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Bioelectronics is a hot research topic, yet an important tool, as it facilitates the creation of advanced medical devices that interact with biological systems to effectively diagnose, monitor and treat a broad spectrum of health conditions. Electrical stimulation (ES) is a pivotal technique in bioelectronics, offering a precise, non-pharmacological means to modulate and control biological processes across molecular, cellular, tissue, and organ levels. This method holds the potential to restore or enhance physiological functions compromised by diseases or injuries by integrating sophisticated electrical signals, device interfaces, and designs tailored to specific biological mechanisms. This review explains the mechanisms by which ES influences cellular behaviors, introduces the essential stimulation principles, discusses the performance requirements for optimal ES systems, and highlights the representative applications. From this review, we can realize the potential of ES based bioelectronics in therapy, regenerative medicine and rehabilitation engineering technologies, ranging from tissue engineering to neurological technologies, and the modulation of cardiovascular and cognitive functions. This review underscores the versatility of ES in various biomedical contexts and emphasizes the need to adapt to complex biological and clinical landscapes it addresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how a deionized water droplet behaves when it centrally collides with a liquid film containing TiO2 nanoparticles at low impact velocities, aiming to understand how nanoparticles affect droplet spreading, in particular its maximum spreading diameter. Typically, we found that both the spreading velocity and dynamic contact angle of the droplet would be similarly affected by increasing TiO2 nanoparticle concentration. During retraction, the droplet's dimensionless spreading diameter oscillates, with more pronounced oscillations at higher nanoparticle concentrations. Moreover, both the droplet's maximum dimensionless rebound height and dynamic contact angle show similar trends with increasing TiO2 nanoparticle concentration. Interestingly, we proved that the influence of the solid–liquid interaction (Stokes force) on the fluid during the spreading process accounts for less than 2% of the surface energy when the droplet reaches its maximum spreading diameter, indicating a negligible effect on droplet spreading. We hypothesize that the droplet's initial energy is fully converted into surface energy and viscous dissipation at maximum spreading diameter, which involves viscous dissipation both between the fluid and the solid wall surface and the fluid and solid particle surface. Based on this, we developed a model for predicting the droplet's maximum spreading diameter that includes parameters associated with the solid particles. Compared to models in the literature that do not consider the effect of solid particles, our model aligns more closely with experimental data. The results indicate that adding solid particles leads to increased viscous dissipation, which in turn reduces the droplet's maximum spreading diameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paired electrocatalytic systems have emerged as a promising approach for the synthesis of high value-added fine chemicals from renewable resources such as biomass, however, a high-performance bifunctional catalyst is urgently needed to reduce overall cell voltage and enhance faradaic efficiency. Herein, an amino-tethered Ni3S2/MoS2 heterojunction (NiMoSx–NH2) was constructed as a bifunctional catalyst for simultaneous anodic 5-hydroxymethylfurfural oxidation into furan dicarboxylic acid and cathodic 4-nitrophenol hydrogenation into p-aminophenol, providing a high conversion, yield, and faradaic efficiency above 98% on both electrodes. On the one hand, the amino-tethered Ni3S2/MoS2 heterojunction accelerated electron transfer, and on the other hand, it promoted the catalysts' proton-coupled electron-transfer process to generate NiIII–O(OH)ad at the anode and H* desorption at the cathode. A highly efficient paired electrolyzer with NiMoSx–NH2 as a bifunctional catalyst was then assembled demonstrating an extremely low cell voltage of 0.89 V at 10 mA cm−2, whereas the sum of the faradaic efficiency for FDCA and 4-AP was ∼200% at 1.75 V for the overall reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The in-depth understanding of electrocatalysts is the key issue in the fields of clean energy and the chemical industry. Although various carbon-loaded active metal particle catalysts for the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) have been developed, the interaction between active metals and the substrate is still unclear. Herein, ruthenium (Ru) nanoparticles loaded on N-doped carbon dots (Ru/NCDs) were constructed to discover the critical roles of the carbon substrate as well as its interaction with Ru. Notably, we show the two critical functions of NCDs in a carbon-confined Ru system. First, the ultra-small Ru nanoparticles increase the hydrogen spillover channels. Second, the carbon substrate shows a Ru-like hydrogen adsorption capacity, supplying sufficient H sources for hydrogen spillover. Thus, the hydrogen spillover is enhanced and the HER process is accelerated. The Ru/NCDs catalyst shows superior HER activity and durability in both acidic and alkaline solutions. This work clarifies the critical role of carbon substrates in carbon-loaded catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amino acids hold significant importance in the diagnosis and treatment of various chronic diseases. Accurate solid–liquid equilibrium data are the key to drug synthesis and chemical production. However, the studies on the solid–liquid equilibrium of amino acids remain limited. In this work, the solid–liquid equilibrium of the L -tryptophan + L -phenylalanine + water ternary system under atmospheric pressure at temperatures of 278.15 K–318.15 K was explored via isothermal solution saturation. The isothermal equilibrium phase diagram of the ternary system was constructed. The obtained solid–liquid equilibrium data were correlated with a semi-empirical-model, yielding thermodynamic parameters pa, pb, pc, and k. Furthermore, the model can be used to effectively predict the solid–liquid equilibrium data of ternary systems at other temperatures, and the dY and dP are 0.005 and 4.34%, respectively. The solid–liquid equilibrium data and ternary equilibrium phase diagrams of the system were utilized for the separation and purification of an L -tryptophan and L -phenylalanine mixture. By employing thermodynamic models to calculate the relevant phase diagram data for mixtures with different proportions, effective separation and purification of the mixture could be achieved using the principles of variable temperature phase diagrams. These works are valuable for optimizing chemical processes and have practical implications in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dysfunctional lipid metabolism plays a crucial role in the development and progression of various diseases. Accurate measurement of lipidomes can help uncover the complex interactions between genes, proteins, and lipids in health and diseases. The prediction of retention time (RT) has become increasingly important in both targeted and untargeted metabolomics. However, the potential impact of RT prediction on targeted LC-MS based lipidomics is still not fully understood. Herein, we propose a simplified workflow for predicting RT in phospholipidomics. Our approach involves utilizing the fatty acyl chain length or carbon–carbon double bond (DB) number in combination with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) validation. We found that our model's predictive capacity for RT was comparable to that of a publicly accessible program (QSRR Automator). Additionally, MRM validation helped in further mitigating the interference in signal recognition. Using this developed workflow, we conducted phospholipidomics of sorafenib resistant hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines, namely MHCC97H and Hep3B. Our findings revealed an abundance of monounsaturated fatty acyl (MUFA) or polyunsaturated fatty acyl (PUFA) phospholipids in these cell lines after developing drug resistance. In both cell lines, a total of 29 lipids were found to be co-upregulated and 5 lipids were co-downregulated. Further validation was conducted on seven of the upregulated lipids using an independent dataset, which demonstrates the potential for translation of the established workflow or the lipid biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poor interface between Li/LLZO leads to the easy penetration of lithium metal into the garnet-type electrolyte, which limits its application. A hybrid quasi-solid electrolyte (HQSE) composed of porous LLZO and liquid electrolyte (LE) can effectively solve the interface problem. In practice, the implementation of HQSE-based batteries typically necessitates the use of porous LLZO scaffolds that possess sufficient mechanical strength. Herein, a novel method was developed to prepare porous LLZO scaffolds by combining gel casting and in situ reaction sintering. The enhanced mass transfer effect of the Li2O liquid phase on the surface of LLZO particles in the early stages, as well as the LiGaO2 liquid phase at the grain boundaries in the later stages, would result in the rapid densification of porous LLZO. By controlling the sintering temperature, the degree of densification can be controlled, thereby achieving a balance between porosity and mechanical strength in the porous LLZO scaffolds. When the solid phase content is 27.5 vol%, the porous LLZO scaffold obtained by heating at 1050 °C for 2 h exhibits a porosity of 32.7% and a flexural strength of up to 46.5 MP. In addition, the HQSE exhibits a high room-temperature ionic conductivity of up to 2.06 × 10−3 S cm−1. The symmetric cells delivered high cycling stability of over 800 h for lithium plating and stripping at a current density of 0.5 mA cm−2 with a small polarization voltage of about 0.05 V. This method offers a new route toward constructing a range of 3D scaffolds with SSEs for quasi-solid-state battery applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In practical applications, ionic liquids are often mixed with co-solvents. Understanding their structures and the interactions between them is a prerequisite for expanding their range of applications. In this work, spectroscopic and theoretical methods were employed to explore the structure and hydrogen bonding behaviors of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMIMTFSI)/1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate (EMIMSCN) and co-solvents. It can be concluded that the hydrogen bonds associated with C2–H and C4,5–H are enhanced with the addition of co-solvents in the EMIMTFSI–DMSO system, while those associated with C4,5–H are weakened in the EMIMSCN–DMSO system. Infrared and excess spectra in the v(imidazolium C–H) range of EMIMSCN–CD3CN/CD3COCD3 systems further indicate that the abnormal change of hydrogen bonds associated with C4,5–H can be attributed to [SCN]−. These differences can be explained by the change of the primary interaction site. For EMIMTFSI, the primary interaction site in ion pairs and ion clusters is always C2–H, while for EMIMSCN, the primary interaction site in ion pairs is C2–H, and in ion clusters, it becomes C4,5–H. In the EMIMTFSI–DMSO system, the co-solvent primarily interacts with C4,5–H, while in the EMIMSCN–DMSO/CH3CN/CH3COCH3 systems, it primarily interacts with C2–H. In addition, several complexes are identified through excess infrared spectra and DFT calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasmonic metallic nanostructures could concentrate optical fields into nanoscale volumes and support efficient light scattering and absorption, which therefore stimulates the continuing development of advanced plasmonic-assisted semiconductor photodetectors. In this work, by fabricating Al nanoparticle (NP) arrays in AlGaN surface using the AAO template transferring method, significant broadband ultraviolet (UV) photoresponse enhancement was demonstrated on AlGaN/GaN heterojunction photodetectors. By deliberately designing the close-packed Al NP arrays, the broadband UV plasmonic resonance with large optical field absorption and strong interface field enhancement are enabled, hence, the highest responsivity exceeding 8.1 A W−1 and maximum external quantum efficiency of 3500% was obtained at the resonance wavelength 292 nm, revealing more than 80 times the excellent enhancement in responsivity. Specifically, owing to coupling among NPs at the Al/AlGaN interface, the smaller size Al NP array exhibits an excellent photoresponse enhancement encompassing the entire UV band compared to the relatively larger size Al NP array. In addition, different photoresponse enhancements depending on the applied bias were observed. The Al NPs detector also demonstrates a fast photoresponse with a rise time of around 60 ms and a relatively long fall time of 1.42 s. This work could be of great significance for gaining a low and efficient approach to achieve plasmonic-empowered heterojunction broadband UV detectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the requirements of sustainable green development, the efficient green synthesis of fluorine chemical products is an inevitable trend. In this work, we used ionic liquids as an effective catalyst in an important fluorochemical reaction – hexafluoropropylene dimerization for the first time. The effects of ionic liquids with different spatial positions, substituents and nucleophilic anions on the catalytic performance of hexafluoropropylene dimerization were systematically studied. The results showed that the strong nucleophilic trisubstituted thiocyanate imidazole ionic liquid [C6mmim][SCN] had the highest activity under the optimum reaction conditions, the turnover frequency (TOF) was 108.36 h−1 and the selectivity was 97.96%. Compared with the traditional metal salt catalyst system, the catalytic activity of ionic liquids was double. In addition, based on the XPS analysis results and density functional theory (DFT), a possible reaction mechanism was proposed. The effective catalytic activity of ionic liquids was mainly attributed to the strong nucleophilicity of anions and the weak interaction between cations and anions. This work will successfully provide a green synthesis route for hexafluoropropylene dimerization and further promote the efficiency and greening of fluorine chemical reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diseases caused by two pathological processes, thrombosis, and thromboembolism, are clinically known as thrombotic diseases, which seriously threaten human life and health, and their incidence rate is the highest among various diseases. Research on thrombotic diseases is one of the focuses and hotspots of contemporary medical research. Nanomedicine is a new branch of nanotechnology used in the medical field, and nanomaterials are widely used in medical imaging and drug delivery to help diagnose and treat major diseases such as cancer. With the gradual maturity of nanotechnology, new nanomaterials have recently been used in antithrombotic drugs and released accurately at lesions, which has improved antithrombotic therapy safety. Nanosystems can be employed for cardiovascular diagnosis in future as they can aid in diagnosing pathological diseases and treat them with targeted delivery systems. Unlike other reviews, we herein aim to illustrate the progress of nanosystems in thrombosis therapy. This paper mainly describes how a drug-loaded nanosystem can control drug release under various conditions and accurately treat thrombus, summarizing the research progress of nanotechnology in antithrombotic therapy so that clinicians can better understand nanotechnology and its applications and provide new ideas for treating thrombosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advances in imaging technologies and imaging probes for in situ and real-time visualization of important analytes and biological events in humans are now extending the applications of imaging further into drug discovery, and have provided the potential to considerably accelerate the process of novel drug development. Currently, the research on developing activated molecules with excellent optical properties is minimal. In this contribution, we have systematically studied the optical properties of two small drug molecules among the top 200 pharmaceuticals by retail sales in 2020 with a combination of theoretical chemistry and experiment. The results suggested that compound 134 had a stronger fluorescence quantum yield (φ = 7.1%) in organic solvent (phosphate buffer saline) due to its obvious planar geometry and π-A electron character. However, 134 displayed negligible HeLa cell fluorescence due to an inappropriate excitation wavelength. On the other hand, 18 exhibited a low fluorescence quantum yield (φ = 0.3%) in phosphate buffer saline resulting from a smaller adiabatic energy difference (Ead = 3.14 eV) and greater geometry relaxation between two electronic states (maximum HR factor of 98.47 in the low frequency regime) by methylpiperazine vibration and methyl rotation. However, surprisingly, 18 showed bright green fluorescence in HeLa cells, likely because of the complicated interaction between the methylpiperazine group in molecule 18 and cellar microenvironment that may restrict the molecular vibration, reducing non-radiative decay. We hope that this study could provide a powerful basis for finding existing molecules and developing novel compounds for integration of diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel 5-exo-dig/6-endo-trig bicyclization of 1,6-enynes with sulfonyl hydrazides in the aqueous phase using the cheap and available tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI)–tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) combined system is reported. The resulting reaction of diverse nitrogen- and oxygen-polyheterocycles displays high chemical selectivity, high step-economy, and a moderate substrate scope. Moreover, iodosulfonylation can be realized by modulating the structure of the 1,6-enynes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While 1,3-disubstituted bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes (BCPs) represent an important class of bioisosteres with para-substituted aromatic rings, synthetic methods to access 1,3-disubstituted BCP ketones are still scarce throughout the literature. Herein, we report a cooperative N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and iridium dual-catalyzed three-component reaction involving radicals derived from diazo esters to perform an addition reaction onto [1.1.1]propellane to afford BCP radicals. Cross-coupling with a corresponding Breslow intermediate radical then forms a disubstituted BCP ketone. Mild conditions, operational simplicity, and high atom economy render this method a powerful strategy to construct 1,3-disubstituted-BCP ketones from readily available starting materials and with suitable functional group tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we proposed an oxygen vacancy engineering strategy to boost the chemiluminescence (CL) efficiency in europia clusters/black phosphorus quantum dots (Eu2O3/BPQDs), which could dramatically amplify the ClO− CL emission through electron transfer. Accordingly, a sensitive and direct CL sensing platform for hypochlorite and titanium ions was constructed. This work provides a neoteric methodology by modulating the surface state of nanoparticles to boost the CL sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A crystal structure with a diamond-like anionic framework belongs to a non-centrosymmetric macrostructure due to the aligned arrangement of tetrahedral units, meeting the premise of second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) materials. Herein, two new Hg-based sulphides, namely RbHg4Ga5S12 (1) and CsHg4Ga5S12 (2), which are isostructural and crystallise in the trigonal space group R3, are successfully isolated in sealed silica tubes by a solid-state reaction. The features of their three-dimensional open honeycomb frameworks are attributed to the parallel alignment of tetrahedral MS4 (M is disordered by 0.444 Hg and 0.555 Ga) building motifs, accompanied by Rb+ (or Cs+) reseating in the cavities. Notably, although the band gap values of 1 and 2 are 2.30 and 2.36 eV, separately, their thermal expansion anisotropies (0.15 and 0.41, respectively) are favourable for achieving laser-induced damage thresholds (5.6 and 5.8 times that of AgGaS2 for 1 and 2, respectively). In addition, the strong polarisability of tetrahedral MS4 building motifs in the diamond-like anionic structures is responsible for the promising second-harmonic generation (SHG) intensities (1.1 and 1.8 times that of AgGaS2 for 1 and 2, respectively) in the particle size range of 50–75 μm with non-phase-matchable behaviour at 1910 nm. Furthermore, theoretical investigation elaborates that electron transitions in compounds 1 and 2 mainly occur from valence band S-3p to conduction band Hg-6s and Ga-4s states, demonstrating that the linear and nonlinear optical properties originate primarily from the synergy of tetrahedral MS4 units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been some studies on the microscopic properties of ester-functionalized ionic liquids (ILs), but the microscopic properties of their mixtures with co-solvents have seldom been reported. In practical applications, ILs are usually used together with co-solvents. Therefore, it is very important to study the microstructure of ester-functionalized ILs and co-solvents. In this work, the hydrogen bonding interactions between ester-functionalized IL 1-acetoxyethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (AOEMIMBF4) and DMSO were studied using spectroscopic methods and quantum chemical calculations. Non-functionalized IL 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIMBF4) and DMSO were used for comparison. The results indicate that (1) by adding DMSO, the hydrogen bonding interactions of ν(C2–H) were enhanced, and DMSO could form hydrogen bonds with anions and cations simultaneously. (2) The incorporation of an ester group could enhance the hydrogen bonding interactions. (3) Both the stretching vibration of C2–H and C＝O indicated changes in the microscopic structure: AOEMIMBF4 ion clusters first interacted with DMSO, then broke into AOEMIMBF4–DMSO complexes and finally existed as [AOEMIM]+/[BF4]−–DMSO complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we report the encapsulation of Au25 nanoclusters in a Cu3(BTC)2 metal–organic framework (Au25@Cu-BTC), which can achieve CO2 photoreduction for selective CO production in a gas–solid reaction system at low-concentration CO2 atmospheres (even to 0.1%), with remarkably enhanced durability up to at least 48 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have recently captured tremendous research attention owing to their outstanding semiconductor properties such as tunable bandgap, high defect tolerance, efficient carrier mobility and narrow emission line width. Significant developments have been made in PeLEDs, achieving an external quantum efficiency of over 20%. However, there is still a long way to go for commercial applications. Recently, alkali metals (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+ and Cs+) have been used to obtain high-performance perovskite light-emitting diodes, presenting a thriving development trend. Herein, we comprehensively summarize the roles of alkali metals in the field of PeLEDs for better performance. The background and foundational concepts of PeLEDs are presented, and we discuss the introduction of alkali metals into PeLEDs as an effective strategy for adjusting energy level alignment, improving perovskite film properties and optimizing device performance. The incorporation of alkali metal ions into the charge transport layer is mentioned, which has been neglected in previous studies on PeLEDs. Several studies on high-performance PeLEDs based on alkali metals are also highlighted, and the challenges and perspectives are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyurethane elastomers (PUEs) not only have high intrinsic dielectric constants, but also possess repeated deformation ability due to their crosslinking structure, so the conventional cross-linked PUE is often used as a dielectric elastomer. However, cross-linked PUEs cannot be reprocessed or heal as this will lower their use efficiency. Although the introduction of dynamic covalent bonds can solve this problem, it is a great challenge to design dynamic covalent cross-linked PUEs with excellent dielectric properties. Based on this consideration, ketal with two hydroxyl groups obtained by the reaction of 2,5-hexanedione and glycerol is used as a chain extender to prepare ketal-containing dynamic covalent cross-linked PUE. Cyclic ketal contains polar C–O bonds, and its asymmetric structure can weaken the interactions between hard segments in polyurethane, which enhance the orientation of polar groups, thus improving the dielectric properties. Moreover, the ketal-containing cross-linked PUE is capable of self-healing, reshaping, and reprocessing owing to the reversible heat exchange of ketal. Thus, the ketal-containing PUE exhibits reprocessability and excellent dielectric properties (a dielectric constant of 11.9 and a dielectric loss factor of 0.045 at 103 Hz). In addition, the ketal-containing cross-linked PUE has better water resistance. This study provides a way to obtain dynamic covalent cross-linked PUEs with excellent dielectric properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrocycles often exhibit good biological properties and potential druggability, which lead to versatile applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Herein, we report a highly efficient and practical methodology for the functionalization and macrocyclization of Trp and Trp-containing peptides via Pd(II)-catalyzed C–H alkenylation at the Trp C4 position. This method provides direct access to C4 maleimide-decorated Trp-containing peptidomimetics and maleimide-braced 17- to 30-membered peptide macrocycles. In particular, these unique macrocycles revealed low micro- to sub-micromolar EC50 values with promising anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities. Further explorations with computational methodologies and experimental validations indicated that these macrocycles exert antiviral effects through binding with the N protein of SARS-CoV-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C–H activation provides a straightforward approach to construct new chemical bonds and privileged heterocycles. However, due to common deficiencies, C–H activation still faces a great challenge towards sustainability and applications. Described herein is a robust and convenient rhodium-catalyzed regioselective C–H activation/[4 + 2] annulation for the synthesis of isoquinolones with salient features including a recyclable catalytic reaction system, unique regioselectivity, gram-scale synthesis with low catalyst loading (e.g., 0.5 mol%), ethanol as the green solvent, air and water compatibility, and simple purification processes. The roles of the hydroxy group and the pivaloyl part in both substrates, the additional pivotal function of propargyl alcohol partners, and the origin of the unique chemoselectivity are clarified based on integrated experimental and DFT studies. Additionally, a propargyl alcohol-connected distinctive hydrogen bonding network with the hydroxy group and the pivaloyl part is also rationally deduced for conferring the observed reverse regioselectivity by subsequent IGMH analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The generation of multi-carbon products on the Cu2O photocathode remains a great challenge. Herein, effective charge separation and surface catalytic reaction are achieved for photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction through plasmon metal (Ag) decoration on Cu2O nanowires. The Cu2O/Ag composite photocathode achieves a 47.7% faradaic efficiency for CH3COOH and the generation rate is 212.7 μmol cm−2 h−1 under illumination, which is about five times that in dark (44.4 μmol cm−2 h−1) at −0.7 V vs. RHE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we synthesize stable europium ion modified black phosphorus quantum dots (Eu-BPQDs) using a microwave irradiation technique, which can react with organic amines exhibiting unique chemiluminescence (CL). The mechanism of the Eu-BPQDs/organic amines CL system accounting for the efficient CRET is induced by the chelation of organic amines with the surface functionalized europium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulating heteroatom-substituted tetrahedral sites (T sites) within a zeolite crystal significantly influences the zeolite properties. Herein, the as-synthesized MFI zeolite with tailored boron locations at various T sites is unveiled by powder X-ray crystallography. The experimental results imply that four similar but structurally different imidazolium-based organic structure-directing agents (OSDAs) adopted in the synthetic system can effectively control the location of final boron-enriched T sites. It is demonstrated that the specific boron location depends on the corresponding OSDA coordinates and their molecular structures. Furthermore, boron-enriched composite building units in the MFI framework are derived as well. Such boron-enriched T sites tailored by zeolite framework (host) and OSDA molecule (guest) interactions afford an effective strategy for the rational design of zeotype catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have attracted much attention in the past few years due to their excellent photoelectric performance. Owing to the advantages of adjustable bandgaps, high photoluminescence quantum yields, and excellent charge transfer properties, PeLEDs have emerged as next-generation candidates for use in light-emitting devices. However, efficiency and stability issues have always been problems restricting their development. Different approaches such as device structure optimization, interface engineering, solvent engineering, annealing treatment, additive engineering, and humidity control have been recently reported for overcoming the challenges facing PeLEDs. In this review, solvent-based strategies for obtaining high-performance perovskite light-emitting diodes are the main topic of discussion. In addition, an outlook focusing on solvent-based strategies to further enhance the performances of PeLEDs is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]