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There is a growing interest in island economies within Europe. In the European Union (EU) this has led to enhanced Cohesion Policy support for islands, along with a number of other regions facing geographical challenges. Because of major problems with data, comparative research on islands across different EU member states has been of limited extent. This paper explores the use of national data sets to undertake comparative cross-country analysis of islands. The paper concentrates on two member states, Greece and Britain, which have large numbers of offshore islands. Data from national population censuses are drawn upon to allow typologies of the islands to be developed. These typologies are utilised to identify similarities and differences between British and Greek islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses implications for the practical and theoretical understanding of consent in light of the coming into force of the European Cookie Directive (2009/136/EC). This Directive shifts behavioral advertising from being an opt-out practice to an opt-in one requiring consent. The aim of this paper is to assess conceptions of consent as detailed by the European Article 29 Data Protection Working Party, the UK government and the behavioral advertising industry. This is achieved through the application of philosophical understandings of consent generated in the first half of the paper that detail the ways in which these have been applied in health, an area that deals extensively with informed consent. The paper concludes by offering recommendations to behavioral advertisers on how best to implement opt-in consent policies so as to progress to ethically sound privacy practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creative industries are increasingly understood to contribute to localised innovation and dynamism. This paper provides a methodologically consistent comparison of creative industries across France, Great Britain, Italy and Spain. We map spatial agglomerations of creative activities showing evidence of urban concentration, which for Britain and France coincides with the dominance of capital cities, whilst for Spain and Italy, significant concentrations can also be found in secondary cities. The four countries also differ in the specialisation profiles and in the role played by policy makers. A lack of dove-tailing with the European Union smart agenda is argued to be a cause of concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European integration is far from being only a political and economic problem but has also led to social and cultural challenges, such as the definition of national identity vs European identity and the relationship between member states. There is also a growing sense that, for the nonexpert citizen, the increasing complexity of the EU's institutions and policies means a de facto denial of access to information and policy-making. This paper investigates how the British daily press has been reflecting and responding to these challenges. National stereotyping, for example, is shown to play a key role in the portrayal of France and Germany. Also, data from the Sun are used to illustrate strategies employed to make elite discourse more accessible to the lay reader. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the 2013 Autumn Workshop of the Group Analytic Society International (GASI) and Symposium sponsored by the Austrian Institute of Group Analysis that was held in Great Britain. It presents information on Helga Felsberger, president of the Austrian Institute of Group Analysis in Europe.

The author presents a response to a comment by Anke Franz and colleagues on her article "British Policy on Teenage Pregnancy and Childbearing: The Limitations of Comparisons With Other European Countries." Franz and colleagues observes that comparative research can be advantageous and that sexual openness and sex education are important determinants of teenage pregnancy. It compares Great Britain with Germany and other European countries in terms of fertility culture, income inequality and youth transitions.

The author presents information on the audit of submitted unsolicited manuscripts for July 2006 to June 2007. He notes the proportion of submission from Great Britain which comprised 48% along with 15% from Europe, and 23% from North America. He mentions their endeavour to maintain standards with the help of several people who assisted them to review papers including Stephen Abbott, Hannah Babad, Doug Altman.

The flexicurity approach to labour market policy may offer advantages for trade unions but also poses challenges, given their weak situation in policy formulation at EU level and in many member states. This article explores unions’ capacity to mobilize around flexicurity issues and to influence policy debates and outcomes in two member states. In the UK, flexicurity has low political salience and unions have little capacity for mobilization or influence, although they have linked flexicurity to campaigns on agency workers and restructuring. In France, unions have developed alternative proposals on making employment pathways secure and have succeeded in shifting debate towards these proposals rather than the Commission’s flexicurity recommendations, although differences with the positions of employers and the state have limited outcomes to date. EU policies provide only weak leverage, since trade unions’ ability to influence labour market policy depends on their position within domestic institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an update of various legislative bills and laws relating to environment passed and proposed in Great Britain from January 4, 2003 to April 1, 2003. Provision under the Hunting Bill of the government; Summary of private member's bill passed in Great Britain; Provisions under the directive on waste electrical and electronic equipment passed by the European legislation.

It was over 25 years ago that European Urban and Regional Studies was launched at a time of epochal change in the composition of the political, economic and social map of Europe. Brexit has been described as an epochal moment – and at such a moment, European Urban and Regional Studies felt it should offer the space for short commentaries on Brexit and its impact on the relationships of place, space and scale across the cultural, economic, social and political maps of the 'new Europes'. Seeking contributions drawing on the theories, processes and patterns of urban and regional development, the following provides 10 contributions on Europe, the UK and/or their relational geographies in a post-Brexit world. What the drawn-out and highly contested process of Brexit has done for the populace, residents and ex-pats of the UK is to reveal the inordinate ways in which our mental, everyday and legal maps of the regions, nations and places of the UK in Europe are powerful, territorially and rationally inconsistent, downright quirky at times but also intensely unequal. First, as the UK exits the Single Market, the nature of the political imagination needed to create alternatives to the construction of new borders and new divisions, even within a discourse of creating a 'global Britain', remains uncertain. European Urban and Regional Studies has always been a journal dedicated to the importance of pan-European scholarly integration and solidarity and we hope that it will continue to intervene in debates over what alternative imaginings to a more closed and introverted future might look like. Second, as the impacts of COVID-19 continue to change in profound ways how we think, work and travel across European space, we will need to find new forms of integration and new forms of engagament in intellectual life and policy development. European Urban and Regional Studies remains commited to forging such forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article puts contemporary debates about the relationship between immigration policy and the welfare state in historical perspective. Relying on new historical data, the article examines the relationship between immigration policy and social policy in Western Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when the modern welfare state emerged. Germany already had comparably strict immigration policies when the German Empire introduced the world's first national social insurances in the 1880s. Denmark, another early social-policy adopter, also pursued restrictive immigration policies early on. Almost all other countries in Western Europe started out with more liberal immigration policies than Germany's and Denmark's, but then adopted more restrictive immigration policies and more generous social policies concurrently. There are two exceptions, Belgium and Italy, which are discussed in the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 7 January 2015, Said and Chérif Kouachi assaulted the offices of the French satirical weekly Charlie Hebdo, leaving 12 people dead. The terrorist attack soon became a highly symbolic event, reflecting the core struggle between free speech and religious values that escalated after the 'cartoon crisis' in 2005. In this article, we wish to explore media discourses in the aftermath of the Charlie Hebdo attack in three European countries – Spain, Norway and the United Kingdom. In particular, we investigate if and how journalism performed their role as 'vital centre' in the 'civil sphere'. We find that the patterns of in-group and out-group were carefully constructed to avoid polarization between 'ordinary' Muslims and the West in most newspapers. By doing so, most of the newspapers managed to work for the construction of an idealized civil sphere that exists beyond race, nationality or religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: There is evidence that young people are less satisfied with their lives when they are unemployed or working in precarious conditions. This study aims to shed light on how the life satisfaction of unemployed and precariously employed young people varies across welfare states with different labour market policies and levels of social protection. Methods: The analyses are based on representative cross-sectional survey data from five European countries (Denmark, the UK, Germany, Spain and the Czech Republic), corresponding to five different welfare state regimes. For economically active young adults (N =6681), the prevalence ratios of low life satisfaction were estimated through multivariate logistic regressions. Results: In all five countries, unemployed young adults presented a higher prevalence of low life satisfaction. When we compared employees with people with permanent and temporary contracts, the former were more satisfied with their lives only in Germany and the UK, examples of conservative and liberal welfare regimes, respectively. Experience of unemployment decreased young adults' life satisfaction only in Germany and the Czech Republic, examples of a conservative and an eastern European welfare regime, respectively. In almost all countries, young adults with low economic self-sufficiency presented a higher prevalence of low life satisfaction. Conclusions: There are nuanced patterns of employment type and life satisfaction across European states that hint at welfare state regimes as possible moderators in this relationship. The results suggest that the psychological burdens of unemployment or work uncertainty cannot be overlooked and should be addressed according to different types of social provisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article the author delves beneath the surface of Shiite higher education in Britain to discover whether it constitutes a case for ‘European Islam’. Juxtaposing the theorisation of Islam in Europe with a commonly unrelated body of scholarship on education and citizenship, it examines a paradox of integrative blending and foreign frames. Understanding Western Shiite education requires recognition of both local identity and transnational ties, as well as the relationships between them. The author focuses on the Shiite Al-Mahdi Institute and the Islamic College in Britain, analysing on the one hand their local profiles, defined by efforts to engage with their Western environment, and on the other hand their organic foreign embedding, whether through state ties or links to educational and religious establishments. Dumont’s concept of hierarchy as ‘encompassment of the contrary’ is invoked to account for this paradoxical relationship, from which emerges a scale of differences between the two institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Enhanced Cognitive Interview is accepted as one of the most successful techniques for enhancing witness recollection. This type of interview has been studied all over the world (eg, Europe or the USA) and is used by police officers in many different countries (eg, the UK and New Zealand). Nonetheless, it is essential for police officers to understand how, and when, to properly apply this interview. Therefore, we examined the underlying psychological processes involved in this interview, and what research can tells us about the situations and purposes that can benefit from applying it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing body of scholarship has documented the experiences of different groups of migrants involved in the maintenance and development of transnational families worldwide showing that proximity is not a prerequisite of family life and that families can successfully be done from a distance. While most work deals with the experiences of labour migrants less attention has been paid to forced migrants. Still little is known about families that fail to operate transnationally and are broken by the migration experience. For instance, when can we say that this type of family cannot be sustained? This article, drawing on the transnational motherhood literature and on Zontini (2010) previous study on Filipino labour migrants in Southern Europe, highlights the factors that shape transnational parenting. The authors then use this framework to explore the experiences of a group of Zimbabwean asylum seeking mothers in the UK. In doing so, the authors point out some of the specificities of this particular group; highlighting the differentiated impact of transnationalism and contributing to refining the literature on transnational parenthood. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

While the employment of migrant women as care workers in European welfare states is increasing, the rate, extent and nature of this increase vary. The article draws on empirical research on migrant care work to develop links between three levels of analysis – micro, meso and macro. The main aim is to progress analysis of the meso level by developing indicators attached to three sets of regimes – care regimes, migration regimes and employment regimes. It is argued that variations emerge in the ways these three regimes intersect within any one country. These intersections allow us to look across different sites, markets and sectors of care work and, in so doing, reveal a degree of growing convergence across Europe in the employment of migrant care labour. This convergence contributes, at the macro level, to a transnational political economy of care. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The inquest process has proved to be an important vehicle for the development of Article 2 European Convention Human Rights. The extent of the duties imposed on Member States to preserve each of their citizen's right to life is now clearer than it has ever been, although there is still a need for further clarification. The case law in this area continues to develop quickly. It is hoped that by sharing some of our case studies this will help lawyers and clinicians to keep abreast of the developments in the law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports and documents from government and other organ isations have existed for centuries, but in the post-war period their production increased significantly. Computers, databases, desktop publishing software and the internet have revolution ised the ways documents can be produced and disseminated, allowing individuals, groups and organisations access to a whole new world of information. The result has been an explosion in online publishing that has transformed scholarly communication. Research reports - or grey literature as they are also known - are now an essential part of many disciplines, including science and technology, health, environmental science and many areas of public policy. While access to these reports has become easier in many respects, online publishing presents many challenges as well, particularly for collecting organisations faced with the task of adapting their systems. The management of grey literature raises many issues that are still not resolved today. This article provides some background to these ongoing challenges in Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines why England and Wales have comparatively one of the most stringent systems for the governance of sexual offending within Western Europe. While England and Wales, like the USA, have adopted broadly exclusionary, managerialist penal policies based around incapacitation and targeted surveillance, many other Western European countries have opted for more inclusionary therapeutic interventions. Divergences in state approaches to sex offender risk, particularly in relation to notification and vetting schemes, are initially examined with reference to the respective theoretical frameworks of ‘policy transfer’ and differing political economies. Chiefly, however, differences in penal policies are attributed to the social and political construction of risk and its control. There may be multiple expressions of risk relating to expert, lay, moral or emotive aspects. It is argued, however, that it is the particular convergence and alignment of these dimensions on the part of the various stakeholders in the UK – government, media, public and professional – that leads to risk becoming institutionalized in the form of punitive regulatory policies for managing the dangerous. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Debates surrounding the approach to and distinctiveness of contemporary history qua history that had been simmering ever since the professionalization of history in the late nineteenth century re-emerged with vigour after 1990. This article attempts to identify what characterizes and distinguishes (the history of) our present time, by comparing the evolution of what has been labelled ‘contemporary history’ in France, Germany and Britain over the last 90 years. In discussing some of the conceptual problems and methodological challenges of contemporary history, it will be revealed that many in Europe remain stuck in an older, ‘national’ (and transnational) fixation with the second world war and the nazis’ atrocities, although working in medias res today appears to point to the investigation of events and phenomena that are ‘global’. The article will seek to make a fresh suggestion of how to delimit ‘contemporariness’ from the older ‘past’ and end with some comments on the significance of the role of contemporary history within the broader historical discipline and society at large. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

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There have been many attempts to define ‘European History’. The concept did not exist until the emergence of the idea of ‘Europe’ itself, which can be dated to the Early Modern period, when ‘Christendom’ no longer seemed a viable geographical concept in view of the religious wars of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and the expansion of Christian missions overseas. By the late eighteenth century, the reforms of Peter the Great had led to the expansion of the idea of ‘Europe’ beyond the area imagined by Ancient geographers to include a large part of Russia. More recently, attempts to equate European history with the history of the member states of the European Union have met with little favour. In the UK, European history conventionally means the history of the European Continent, not including the British Isles. Argument about the cultural parameters of European history continues, and forms an essential part of any study of the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2007, the Dutch state secretary for European affairs lamented the narrow focus on the rules of European integration in the public debate, overshadowing the EU’s impact on citizens’ daily lives. This study compares the amount and type of news about the EU in the British, French and Dutch press during the period 1990—2003. A content analysis of Dutch EU coverage for the years 2004 up to 2006 was subsequently undertaken, which saw key events such as the EU enlargement and referenda on the constitution. The results show how Dutch EU news is notable for its domestic viewpoint until 2003. The prominence of EU news in all three countries seems unrelated to the EU’s growing authority. Besides key events regarding the integration process, the EU appears to rely on crises and rows to draw media attention. Everyday politics remain invisible. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Research on labour market policy reform in Western Europe has given insufficient attention to the ‘migrant worker factor’. Concerns about reduced availability of migrant workers, as well as more traditional concerns regarding labour market competition and socio-cultural integration, can catalyze a shift in labour market policy. I present recent cases of reform in the vocational education and training arena in Ireland and the UK, which were partly stimulated by these concerns. It appears that the ‘migrant worker factor’ contributes to labour market policy reforms which increase the role of the state in the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article attempts to deconstruct and analyse British views of the European economies during the post-war years of fast growth, low unemployment and subdued inflation. Though there had been a great deal of academic attention paid to Britons' self-perceptions, less research has been conducted as to how they saw the most relevant 'other': the societies and economies on either side of the English Channel. Two case-studies are utilized here to suggest both how Britons saw themselves by reference to their near-neighbours, and to study how policy ideas moved around the international world of advice, interpretation and global governance that was emerging after the Second World War. The French and Soviet examples, so scrutinized and apparently fascinating at the time, are the main focus of the article, though other sources of inspiration - German, Scandinavian, Italian - are also suggested. The article concludes with a brief sketch of the main reasons other Europeans' apparent 'success' came to seem so important. These include a national sense of 'declinism'; the importance of international bodies such as the United Nations; and the intertwined relationship between domestic and foreign policy during the Cold War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Otto Kirchheimer's well-known diagnosis of 'catch-all' partism in Western Europe rests on an implicit causal argument about the consequences of social change for political parties. This article takes up the causal story underlying Kirchheimer's account and traces its implications for a specific, though central, party activity: campaigning. As Kirchheimer discerned, the transformation of advanced industrial societies radically altered the context of parties' strategic decision-making. In the area of election campaigning, parties confronted heightened incentives to approach the electorate with 'persuasive' rather than more traditional 'mobilizing' appeals and developed a greatly increased demand for reliable information about voter preferences. These shifts, in turn, had consequences for party organization, promoting the centralization and marginalization of individual members Kirchheimer associates with the catch-all party type. Through the lens of campaign change, then, we can observe the causal processes that unite the diverse features Kirchheimer links to his catch-all party -- although our attention is also drawn to ways in which party development has not conformed to Kirchheimer's expectations. This article illustrates these intersecting processes with a discussion of Labour and Conservative campaigns in Britain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses how myths and history contributed to the creation of national identities in 19th and 20th century Europe. The influence of the re-examination or re-creation of national myths was considered powerful enough that historians who deviated from them, such as those who disputed the claim by 19th century Greeks to be the descendants of classical Greek culture, were strongly criticized. History intended to cite desirable national characteristics was created in response to major events such as the French Revolution, which spawned such historical re-examination of the past not only in France but in Great Britain. The author decries the prevalence of so-called "mythohistory," points to its part in calamities through European history, and praises historians who point to the need for truth over myth.

The author reflects on questions related to European tuning or benchmarking for women's and gender studies. The author focuses her reflections based on her participation in a workshop in Bologna, Italy and as a women's studies scholar and advocate based in Great Britain. She suggests ways on how women's and gender studies can forward its negotiation with European institutionalization of the field. She concludes that tuning, both in positive and negative light, raises significant questions about power relations which characterizes the field of women's and gender studies.

This work sheds light on British official and unofficial responses to the Djilas affair' in its early stages. The analysis is centred around two letters written in April 1956 - by Milovan Djilas to Morgan Phillips, the Labour Party Secretary, and a letter Phillips wrote to the Yugoslav President Tito, expressing his concern for Djilas' predicament. The article contributes to a better understanding of the Djilas affair in several ways. Djilas' letter offers a good insight into both his character and the predicament in which he found himself 2 years after the conflict with the Yugoslav leadership began and only 7 months before he was first arrested. Phillips' action reveals that some leading members of the Labour Party were prepared to act on Djilas' behalf. The governing Conservative Party, on the other hand, was more concerned with keeping good relations with Belgrade than with the destiny of the first significant dissident in Eastern Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provides evidence of the lack of European-British policy networks and explores reasons why policy transfer occurs principally from the U.S. rather than from Continental Europe. Welfare reform agenda of Britain's New Labour Government; Notion of equal opportunities for all based on a contract between benefit claimants and the employment service.

This article refutes claims that the 1935 Anglo-German naval agreement represented a finite stage of the Royal Navy's interwar naval disarmament diplomacy, and, indeed that the agreement reflected the Royal Navy's preoccupation with dealing with the German naval menace of the late 1930s. Instead it was merely a continuation of a greater strategy to control and contain naval armaments in Europe through diplomatic means. By controlling naval armament levels in Europe the British naval strategic decisionmaking elite hoped to limit the threat to the empire emanating from Japanese navalism. Japanese naval expansion was a threat which fed off Western naval arms increases and, therefore, the Royal Navy sought to deter Japanese building through limiting the naval expansion of other, smaller, European navies, so that Britain had no need to increase its own home fleet forces. The Soviet Union held a critical point of convergence in this strategy, as any increases it made threatened both Germany and Japan. An unchecked Soviet naval programme could inspire either nation to build a larger naval force, a condition that the Royal Navy and the UK wished to avoid. This article explains some of the interconnections of the strategic dilemma facing the British strategic policy makers and how the Soviet Union fit into one aspect of Britain's interwar strategic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how colonial migrants appropriated the performative identity strategies of passing and mimicry to gain inclusion into the diverse imperial and national spaces of Britain, Europe and the dominions. Mimicry and passing were both creative liberational migrant strategies as well as responses to powerful constraints operating against colonial newcomers in the West. The first section investigates the methodology and manifestations of race passing and the metropolitan environment that fostered it. The second section explores how and why class mimicry was deployed by colonial and non-colonial racial migrants and the balance of epistemological distance and proximity necessary for its operation. The last section focuses on spatialized colonial mimicry of imperial masculinity, citizenship, travel cultures and geographies of belonging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the reform of health systems in Europe. Challenge for all health systems; Types of health care system in Europe; Information on the British national health system; Discussion on labour utilization and work reorganisation.

Reports on cases involving environmental law in Europe and Great Britain from September 11, 2003 to December 11, 2003. European Commission's claim that the Netherlands failed to fulfil its obligations concerning the protection waters against pollution; Commission's claim that Great Britain failed to adopt the necessary legislative and administrative provisions on the landfill of waste within two years of entry into force.