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Addressing unmet need for family planning is one of the major immediate objectives of India’s Population Policy, 2000 (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), National Population Policy, 2000. New Delhi: Department of Family Welfare, Ministry Health and Family Welfare, Government of India). The policy also advocates the involvement of elected leaders of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in addressing unmet need for family planning. Besides, the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) also highlights the importance of PRIs and other community leaders in addressing family planning services. The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, also guarantees panchayats to take responsibility of health and family welfare. To know the actual involvement of community leaders in addressing unmet need for family planning, the field survey was carried out in the coastal part of Odisha. With the help of mixed methods, the actual participation of community leaders in family planning is found negligible. The field study including surveys and in-depth interviews of health workers and community leaders reveals that lack of financial allocation for family planning activities in Gaon Kalyan Samiti (GKS), lack of funds for the village health plans, lack of inter-departmental coordination, lack of trust and confidence between the workers and leaders, lack of initiative by the workers to involve leaders and lack of incentives for community leaders are the major reasons for non-participation of community leaders in family planning activities.

Southern European countries such as Spain, Greece and Italy have recently been the primary final destination of immigrants trying to reach Europe. For this reason these countries are becoming interesting cases for a comparison of the processes of settlement, integration and conflict experienced by immigrants. Even though a comprehensive comparative analysis among European states is not entirely feasible, we can already notice certain characteristics of immigrant settlements as well as the trajectories of their social and geographic mobility. This article is mostly centred on the Italian context and discusses three themes: recent immigration in some industrial districts, female immigrants as care workers in urban centres, and finally emerging/changing social conflicts as a direct consequence of immigration fluxes. The Italian cases illustrated in this article suggest the emergence of forms of territorial settlement which are not very segregated, but may in any event be potentially conflictual. In this respect I will discuss the growing economic competition among different types of immigrant entrepreneurs, the segregation and discrimination of immigrant children in schools, and finally the ethno-spatial conflicts which recently came to the fore in Milan.

The move into council housing can affect family welfare not only in terms of their housing conditions but in other spheres as well. In this paper we examined the influence of changed journey to work costs arising out of a move into council housing on the propensity to quit current employment. Using separate models for men and women regression analysis is employed to estimate the effects of changed journey to work times on a sample of men and women who moved into Glasgow council housing. A control group is utilised and the effects of various personal characteristics and other factors are also taken into account. Increased travel time resulted in an increased quit rate for the men in the sample whereas for the women no relationship between quits and increased journey to work time was observed.

In presenting this article (which was prepared as a thesis for the social work course at Western Reserve University) the Editor wishes to emphasize the fact that it is based on the study of a limited number of case records selected from a single district. The author has recognized that the conclusions based on her inquiry point the way to further study rather than to any wholesale generalizations as to present case work practice. It is hoped that her discoveries will turn the attention of the case worker toward more careful recording of her actual findings regarding the religious life of her clients and to a more thoughtful articulation of her relationship to the churches.

SOME FAMILIES get along better than others, even in a group in which none are getting along very well. Since any light that can be shed on the sources of this difference might be of help in planning for problem families, we have undertaken, at the suggestion of the Family Welfare Society of Providence, to survey the case histories of 45 such families, together with those of 22 families whose adjustments were more successful. Both the problem families and the adjusted ones were accepted for care under the general policy of the Society that its aim is social and emotional help, with financial help used, if at all, only as a means toward this aim. No family was included without at least eight months' contact. The cases were carefully selected and intensively studied and therefore are probably more significantly representative than unprocessed cases would be. The case records for the maladjusted families averaged about 35 single-spaced typed sheets, those for the adjusted about I5; the time covered averaged about two years for the former category and IO months for the latter; case workers are changed, on the average, about once a year. The case workers concerned were among the most highly trained in the profession; A.B. and M.S.S. degrees are prerequisite to service in the agency and the average field experience is about four years. We have asked about the problem families three basic questions: Of what does the maladjustment consist? How did it probably start? How has it been and can it be modified? This report is the best answer we can now give. z. Of What Does the Maladjustment Consist? "Maladjustment" has to mean, for our purposes, a condition as seen by a case worker. There are two ways of finding out what a case worker sees as maladjustment, viz., to ask her, and to compare the families she says are maladjusted with those she says are adjusted. The greater part of this section will deal with the latter way, but it may be said first that five experienced case workers said they saw as maladjustment the following: too great concern; expectation that things should be done for one; serious entertainment of obviously unrealistic plans; inability to share; inability to love another; lack of cooperation; presence of fearful inhibiting attitudes; inability to relax, to play, to get joy from living; inability to come to terms with differences in family and culture patterns; and lack of planfulness and of ability to carry through. As a check on these concepts, the same workers were then asked to rate independently three somewhat puzzling cases in terms of them. Three degrees of adjustment were used (good, medium, poor) and complete agreement was reached-a result so unlikely to happen by chance that we may feel sure the concepts were applied in much the same way by all the workers. The