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The construction of a layered heterojunction photocatalyst could profoundly promote the charge carrier separation and thus boost the photocatalytic activity. In this work, a two-step exfoliation–reassembly process was first employed to prepare H+-restacked H+TiNbO5− nanosheets (HTN), which were then coupled with BiOCl to fabricate layered BiOCl/H+TiNbO5− (BTN) heterojunctions by a hydrothermal method. The photocatalytic performance of the as-prepared samples was evaluated by degrading rhodamine B (RhB) molecules under visible-light irradiation. Among BTN-X (X = 1, 3, 5 and 7) samples with different loading amounts of BiOCl, the BTN-3 sample showed the highest photodegradation efficiency (k = 0.0728 min−1) and excellent photostability. The improved photocatalytic activity was mainly due to the efficient charge carrier separation and transfer resulting from the layered heterostructure. The increased specific surface area and porous structure of BTN-3 could offer more active sites, which was beneficial for facilitating photocatalytic activity. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra and photo-electrochemical analysis confirmed that the formation of a layered heterojunction could shorten the charge migration distance and enlarge the contact area between BiOCl and HTN, leading to efficient separation and transfer of photoinduced charge carriers. Based on the results of active species trapping experiment and ESR spectra, the active species ˙O2− and h+ played a crucial role in degrading RhB molecules under visible light over BTN composites. A possible photocatalytic mechanism was proposed based on the experimental results. This work may provide an insight into the construction of layered heterostructured photocatalysts with high efficiency.

Two types of milling pre-treatment methods were used to study their effects on the anaerobic digestion performance of the Pennisetum hybrid. The physical structure of the Pennisetum hybrid could be significantly damaged with both milling pre-treatment methods. With an increase in treatment time, the pore volume, surface area, average pore diameter, and the crystallization index of the Pennisetum hybrid increased gradually. The anaerobic fermentation test showed that, among the dry and wet milling pre-treatments, the highest specific methane yield was obtained at 3 h dry milling pre-treated (358.07 mL g−1 VS) and 6 h wet milling pre-treated grass (315.87 mL g−1), which was 41.04% and 24.42% higher than that of the untreated Pennisetum hybrid (253.88 mL g−1 VS). The median diameter (D50) of the Pennisetum hybrid was 25.28% and 22.36% lower than that of the untreated Pennisetum hybrid after 3 h dry and 6 h wet milling pre-treatment. After wet milling pre-treatment, the fluidity of the Pennisetum hybrid was much better than conventional “smashing” pre-treatment, which may make feeding easier in large-scale biogas projects. Good fluidity and optimization of the degree of milling pre-treatment could, therefore, be applied on an industrial scale in the future.