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Recent national reports asserted an urgent imperative for transforming working conditions for the direct care workforce in the US. These clarion reports identified key influencers in reform as federal and state governments, workers’ unions and coalitions, individual and organizational employers. Equally essential and well-positioned local actors have been overlooked in the conversation—namely, municipalities, area agencies on aging, higher education, philanthropic entities, and community. Although deemed “essential,” direct care workers have been disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper examines an early public-private partnership initiative designed to recruit and train PCAs in Virginia.

This study examined the relations among gendered racial microaggressions, resilience, individual and collective self-esteem, and traumatic stress among Black women. Personal self-esteem significantly mediated the positive relation between gendered racial microaggressions and traumatic stress. Resilience was also directly negatively related to traumatic stress and positively related to personal and collective self-esteem. Resilience moderated the positive relation between gendered racial microaggressions and membership identity/esteem. That is, at high levels of resilience, membership identity/esteem remained high, regardless of the frequency of gendered racial microaggressions. However, at low and average levels of resilience, membership identity/esteem was higher when experiencing more frequent gendered racial microaggressions. Mental health providers are encouraged to consider the deleterious role of gendered racial microaggressions in Black women’s traumatic stress. In addition, mental health providers should also consider the role of resilience in potentially mitigating traumatic stress and fostering Black women’s personal and collective self-esteem.

In the present study, we examined the additive and multiplicative associations of heterosexist discrimination, racist discrimination, internalized heterosexism, and internalized racism with psychological distress and well-being in 318 sexual minority People of Color. We tested multiplicative associations via two sets of interactions: cross-oppression (Heterosexist Discrimination × Internalized Racism, Racist Discrimination × Internalized Heterosexism) and same-oppression (Heterosexist Discrimination × Internalized Heterosexism, Racist Discrimination × Internalized Racism). Consistent with the additive perspective, heterosexist discrimination and internalized racism were uniquely positively associated with distress, whereas internalized heterosexism and internalized racism were uniquely negatively associated with well-being. The Heterosexist Discrimination × Internalized Racism and Racist Discrimination × Internalized Racism interactions were significant in relation to both distress and well-being. Internalized racism was associated with significantly poorer mental health until heterosexist and racist discrimination reached high levels. We discuss the implications of our findings for research and practice with sexual minority People of Color.

Purpose: The US Preventive Services Task Force recommends that adults at risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) be offered or referred to intensive behavioral counseling interventions to promote a healthful diet and physical activity for CVD prevention. We assessed primary care providers’ (PCPs) awareness of local physical activity-related behavioral counseling services, whether this awareness was associated with referring eligible patients, and the types and locations of services to which they referred. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Primary care providers practicing in the United States. Subjects: 1256 respondents. Measures: DocStyles 2016 survey assessing PCPs’ awareness of and referral to physical activity-related behavioral counseling services. Analysis: Calculated prevalence and adjusted odds ratios (aORs). Results: Overall, 49.9% of PCPs were aware of local services. Only 12.6% referred many or most of their at-risk patients and referral was associated with awareness of local services (aOR = 2.81, [95% confidence interval: 1.85-4.25]). Among those referring patients, services ranged from a health-care worker within their practice or group (25.4%) to an organized program in a medical facility (41.2%). Primary care providers most often referred to services located outside their practice or group (58.1%). Conclusion: About half of PCPs were aware of local behavioral counseling services, and referral was associated with awareness. Establishing local resources and improving PCPs’ awareness of them, especially using community–clinical linkages, may help promote physical activity among adults at risk for CVD.

Women experience a higher incidence of mental health concerns compared to men, and scholars have located these challenges within a discriminatory sociocultural context. Although scholars have suggested that feminist attitudes may shield women from discrimination, research on the protective role of feminist attitudes is discrepant and suggests that there are distinct differences between those who do and do not self-identify as feminist; namely, self-identifiers may be more protected in the face of discrimination. Utilizing grounded theory and intersectional feminist standpoint methodologies, in this study we sought to understand the ways that self-identified womanist and feminist women cope with discrimination. We found that women’s feminist and cultural identities intersected, each informing the other and influencing coping mechanisms and well-being. Moreover, results demonstrated that feminist women call upon a variety of different coping mechanisms in response to discrimination, including advocacy, social support, self-care, cognitive processes, disengagement, connecting to one’s femininity, and religion and spirituality. Although possessing a feminist and/or womanist identity appeared to be protective in some cases, at other times it did not. Some participants expressed feeling marginalized from the feminist community and felt that their greater awareness of oppression was an additional source of distress. Based on these findings, we provide suggestions for mental health clinicians and research scholars.

In 2012, the Society of Counseling Psychology instituted the Leadership Academy (LA) to develop a pipeline of diverse leaders within the Society and the field of psychology. The present study aimed to: (a) better understand the retrospective perceived impact of the training on LA alumni, and (b) provide data about how LA alumni view their leadership development within the context of counseling psychology values. Fourteen LA alumni responded to a series of open-ended survey questions, and we examined the data through qualitative content analysis. Results yielded seven thematic categories: (a) Influences of the LA on Leadership Development and Leadership Skills, (b) Supports to Leadership Development, (c) Barriers to Leadership Development, (d) Greater Awareness of Diversity and Social Identities, (e) Growth Areas of the LA, (f) Personal Definition of Leadership, and (g) Leadership Attainment. Implications for leadership training programs are discussed.

The purpose of this study was to explore the link between bisexual women’s experiences of anti-bisexual discrimination and disordered eating, while examining potential mediating variables underlyin...

Purpose: To examine the workplace food and physical activity (PA) environments and wellness culture reported by employed United States adults, overall and by employer size. Design: Cross-sectional study using web-based survey on wellness policies and environmental supports for healthy eating and PA. Setting: Worksites in the United States. Participants: A total of 2101 adults employed outside the home. Measures: Survey items were based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Worksite Health ScoreCard and Checklist of Health Promotion Environments and included the availability and promotion of healthy food items, nutrition education, promotion of breast-feeding, availability of PA amenities and programs, facility discounts, time for PA, stairwell signage, health promotion programs, and health risk assessments. Analysis: Descriptive statistics were used to examine the prevalence of worksite environmental and facility supports by employer size (Results: Among employed respondents with workplace food or drink vending machines, approximately 35% indicated the availability of healthy items. Regarding PA, 30.9% of respondents reported that their employer provided opportunities to be physically active and 17.6% reported worksite exercise facilities. Wellness programs were reported by 53.2% working for large employers, compared to 18.1% for smaller employers. Conclusion: Employee reports suggested that workplace supports for healthy eating, PA, and wellness were limited and were less common among smaller employers.

Our study extended a modified version of objectification theory to a sample of sexual minority women in order to understand their experiences with body image and disordered eating concerns. Specifically, reported experiences of heterosexist discrimination and internalized heterosexism were integrated into the objectification theory framework. A total of 243 U.S. sexual minority women (primarily White and lesbian) participated in our online study. Results of a path analysis and tests of direct and indirect relations elucidated the important role of heterosexist experiences in sexual minority women’s eating disordered behaviors. Moreover, internalized sociocultural standards of beauty and internalized heterosexism were important predictors of sexual minority women’s body image concerns. Overall, our results supported the applicability of tenets of objectification theory to sexual minority women, with some important modifications. Our study demonstrates the importance of attending to stressors that uniquely affect sexual minority women, which arise from a sexist and heterosexist sociocultural context.

This article explores attitudes towards immunisation and immunisation communication materials among parents and caregivers currently facing immunisation decisions in Aotearoa New Zealand. The research aimed to discover, from an open-ended qualitative investigation, new ways to conceptualise and explain immunisation decision-making, and identify participants' own views on approaches worth trialling as ways to increase immunisation rates. The research used communication artefacts as talking points, and an action research process to modify these to reflect participants' design suggestions, but was primarily exploratory. It started a broad conversation with participants about their decision-making influences rather than being designed to test any particular attributes of the immunisation communication process. From a qualitative analysis of transcripts of focus-group and in-depth interviews with 107 immunisation decision-makers, themes were drawn. Applying an emic process enabled identification of participants' own ideas that have now broadened the range of possible approaches currently being considered for immunisation communication in Aotearoa New Zealand. Given that immunisation decline is a problem internationally, these participant-driven ideas may also be worth testing in other contexts.

The purpose of our study was to extend tenets of objectification theory to a sample of 278 undergraduate African American women. We hypothesized that internalized multiculturally inclusive racial identity attitudes would moderate the relationship between sexually objectifying experiences and internalized sociocultural standards of beauty, which would then correlate with less body surveillance. In turn, we predicted that less body surveillance would be associated with less body shame, appearance anxiety, and greater interoceptive awareness, which would likely be associated with decreased eating disordered behaviors. A moderated mediation analysis supported the overall model, suggesting that internalized multiculturally inclusive racial identity attitudes buffer against sexually objectifying experiences. When sexually objectifying experiences were high and internalized multiculturally inclusive racial identity attitudes were low, participants were more likely to internalize dominant standards of beauty, which was then associated with increased body surveillance, body shame, appearance anxiety, disordered eating, and poorer interoceptive awareness. Interventions aimed to assist African American women develop a positive race salience and challenge sociocultural standards of beauty seem warranted in order to diminish body image concerns and disordered eating.

The purpose of our study was to examine the role that child sexual abuse may play in body surveillance and sexual risk behaviors among undergraduate women. First, a measured variable path analysis was conducted, which assessed the relations among a history of child sexual abuse, body surveillance, and sexual risk behaviors. Furthermore, body shame, sexual self-efficacy, and alexithymia were examined as intervening variables. Second, a multigroup path analysis was conducted comparing the hypothesized models applied to data from 556 ethnically diverse women. Within the overall model, results revealed that a history of child sexual abuse and body surveillance were not related to one another, but both variables were directly related to sexual risk behaviors. Moreover, body shame mediated the relationship between body surveillance and alexithymia, and alexithymia mediated the relationship between body shame and sexual self-efficacy. Child sexual abuse history was related directly with body shame and alexithymia. Results from the multigroup path analysis revealed that the model was invariant between African American and White women, although one difference emerged: body surveillance significantly predicted alexithymia in White, but not African American, women. Furthermore, White, Asian/Pacific Islander, and Hispanic/Latina women demonstrated more body shame than African American women, and White women endorsed higher levels of sexual self-efficacy than African American and Asian/Pacific Islander women. Counseling interventions that seek to decrease alexithymic symptoms, body surveillance, and body shame, while also increasing sexual self-efficacy, seem especially warranted.

The purpose of our study was to investigate African American women’s experiences with sexual objectification. Utilizing grounded theory methodology as well as Black feminist thought and objectification theory as the research lenses, the results of this study uncovered how racist, sexist, and classist ideologies contributed to sexual objectification experiences (SOEs) among African American women. Twenty African American female graduate students and others recruited from a campus community participated in semistructured interviews. Data revealed a number of different sociocultural factors that contributed to the sexual objectification of African American women (i.e., historical influence of slavery, sexualized views and images of African American women, and patriarchal social structure). These factors were observed to contribute to different forms of sexual objectification, ranging from comments and objectifying gazes to more extreme forms, such as sexual abuse. Participants described a number of effects of sexual objectification, including self-objectification, physical safety anxiety, eating concerns, psychological/emotional, and interpersonal. Participants also described how they coped with and grew from these experiences. Psychologists and mental health professionals are encouraged to consider how African American women’s SOEs are rooted in racism, sexism, and classism. Furthermore, these practitioners are urged to develop an awareness of how these oppressions intersect and contribute to the sexual objectification of African American women.

This article reports some (video-recorded) instances of `visual culture' in action, namely the use of a new software tool designed for the visualization of scenes from Shakespeare's Macbeth in a classroom context. By considering whether or how far conversation analysis (CA) can be extended from natural conversation to cases of collaborative work in front of a computer, the article addresses the methodological question of how to study instances of visual communication. We take as an exemplar the phenomenon of remedial action and discuss how Schegloff, Jefferson and Sacks's (1977) canonical study of repair in ordinary conversation can be used to highlight aspects of `visual repair' (the identification and remedying of items on the screen). Our attempts to apply the original CA model of repair of ordinary conversation highlight the differences of this setting, which constitutes an example of collaborative work.

In our Introduction to the articles in this Special Issue, the editors have set out some of the lineaments of the debate over cognitivistic conceptions of social phenomena. They have also set out to show that cognitivism, of at least a residual kind, is manifest in classical sociologies, and the position of some canonical authors is critically discussed. The article debates the analytic practices contributing to cognitivism in classical sociologies including the use of conceptual oppositions, decontextualizalion techniques and methodological irony. Using some resources derived from the latter philosophy of Wittgenstein and from ethnomethodology, an alternalive to cognitivisin is proposed.

As our primary means of gathering information from the world about us, vision has always occupied a central place in human factors. Beginning in the early 1980's, the Vision Group at NASA Ames Research Center sought to move visual human factors from its primarily empirical foundations to a new, model based formulation. The intent was to do this through development of computational models of visual performance. These would be more general than ad hoc empirical measurements, would be amenable to refinement over time, and would serve as the basis for computational human factors engineering tools. Since then the Vision Group has made some important contributions to fundamental vision science, and has also begun to fulfill the program envisioned at its outset.

A full understanding of how efficacy beliefs influence collective action requires considering the social nature of groups. The authors focus on collective efficacy, a shared belief that individuals hold about the group. Collective efficacy can be influenced by both individual- and group-level variables. A multilevel framework is employed to analyze the antecedents and consequences of collective efficacy in college basketball teams. Individual-level influences on collective efficacy included self-efficacy, optimism, perceptions of leader effectiveness, and perceptions of recent team performance. Group-level influences included group size, past team performance, and confident leadership. The authors also found support for collective efficacy as a shared belief. This support came from showing within-team agreement and the interdependence of team members’ collective efficacy beliefs. Collective efficacy beliefs were persistent and affected group performance. Finally, the role of leadership in the creation, maintenance, and enhancement of collective efficacy was analyzed.

A two-part study examined the effects of leadership efficacy and optimism on the evaluation and performance of military cadet leaders. Cadets at several universities responded to measures of leadership confidence and optimism. In Part 1, the cadets (n = 96) were rated for leadership potential by their military science professors. Both leadership efficacy and optimism were associated with rated leadership potential. Part 2 followed most of the same cadets (n = 64) to U.S. Army summer leadership training. Leadership efficacy, but not optimism, was strongly related to performance evaluations by objective observers in a leadership simulation and to leadership ratings by peers and superiors. A measure of general self-esteem was not an independent predictor of leadership performance ratings, and neither leadership efficacy nor optimism predicted nonleadership performance measures. These findings suggest that self-rated leadership efficacy has concurrent, predictive, and discriminant validity as a contributor to leadership evaluations.

In the last several months we have been bombarded by media reports of our health care in crisis. In the words of the editor of the British Columbia Medical Journal, Dr JA Wilson, “Today the medical profession finds itself constantly fighting border skirmishes, but in reality there is a full scale health sector war going on in this country” (1). Mary Jane England, in her presidential address to the American Psychi atric Association in May 1996, pleaded “we can no longer fixate on what was. If we don’t find the answers, others will find them for us. If we remain uninvolved, we will be the objects of reform rather than leaders of reform.” Fiona Caldi cott echoed similar sentiments in her address as the outgoing President of the Royal College of Psychiatrists.

The responses of South African university students ( N = 303) to the Commitment to Career Choices Scale are analyzed by means of a confirmatory factor analysis as suggested by Ellis and Blustein in 1992. The results provide support for the 1992 findings of Stead and Watson.

Investigation of electrical breakdown in air using an image processing technique Video recordings of high-voltage breakdown tracks between electrodes in air have been analysed using an image processing technique. The paper discusses the tortuosity of the breakdown tracks, and a logarithmic distribution of track segment lengths has been found.

Hunting instability of the synchronous motor A simplied analysis of hunting instability of synchronous motors is presented, together with experimental results.

The primary objective of this ongoing study is to examine the long-term safety and tolerability of olanzapine long-acting injection (LAI). Current results are from a 190-week interim analysis. Patients were 18–75 years of age with schizophrenia (N = 909) or schizoaffective disorder (N = 22) previously enrolled in 1 of 3 randomized clinical trials of olanzapine LAI. In this open-label extension study, all patients received flexibly-dosed olanzapine LAI every 2–4 weeks. At time of analysis, rate of study discontinuation was 46.3%. The 18-month discontinuation rate was 34.2%. Adverse events in ≥5% of patients were increased weight, insomnia, anxiety somnolence, headache, and nasopharyngitis. There were 26 occurrences of post-injection delirium/sedation syndrome which all fully resolved within 72 hours. Mean weight change was +1.81 kg, with 32.1% of patients experiencing ≥7% weight gain. Mean Clinical Global Impressions-Severity scores remained stable throughout (2.9 at baseline to 2.8 at endpoint). Pharmacokinetic analyses indicated consistent olanzapine plasma concentrations over time, with no evidence of long-term accumulation. Safety profile was consistent with that of oral olanzapine, with the exception of findings specific to intramuscular injection. During the study period, there were 16 (1.7%) occurrences of treatment-emergent diabetes and 1 occurrence of treatment-emergent diabetic ketoacidosis. Percentages of patients with EPS scale-defined treatment-emergent akathisia, parkinsonism, and dyskinesia were 3.3%, 6.6%, and 3.0%, respectively.

A search by James B. Watson for definitive proof of his mother's date of birth ultimately proved fruitless, although one piece of evidence he discovered strongly suggests that Rosalie Rayner was born in 1899, not 1898 as some sources indicate. Watson believes that his father, John Broadus Watson, wrote his 1936 autobiographical essay before Rayner's death because afterward he was too devastated to have written it.

Current vision theory admits two principal types of visual masking: contrast masking and noise masking. The former is thought to operate via mechanisms such as a nonlinear transducer, contrast gain control, and lateral inhibitory influences. The latter is understood to be due to the randomness of the target + mask combination. Here I propose a new category: entropy masking. Entropy masking is evident when the mask is a complex but deterministic signal. Because the mask is deterministic, and because experiments demonstrate that the masking power of such signals is much greater than predicted by contrast gain control, entropy masking cannot be due to either contrast masking or noise masking. Entropy masking occurs because the observer cannot discount the background, as supposed by ideal-observer theory, and hence must learn the target + mask signal. The ease with which this is done is a function of the entropy of both target and mask. Experiments that illustrate these general principles are described.

A unified analysis of the unbalanced operation of three-limb, five-limb and three single-phase star-star connected transformers is presented. The straight forward logical mathematical procedure leads directly to the required results.

In view of the counter rotating field theory, can a single phase stator winding be used to drive two rotors simultaneously at different speeds in opposite directions, and if so how does the machine perform? The paper puts forward some experimental and theoretical answers to these questions.

The synchronous machine is modelled by impedances connected across the power supply. The model contains the synchronous capacitor. The model also highlights the effects of excitation and of saliency.

The paper describes a self-excited induction generator connected through a controlled rectifier to a resistance load with no smoothing reactor. A harmonic analysis of the rectifier input current is presented. The current harmonics cause distortion of the generator voltage waveform, and the possibility of harmonic resonance exists.

The mobility of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is reduced when subjected to a 50 Hz electric field. A directional effect also occurs. A prototype electrical barrier suppresses penetration by flying at 400 kV/m, and penetration by crawling is reduced to 6% after 10 minutes at 640 kV/m.

The conventional circuit model of an induction motor is modified to include a rotational e.m.f. This helps to explain induction generator action. The required amount of residual e.m.f. to initiate self-excited induction generation is calculated.

A simplified model is used to describe the parallel operating characteristics of self-excited induction generators. Experimental results are presented for two single-phase machines when driven at different speeds, parallel connected to a common excitation capacitor and resistance load.

This article suggests a method of obtaining power at 100 Hz, 150 Hz and 200 Hz from a supply frequency of 50 Hz using a 3-phase wound type induction machine arranged as a frequency convertor.

The paper describes project-type experiments devised to arouse interest in electromechanics, a topic for which students usually have very little feeling. Students are motivated by the immediate relevance of each experiment. The involvement of the supervisor as a collaborator, student and supervisor reactions, and the method of assessment, are discussed.

The paper consists mainly of an account of experiments conducted by the author on a steam-jet operated air ejector with the object of investigating certain quantities which, although they affect the vacuum produced, are not included in the theory of the ejector as it exists at present. The chief of these quantities was found to be the distance from the outlet of the steam nozzle to the throat entrance of the diffuser, and in order to examine the effect of varying this length a special form of air ejector with a sliding diffuser was designed and provision was made in the design for the use of a search tube which could be passed right through the diffuser and up to the nozzle outlet. In addition to the work conducted on this apparatus the author was obliged to carry out a separate set of experiments, with the diffuser removed, and in which an air pump created the vacuum, in order to examine the change in the stationary waves in the steam jet when it was discharging at different vacua. This was done by viewing the jet through a plate-glass window fitted into a part of the ejector. Observations were made and photographic records were obtained at different outlet pressures ranging from atmospheric pressure to 27·5 inches of vacuum. These photographs are probably of interest in connexion with steam nozzles in general, as they show the form of the jet when it was over-expanded and under-expanded as well as when it expanded to the designed pressure. The ejector was also operated normally with a glass mouthpiece forming the entrance and parallel throat of the diffuser, and this arrangement was used to view the waves in the throat at the higher vacua. Another quantity which affects the vacuum is the length of the diffuser throat and two throat lengths were used: ( a) inch, and ( b) a length equal to twice the throat diameter, or 1½ inches. Two different forms of diffuser entrance were tried, and the vacuum and steam-air ratio at different initial steam pressures for these two different designs have been recorded in the paper.