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Several longitudinal studies are conducted to analyze the benefits of the policy intervention in the UK that helped in the production of knowledge for Mode 2 initiatives. The various tensions that occur between the different competing institutional logics are also analyzed.

Despite evidence that hospital use of licensed practical nurses (LPNs) declined in the 1990s, the current registered nurse (RN) shortage has prompted interest in LPNs as substitutes for RNs. Hospitals, being the dominant employer of RNs, have an economic incentive to use less expensive LPNs as substitutes. Beside wages, there are several forces underlying hospital demand for LPNs. In this article, the authors model and estimate hospital demand for LPNs as a function of nurse wages and hospital, market, and patient characteristics using a longitudinal data set of short-term general hospitals in the United States. The authors find evidence that higher RN wages increase hospital demand for LPNs, both in levels and relative to RNs, suggesting that hospitals at least partially substitute RNs with LPNs. Keywords: licensed practical nurse; nurse labor demand; nurse hospital employment: nurse wages; longitudinal analysis

This article presents data from several longitudinal studies investigating violence against women in nine European nations. Carefully defined research goals, term definitions, and methodology provide more accurate violence prevalence estimates and prevent the overgeneralizations that often occur in cross-cultural and cross-national social science research.

Data were collected, refined, and analyzed on 654 men and 210 women in Lewis Terman's 'gifted children' longitudinal study to examine links between masculinity and mortality. Masculinity measures included gender diagnosticity ( GD) scores, measuring the male- or female-typicality of occupational preferences in 1940 and masculinity-femininity (M-F) scores from the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB). Hazard analyses showed GD was significantly related to mortality for both men and women (interquartile relative hazard 1.25 for men and 1.62 for women), with masculine women and masculine men more likely to die at any given age. SVIB M-F was similarly related to mortality for both men and women (respective interquartile relative hazards = 1.26 and 1.36). The effects remained significant after controlling for certain health behaviors and Big Five traits.

This article examines changes in apprenticeships, cognitive representations, and creativity in the weaving industry of the Zinacantec Mayas over two generations. Findings indicate that the transition from an agricultural to business-oriented society resulted in less interdependence in apprenticeships, greater creativity in designs, and increased abstraction in cognitive representations of patterns.

Institutional theory and structuration theory both contend that institutions and actions are inextricably linked and that institutionalization is best understood as a dynamic, ongoing process. Institutionalists, however, have pursued an empirical agenda that has largely ignored how institutions are created, altered, and reproduced, in part, because their models of institutionalization as a process are underdeveloped. Structuration theory, on the other hand, largely remains a process theory of such abstraction that it has generated few empirical studies. This paper discusses the similarities between the two theories, develops an argument for why a fusion of the two would enable institutional theory to significantly advance, develops a model of institutionalization as a structuration process, and proposes methodological guidelines for investigating the process empirically. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.), Abstract Institutional theory and structuration theory both contend that institutions and actions are inextricably linked and that institutionalization is best understood as a dynamic, ongoing process. Institutionalists, however, have pursued [...]

In two longitudinal studies, university students, their roommates, and parents assessed the quality and forecast the longevity of the students' dating relationships. The longitudinal nature of this research allowed assessment of the relative accuracy of predictions offered by students and observers. Students assessed their relationships more positively, focusing primarily on the strengths of their relationships, and made more optimistic predictions than did parents and roommates. Although students were more confident in their predictions, their explicit forecasts tended to be less accurate than those of the two observer groups. Students, however, possessed information that could have yielded more accurate forecasts: In comparison to parents' and roommates' evaluations of relationship quality, students' assessments of relationship quality were more predictive of stability at 1 year. Implications of these findings for understanding biases and accuracy in prediction are discussed.

A longitudinal study was conducted on the attitude changes among dentists toward their profession. Dentists maintain their attitudes toward characteristics of a good professional more than eight years after graduating dental school. The original sequence of rating traits according to their importance is maintained after dental school. People-oriented skills ranked the highest, followed by science-oriented skills and status-oriented traits. Dentists were satisfied with their ability to fulfill the people-oriented traits, but they were frustrated with the science-oriented traits. Dentists attitudes seem to remain uniform and unchanged.

Using a longitudinal sample of medical technologists (MTs) this study found, after controlling for prior overall job satisfaction, individual difference, and organization-level variables, that task responsibilities and employee performance appraisal satisfaction significantly affected subsequent overall MT job satisfaction. Overall job satisfaction significantly declined for repeat-respondents over the 4-year period. Data also suggested that the impact of task responsibilities on overall job satisfaction can dissipate over time, and that the supervisor's role in affecting employee job satisfaction is important. Results and limitations are discussed. KEY WORDS: job satisfaction; performance appraisal satisfaction., INTRODUCTION Job satisfaction has probably been the most often researched work attitude in the organizational behavior literature. In his 1976 review of job satisfaction, Locke (1976) noted that his estimate [...]