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Previous studies have found a high co-occurrence between intimate partner violence and child maltreatment. However, little is known about the nuanced association between physical intimate partner violence (pIPV) and physical child maltreatment (pCM) in countries where corporal punishment is prohibited by law. Furthermore, there is a lack of information on the co-occurrence from children's perspectives and nationally representative surveys. The main objective of this study was to examine the connection between pIPV and pCM in a nationally representative sample of 12 to 13 and 15- to 16-year-old Finnish children ( N  = 6,825) after controlling for other known risk factors. The χ 2 test and the logistic regression model were used. Around 47.3% of the children who had been exposed to pIPV had also experienced pCM during the past year, whereas 6.7% of those who had not been exposed to pIPV reported pCM. Children exposed to pIPV were almost three times more likely to experience pCM than children who were not exposed to pIPV. The connection remained statistically significant after controlling for other risk factors. Prevention and early identification of pIPV might reduce pCM in families. Targeted prevention efforts and interventions aimed at physical family violence are necessary to reduce its occurrence and mitigate the impact of abuse on children and families., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interests with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.

The effects of participation in research is an important ethical question in studies involving human participants. In research concerning violence, the common presumption is that participation is especially harmful for those who have personally experienced violence. In this article, parents' perceptions of answering a violence-related survey are analyzed based on free-text comments. A total of 3,170 parents responded to the survey about their violent behavior toward their child (ages 0-12), and 45% (2,047) of those reflected on their perceptions of answering the survey. These answers are analyzed using a thematic analysis. In addition to describing the perceptions, the associations between perceptions and experiences of violence are analyzed. The vast majority of the participants perceived participating in answering as being positive. Negative perceptions, such as distress, were also reported, but these perceptions were mostly reported together with positive perceptions, especially among those who personally had experienced violence.

Eighteen male patients who had untreated chronic ACL rupture were studied in order to evaluate thigh muscle size, morphology, and isokinetic performance of the quadriceps muscle. Computed tomography disclosed a 5.1% mean atrophy of the quadriceps (P less than 0.05), 2.1% slight hypertrophy of the hamstrings (P less than 0.05), and also nonsignificant changes of all other muscle areas of the injured thigh. Muscle morphology (m. vastus lateralis) was normal in 11 biopsy specimens, whereas minor abnormalities (irregular shape or hypotrophy) could be seen in the rest. Isokinetic mechanical output of the knee extensors was 71% to 87% of that of the noninjured limb (P less than 0.01), and the mechanical output corrected for differences in quadriceps cross-sectional area was significantly lower in the injured than the uninjured limb. As there were no significant correlations between isokinetic performance and muscle size or qualitative morphology or morphometric data, the strength decrease cannot be explained by muscle atrophy or structural changes per se. We conclude that nonoptimal activation of the muscles during voluntary contractions is probably the most important causative mechanism of the strength decrease found in patients who have chronic symptomatic ACL tear.