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Data obtained from the infant mortality rates indicate that the suburbs in the North America from the 1860s to the 1960s were healthier than cities. The main factors that contributed to the good health of the suburbs include clean air and water, efficient disposal of wastes, lower levels of crowding, and allied public services.

The reemergence of midwifery as a profession in North America is examined to determine how social ideology contributes to occupational power.Ideology in this sense, represents the beliefs which serve as a framework for social groups to understand their environment and project images of themselves.Midwives in the US and Canada have utilized the ideologies of science to explain the advantages of home birth and natural childbirth. In the same manner, the ideologies of feminism have been used to validate occupational legitimacy of midwifery.