in not unusual: The global refugee regime treats different refugees differently, as a matter of course. Refugees often encounter racialized migration controls, and systems which privilege some refugees over others. The article seeks to clarify when these practices violate the international legal prohibitions on discrimination on grounds of race and nationality. To do so, it focuses on race discrimination in general international human rights law, clarifying the interaction between general human rights principles and instruments, and the specialist instrument in the field, the International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination. We identify how differences in treatment on grounds of nationality may engage the prohibition on race discrimination both directly (in particular when nationality equates to national origin) or indirectly. Concerning nationality discrimination, the article focuses in particular on the added value of Article 3 of the 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees, which obliges states to ‘apply the provisions of this Convention to refugees without discrimination as to race, religion or country of origin.’ We examine Article 3 both within the overall scheme of the Refugee Convention and as a source to guide interpretation of international human rights norms.

Birth in Australia does not necessarily mean Australian citizenship as in the case of Tania Singh who was born in Mildura, Victoria as she was unable to satisfy either of the requisite conditions, namely that one of her parents was at the time of her birth an Australian citizen, or that she had been a resident in Australia for a period of ten years. The primary issue here was not whether Singh was a citizen of Australia but rather whether she held the constitutional status of non-alien.

Insulation standards in new and existing UK housing are poor compared with those of mainland Europe. An even distribution of heat, achieved by a well-insulated building envelope, coupled with an efficient heating and ventilation system should be a basic standard for housing, with the resulting indoor climate possessing the properties of thermally efficient comfort. This paper outlines a simple standard for Thermally Efficient Comfort in Housing (TECH) as a tool to promote thermal comfort and energy efficiency in both new and existing housing. Although some government-led legislative mechanisms exist to improve energy efficiency in UK housing, they are not universally effective. Except in particular circumstances, householders cannot be compelled by law to upgrade their properties. Instead it would be necessary to combine legislative with promotional mechanisms to achieve this goal and the TECH Standard would be involved in such mechanisms.

In this article, we present analyses from a researcher-practitioner partnership in the District of Columbia Public Schools, where we are exploring the impact of educational software on students’ academic achievement. We analyze a unique data set that combines student-level information from the district with data of student usage of a mathematics game platform: First in Math (FIM). These data offer a window into long-standing issues in the educational technology literature around implementation, equity, and student achievement. We show that time spent in FIM was correlated with improved future performance on standardized math assessments for students in Grades 4–8. However, student time spent using FIM was highly related to factors such as race, gender, and prior achievement. Such observations from data are helpful for school districts and researchers to inform equitable implementation of new technologies and maximize benefits to learners.