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Purpose: Review scientific literature concerning femtosecond laser–assisted cataract surgery. Methods: Following databases were searched: CENTRAL (Cochrane Eyes and Vision Trials Register; Cochrane Library: Issue 2 of 12, June 2019), Ovid MEDLINE® without Revisions (1996 to June 2019), Ovid MEDLINE® (1946 to June 2019), Ovid MEDLINE® Daily Update June 2019, MEDLINE and MEDLINE Non-Indexed Items, Embase (1980–2019), Embase (1974 to June 2019), Ovid MEDLINE® and Epub Ahead of Print, in-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations and Daily (1946 to June 2019), Web of Science (all years), the metaRegister of Controlled Trials ( www.controlled-trials.com ), ClinicalTrials.gov ( www.clinicaltrial.gov ) and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform ( www.who.int/ictrp/search/en ). Search terms/keywords included ‘Femtosecond laser’ combined with ‘cataract’, ‘cataract surgery’. Results: Based on quality of their methodology and their originality, 121 articles were reviewed, including randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, case-controlled studies, case series, case reports and laboratory studies. Each step of the femtosecond laser–assisted cataract surgery procedure (corneal incisions, arcuate keratotomies, capsulotomy and lens fragmentation) has been discussed with relevance to published outcomes, as well as complication rates of femtosecond laser–assisted cataract surgery, and what we can learn from the larger studies/meta-analyses and the economics of femtosecond laser–assisted cataract surgery within different healthcare settings. Conclusion: Studies suggest that the current clinical outcomes of femtosecond laser–assisted cataract surgery are not different to conventional phacoemulsification surgery and it is not cost effective when compared with conventional phacoemulsification surgery. In its current technological form, it is a useful surgical tool in specific complex cataract scenarios, but its usage has not been shown to translate into better clinical outcomes.

Inception has been proposed as a means to protect our cyber domain. In order to fully take advantage of this strategy we must first understand deception from the human point of view, because it is the human cyber attacker that plans and orchestrates cyberattacks. Moreover, although various deceptive tactics are addressed in the cyber-security literature, it appears they are categorized more from the standpoint of technology than from their behavioral origins. In order to better understand the interplay between attacker and defender, and associated cues of deception, we abstracted the cyber deception task. Participants played a modified version of Battleship either face-to-face or with a divider. Deception was significantly higher in the divider condition. Additionally, participants used patterns of deception analogous to cyber attackers and defenders such as blatant lies, diversion, and honeypots. An array of behavioral cues were also observed when participants lied and included variations in tone of voice, less eye contact, lower response time, and other physical indicators. Implications and future projects are discussed.

This article presents two alternative methods to null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) for improving inferences from underpowered research designs. Post hoc design analysis (PHDA) assesses whether an NHST analysis generating null findings might otherwise have had sufficient power to detect effects of plausible magnitudes. Bayesian analysis with default priors offers advantages over NHST for assessing null findings and detecting signals in underpowered data. Both methods are illustrated by application to Pager and Quillian’s influential study on attitude-behavior correspondence. PHDA results suggest the original study lacked sufficient power to detect strong associations between employers’ attitudes and behaviors. Bayesian analysis confirms strong attitude–behavior associations cannot be ruled out given the data. Together, these results question a frequently cited conclusion about attitude–behavior incongruence in survey vignettes. Overall, the examples illustrate how these analytical tools can be useful for describing uncertainty surrounding estimates and for improving substantive and theoretical debates across sociology.

There are many factors that may influence parenting, from societal norms and expectations, dispositional differences, experience and maturity, and availability of resources. In the current research, we examined how stable demographic characteristics associated with these different factors predict the goals parents pursue with their children. We examined whether the pursuit of four parenting goals—child love and security, child development, parent image, and child acceptance—varies based on the characteristics of parents (i.e., gender, age, and socioeconomic status) and their children (i.e., gender and age). First, we provided evidence for the measurement invariance of the Parenting Goals Scale. The results suggested that across key characteristics, parents largely pursue the same four parenting goals on which they could be meaningfully compared. Second, meta-analytic results ( k = 5; Ntotal = 2,240) indicated that parents were largely similar in the goals they pursued with their children across their own and their child’s characteristics. We identified only a few exceptions, with these differences being small in magnitude: mothers and noncollege-educated parents pursued child love and security goals more than fathers and college-educated parents, older parents pursued child development goals less than younger parents, parents of older children pursued image goals more than parents of younger children, and lower income parents pursued child acceptance goals more than higher income parents. These results suggest that while there may be some small differences in parenting goal pursuit based on demographic characteristics, parents are largely motivated by similar goals when caring for their children.

Do some people exhibit a greater willingness to sacrifice in romantic relationships and derive more satisfaction from doing so, even in the face of high costs? In a cross-sectional study and a daily experience study, we show that people low in interdependent self-construal were less willing to sacrifice when the costs were relatively high, whereas people high in interdependent self-construal were equally willing to make high- and low-cost sacrifices. Further, when people low in interdependent self-construal chose to sacrifice, they felt less authentic when the costs were high, which in turn, detracted from their satisfaction with sacrifice. In contrast, people high in interdependent self-construal did not feel less authentic and were buffered against feeling less satisfied when making more costly sacrifices. The findings identify a set of individuals who are more willing to sacrifice, even in the face of high costs, and who feel more satisfied and authentic when doing so.

Introduction: Home haemodialysis has been advocated due to improved quality of life. However, there are very little data on the optimum vascular access for it. Method: A retrospective cohort study was carried on all patients who initiated home haemodialysis between 2011 and 2016 at a large university hospital. Access-related hospital admissions and interventions were used as primary outcome measures. Results: Our cohort consisted of 74 patients. On initiation of home haemodialysis, 62 individuals were using an arteriovenous fistula as vascular access, while the remaining were on a tunnelled dialysis catheter. Of the 12 patients who started on a tunnelled dialysis catheter, 5 were subsequently converted to either an arteriovenous fistula ( n = 4) or an arteriovenous graft ( n = 1). During the period of home haemodialysis use, four arteriovenous fistula failed or thrombosed with patients continuing on home haemodialysis using an arteriovenous graft ( n = 3) or a tunnelled dialysis catheter ( n = 1). To maintain uninterrupted home haemodialysis, interventional rates were 0.32 per arteriovenous fistula/arteriovenous graft access-year and 0.4 per tunnelled dialysis catheter access-year. Hospital admission rates for patients on home haemodialysis were 0.33 per patient-year. Conclusion: Our study has shown that home haemodialysis can be safely and independently performed at home within a closely managed home haemodialysis programme. The authors also advocate the use of arteriovenous fistulas for this cohort of patients due to both low complication and intervention rates.

This study investigates the effects of job-level, task-based, segregation on racial differences in promotions to executive positions within the college football coaching profession. Using event-history methods to analyze the careers of 323 college football coaches, the results suggest that, relative to White coaches, Black coaches’ career prospects are harmed by their disproportionate placement into jobs that inhibit mobility (i.e., noncentral positions) and their differential returns from occupying jobs that induce mobility (i.e., central positions). These findings shed light on processes related to job-level racial segregation, particularism, and racialization in the coaching profession as well as more general, high-status, labor market contexts.

In this article, we examine key propositions from Colvin, Cullen, and Vander Ven’s Differential Coercion/Social Support Theory (DCSST) to explain inmate violence, misconduct, and resistance within prison. Results from logistic regression models applied to data from a sample of 481 prisoners incarcerated in state correctional facilities across the United States provide mixed support for the theory. Coercive experiences within prison are associated with engagement in violent misconduct as well as defiant and institutionalized forms of inmate resistance. However, social support is not consistently related to either misconduct or resistance. Furthermore, results suggest that prison staff can inhibit these reactive behaviors by effectively reducing violence and promoting safety within prisons. These findings have important implications for the status of DCSST and for advancing popular explanations of inmate misconduct.

Objectives: This study investigates whether gender responsive programming is effective at reducing recidivism relative to traditional, reinforcement-based programming for both girls and boys in secure detention. Methods: Event-history analysis is used to examine recidivism outcomes for two propensity score matched samples of girls ( n = 148) and boys ( n = 140) released from gender responsive versus traditional detention facilities in Connecticut. The contingent effects of trauma, depression/anxiety, alcohol/drug abuse, anger/irritability, and somatic complaints are also examined. Results: Compared to traditional programming, gender responsive programming for youth in secure detention is associated with a lower risk of recidivism for girls with gender-sensitive risk factors but a higher risk of recidivism among girls who do not display these risk factors. Gender responsive programs are no more or less effective at reducing recidivism for boys, regardless of whether they display risk factors commonly associated with girls’ delinquency and confinement. Conclusions: The results suggest that girls in secure detention require different approaches depending on their histories of trauma and associated mental and physical health issues. While girls who follow gendered pathways into detention benefit from the relational approach employed in gender responsive programs, girls without such issues benefit more from traditional reinforcement programming.

Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool for studying the biochemical composition of tissues and cells in the human body. We describe the initial results of a feasibility study to design and build a miniature, fiber optic probe incorporated into a standard hypodermic needle. This probe is intended for use in optical biopsies of solid tissues to provide valuable information of disease type, such as in the lymphatic system, breast, or prostate, or of such tissue types as muscle, fat, or spinal, when identifying a critical injection site. The optical design and fabrication of this probe is described, and example spectra of various ex vivo samples are shown.

Is sacrificing to avoid negative outcomes in relationships always costly? The current study draws upon research and theory on approach-avoidance motivation and self-construal to test the hypothesis that individual differences in interdependent self-construal shape the outcomes of sacrificing in pursuit of avoidance goals. Seventy-three individuals in dating relationships participated in a 14-day daily experience study. Results of multilevel mediated moderation analyses showed that individuals who construed the self in less interdependent terms felt inauthentic when they sacrificed for avoidance goals, in turn, detracting from their emotional well-being and the quality of their relationships. In contrast, people high in interdependence did not feel less authentic when sacrificing for avoidance goals and were buffered against the emotional and relationship costs experienced by people low in interdependence. These findings identify a set of individuals for whom sacrificing for avoidance goals is not costly.

The purpose of this study was to identify effective behaviours and characteristics of strength and conditioning coaches as perceived by elite athletes. Eight elite international level university athletes (Male = 6; Female = 2) with an average age of 20.4 years ( SD = 1.3) and an average of 7 years' experience in their sport ( SD = 2.4) were interviewed. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed. Three general dimensions were identified: behaviours that enhance the relationship between the athlete and their coach; coaches' actions; and coaches' values. The findings confirm previous research that areas such as instruction, technical knowledge and feedback are essential in delivering effective strength and conditioning coaching. However, the results further highlight the important role of higher order characteristics such as trust, respect, role modelling, authenticity, motivation and inspiration. The findings suggest that these higher order characteristics augment the default instructional coaching style as these behaviours enhance the strength and conditioning coaches' effectiveness in developing the athlete. The results further aim to recommend competencies of strength and conditioning coaches by encouraging self-reflection and therefore optimising coaches' development.

Despite increasing attention on gender-specific programming for girls involved in the juvenile justice system, not much is known about the effectiveness of gender-specific programs. The authors review the evidence base for the effectiveness of programs for girls in custody or under supervision by examining the evaluation evidence for nine gender-specific programs (which exclusively target girls) and six gender-non-specific programs (which target both girls and boys). Through this process, the authors summarize the evidence of effectiveness available to researchers and practitioners, identify barriers to determining what programs work for adjudicated girls, and make recommendations for building a solid evidence base on what works for adjudicated girls.

Aggregate scoring derives weights for the responses to test questions that are the proportion of a criterion group of experts; examinees' test scores are simply the sum of the weights of the responses they choose. This study applied aggregate scoring to a recertifying examination where it is particularly useful. It is an efficient means of generating an answer key, it ensures that the answer key reflects differences in practice, and examinees may find it reassuring to be judged against the performance of their peers. Results indicated considerable agreement between the traditional answer key and the aggregate answer key. Although the scores produced by the two answer keys were similar, aggregate scoring slightly favored individuals out of training longer. Generalizability analyses (Brennan, 1983) produced the expected results. The use of several experts in aggregate scoring made a sizeable contribution to reduction in measurement error. The choice of either completely crossed designs or nested designs for collecting the responses of experts depends on the resources available.

Two types of spiral-motion aftereffects were elicited by a single pattern: subjects reported seeing the pattern expand in the two-dimensional viewing plane or bulge toward them in three-dimensional space. Under binocular-viewing conditions reports of two-dimensional translations predominated. But when depth information was restricted under monocular-viewing conditions, reports of three-dimensional translations were more frequent. It appears that the bistability of these aftereffects can be influenced by the degree of depth information available about a stimulus pattern.

This research examines the effects of combining existing stress measures into one psychometric hybrid assessment tool. This process uses the severity of experienced life events and individual perception of those events to assess an individual's current stress level. This stress level is reflected globally in a Total Change Scale and delimited by three scales-Negative Change, Positive Change, and Impact. The psychometric hybrid significantly predicts measures of stress. Age and gender mediating variables are discussed.

Children's ability to repeat sentences of differing grammatical structure was determined three times during kindergarten and was associated with various measures of school achievement from Grades 1 through 4. For the total sample of 56, surprisingly high positive correlations between this verbal imitative ability and achievement occurred at all grade levels. With few exceptions and especially for language subtests, the correlations were higher for girls than for boys. Incremental validity of verbal imitative ability over a measure of intelligence was demonstrated for both boys and girls, and this imitative ability identified those children at high risk of being required to repeat a grade.

SummaryA strain of West Nile virus isolated by Dr. K. C. Smithburn from a patient's serum in Africa and passaged intracerebrally in Swiss albino mice has been successfully transmitted intracerebrally to 1-day-old White Leghorn chicks. The virus was carried intracerebrally through 8 serial passages in 1-day-old baby chicks. Virus-bearing brain suspensions from chicks of each passage proved to be infective for Swiss albino mice when inoculated intracerebrally. Virus from a chick-brain suspension of the 7th intracerebral passage was transmitted successfully to baby chicks by the following routes of exposure: intraperitoneal, intradermal, intramuscular, intracardiac, intralingual, intranasal and rectal. Baby chicks showed typical symptoms of West Nile disease between 5 to 10 days post-inoculation.

The good teacher firmly believes in what he teaches, and should be able to make it interesting.