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The excessive energy demand of the conventional Haber–Bosch process for ammonia (NH3) generation, coupled with the disruptive effects of nitrate (NO3−) pollution on the global nitrogen cycle, has made the electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction (NO3−RR) an essential exit strategy for sustainable NH3 synthesis. However, the intricate multi-step proton and electron transfer process posed a great challenge in achieving high-efficiency electrocatalysts. In this study, we report a selective and highly active NO3−RR electrocatalyst featuring molecular M–Nx sites derived from the immobilization of Fe ions within N-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs). We demonstrated that the formation of molecular Fe–Nx coordination activated the NO3−RR of NGQDs-Fe, despite the initial inactivity of NGQDs. In situ Raman analysis revealed that those Fe–Nx sites served as favourable adsorption sites for *NO3. Such catalyst achieved an FE of 93% and a yield rate of 15.41 mmol h−1 cm−2 for NH3 at −0.8 V (vs. RHE) in an alkaline medium. These findings revealed the preferential sequential 2e− and 6e− transfer pathways over the direct 8e− pathway in the NO3−RR, which provides new mechanistic insights into the nitrate reduction reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports the fabrication of monodisperse nickel–cobalt phosphate particles with varying structures via the solvothermal reaction of nickel–cobalt glycerate spheres with triethyl phosphate (TEP) in different solvents followed by subsequent calcination in air at 600 °C. The choice of solvent affects the morphology of the resulting nickel–cobalt phosphate precursor obtained from the solvothermal reaction. It is found that alcohol-based solvents (pure ethanol and ethanol/butanol mixture) favour the formation of monodisperse plate-like particles, while the use of a water/ethanol mixture promotes the generation of rod-like particles. The optimized amorphous nickel–cobalt phosphate sample prepared using pure ethanol followed by calcination in air at 600 °C (E-NiCo-TEP-600) exhibits a battery-like behaviour with a high specific capacity of 620 C g−1 (specific capacitance of 1550 F g−1) in 6.0 M KOH at a current density of 2 A g−1. Furthermore, the asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) fabricated using E-NiCo-TEP-600 as the cathode and commercial activated carbon (AC) as the anode (E-NiCo-TEP-600//AC ASC) displays a maximum energy density of 45 W h kg−1 at a power density of 750 W kg−1. The stability test reveals the good long-term stability of this ASC with a high capacitance retention of ∼100% after 5000 cycles at a high current density of 10 A g−1. The porous nature along with the high structural disorder and abundant mesopores in the amorphous nickel-cobalt phosphate plate-like particles (E-NiCo-TEP-600) can promote faster diffusion of electrolyte ions and better electrolyte ion penetration, leading to a higher electrochemical performance. These results indicate the promising potential of porous amorphous bimetallic phosphates for supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports on the modification of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) chips with molybdenum disulfide–molybdenum trioxide (MoS2–MoO3) microflowers to detect the tuberculosis (TB) markers of CFP-10. The MoS2–MoO3 microflowers were prepared by hydrothermal methods with variations in the pH and amount of trisodium citrate (Na3Ct), which were projected to influence the shape and size of microflower particles. The analysis shows that optimum MoS2–MoO3 hybrid microflowers were obtained at neutral pH using 0.5 g Na3Ct. The modified SPR biosensor exhibits a ten times higher response than the bare Au. Moreover, increasing MoS2–MoO3 thickness results in a higher detection response, sensitivity, and a smaller limit of detection (LOD). Using the optimized material composition, the Au/MoS2–MoO3-integrated SPR sensor can demonstrate sensitivity and LOD of 1.005 and 3.45 ng mL−1, respectively. This biosensor also has good selectivity, stability, and reproducibility based on cross-sensitivity characterization with other analytes and repeated measurements on several chips with different storing times and fabrication batch. Therefore, this proposed SPR biosensor possesses high potential to be further developed and applied as a detection technology for CFP-10 in monitoring and diagnosing TB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A photoelectrochromic device (PECD) is a combination of a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) and an electrochromic device (ECD) that directly generates transmittance contrast from solar radiation without an additional power source. In terms of application, PECDs have recently been utilized as self-powered smart windows for eco-friendly green buildings. The majority of PECDs have exceptional optical performance in the visible light region, with their electrochromic property regulating the indoor luminance. Nonetheless, indoor temperature regulation is also a potential opportunity that might be examined further for PECDs. As the temperature is highly correlated with the incident flux of infrared light, this study presents a near-infrared photoelectrochromic device (NIR-PECD) with WO3 as the electrochromic material for blocking infrared radiation, realizing indoor thermal management without external power. The NIR-PECD exhibited the ability of thermal modulation and lowered the indoor temperature with a transmittance contrast in the NIR region, demonstrating a transmittance contrast (ΔT) of 40.2% and an outstanding photocoloration efficiency (PhCE) of 55.85 cm2 min−1 W−1 at the wavelength of 1000 nm. In addition, the NIR-PECD also displayed a 5.6 °C temperature difference between the colored and bleached states, indicating the thermal management capabilities of keeping the interior cool in the colored state by blocking the NIR. As a further application, NIR-PECDs can be used as self-powered smart windows in green buildings to achieve internal temperature control without external power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

KCC-1, a nanostructured silica material with a bicontinuous concentric lamellar (bcl) morphology, provides plenty of functional characteristics, such as an open channel structure, excellent accessibility, and a large surface area. Although bcl silica exhibits various superior properties, studies on its morphology and its application in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are still limited. Therefore, this work aims to study the influence of the synthesis time on the morphology of bcl silica. Moreover, we used the synthesized bcl silica as internal micro-reflectors in DSSCs. The bcl silica was synthesized using the reflux method by varying synthesis times. The morphology of bcl silica was observed using FESEM and HRTEM. FESEM images show that bcl silica has bicontinuous lamellar walls arranged concentrically to form spherical particles. As the synthesis time increases, the average particle size of bcl silica increases. The quantization of bcl silica binary images shows that the average lamellar cross-sectional area ratio decreases with increasing synthesis time. The simulation of the Cahn–Hilliard's spinodal decomposition model using MATLAB also describes the lamellar cross-sectional area ratio of bcl silica. In addition, to characterize the FESEM image's texture, a Shannon entropy calculation was performed. The line and circular gray value intensity profiles of the HRTEM image show that bcl silica has a denser core than the outer part. The denser core proves that the lamellae in bcl silica are concentrically arranged towards the particle core. Furthermore, we added bcl silica to a photoanode to see the effect of bcl characteristics on the DSSC performance. The results show that the bcl silica significantly improves the light-harvesting efficiency in DSSCs due to its low refractive index and open channel structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gold layer on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor chip cannot detect small molecules, such as glucose without the use of specific receptors. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are useful in biosensing technologies for capturing and co-localizing enzymes and receptors with the target biomolecule. In many previous studies, the properties of the MOFs were often ignored, with these studies focusing on the selection of appropriate receptors. To take advantage of the unique properties of MOFs in biosensors, one must also consider the technique and transducer used because these aspects will strongly influence the detection mechanism. In this work, we have investigated for the first time, the applications of hierarchical metal-BDC (M-BDC) MOFs for glucose detection using the SPR technique without the use of specific receptors. The underlying interactions and adsorption mechanisms were analyzed using adsorption isotherm and kinetic models. The sensing measurements show that the SPR chips functionalized with M-BDC MOFs exhibit higher sensitivity and lower limit of detection (LOD). Specifically, the sensitivity follows the order of Zr-BDC > Cu-BDC > Mn-BDC > Ni-BDC > bare Au SPR chips with the LOD in the order of Zr-BDC < Mn-BDC < Ni-BDC < Cu-BDC < bare Au SPR chips. The selectivity test results reveal that Zr-BDC exhibits a decent selectivity to glucose in the presence of other interfering compounds, such as ascorbic acid, uric acid, maltose, and urea. These results demonstrate the promising potential of MOFs for SPR biosensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TiO2 particles with a specific morphology are essential for their accessibility and photoactivity. The present study shows that NH4OH-based alkaline-hydrothermal treatment affects the transformation of their particle morphology. We investigated the effect of NH4OH by varying the synthesis route. We observed that the TiO2 particles with an open channel pore structure only resulted in the alkaline-hydrothermally treated and calcined samples. Based on Raman and XRD analyses, we figured out the titanate layers as an intermediate phase resulting from the alkaline-hydrothermal treatment of the amorphous particles. The hydrothermal treatment changed the particle surface morphology into a lamellar structure with a high specific surface area. These are the anatase precursors with {200} planes that transform into the anatase phase after calcination. The calcination followed by alkaline-hydrothermal treatment converted the crystallinity without significantly changing their morphology. We found that the morphology of TiO2 particles can be modified via hydrothermal treatment using NH4OH as long as the particles remain uncrystallized. We suggested the modification of particle morphology through the swelling and phase segregation process by alkaline-hydrothermal treatment. All final products have been used for the photodegradation of rhodamine B. S-HT-500 and A-HT-500 show the best photocatalytic activity with their rate constants (k) of 47.9 and 30.9 × 10−2 min−1, and their surface area-normalized rate constants (ksa) of 6.5 and 2.6 × 10−3 L m−2 min−1, respectively, and have a photocatalytic efficiency of 90.93% and 67.78%, respectively, after 10 minutes of UV irradiation. This activity is approximately 3.5 times and 1.5 times higher than that of Degussa P25; 30 times and 20 times higher than that without a photocatalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, fibrous ZnO microrods were synthesized through a macroemulsion-mediated solvothermal method using two different precursors: zinc nitrate and zinc acetate. Initially, we optimized urea concentration using the zinc acetate precursor, producing homogeneous ZnO microrods. We then applied this optimum condition to synthesize ZnO using zinc nitrate. XRD and Raman spectroscopy analyses confirmed that both precursors resulted in ZnO with a wurtzite crystal structure. Raman spectroscopy also reveals the presence of the B1L silent mode in both samples, which is caused by crystal defects. Morphological observation using FESEM shows that both samples have rod shapes with different diameters and lengths but similar aspect ratios. Moreover, the detailed morphology indicates that the ZnO synthesized using zinc acetate has a more uniform fibrous morphology than the ZnO synthesized using zinc nitrate. The uniform fibrous morphology might be induced by the organic counterions, the acetate ion (CH3COO−), in the mixture during the synthesis process. The uniform fibrous ZnO microrod provides excellent properties, including a higher surface area, smaller bandgap energy, and higher total density of defects. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized ZnO was determined through in situ observation using time-dependent photoluminescence spectroscopy measurements. The photocatalytic test shows that the uniform fibrous ZnO microrods have higher photocatalytic efficiency (73.82%) within 60 minutes of irradiation and a higher photodegradation rate (k = 0.1745 min−1). The recovery test confirmed that the ZnO_Ac_U2 photocatalyst also has higher stability. The higher photocatalytic activity might be due to the synergistic effect among the higher surface area, smaller bandgap energy, higher total density of defects, and uniform fibrous morphology. Moreover, the in situ measurement using time-dependent photoluminescence spectroscopy can collect data at decent intervals, resulting in a more reliable value of the rate constant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports on the effect of the morphology of ZIF-67 on its performance as a non-enzymatic electrochemical uric acid sensor. Three different structures were prepared using a simple co-precipitation method with different solvents. The characterization studies on ZIF-67 were carried out by several techniques including X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The characterization results showed that ZIF-67 which was prepared using methanol, water, and a mixture of methanol and water displayed dodecahedral, microplate, and irregular shapes, respectively. The three different structures are denoted as Me-ZIF-67, W-ZIF-67, and M-ZIF-67, respectively. The uric acid sensor performances were evaluated by conducting Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) measurements in PBS solution with a pH of 7.4 containing uric acid. The test results show that W-ZIF-67 has the highest electrocatalytic activity compared to the other two materials possessing the highest current and the lowest overpotential. As a uric acid sensor, W-ZIF-67 has a sensitivity of 0.0377 μA μM−1 cm−2 with a relatively wide linear detection range of 20–1000 μM, and a detection limit of 3.04 μM. W-ZIF-67 also has good reproducibility and is stable against interfering species such as urea, glucose, ascorbic acid, and NaCl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a macroemulsion-assisted solvothermal method, the present study produces holey ZnO nanosheets exhibiting a hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure. In the synthetic process, urea is employed as a hydrolyzing agent. Its addition significantly affects the resulting ZnO products' crystal structure, morphology, textural, and optical properties. Different amounts of urea lead to the synthesis of ZnO with different crystallite sizes. A larger crystallite size leads to larger intercrystallite spaces, resulting in ZnO particles with a larger pore diameter but smaller pore volume. Furthermore, a lower urea concentration increases the visible light absorption and reduces the absorption coefficient of the final ZnO product. These phenomena may be attributed to the increased density of surface defects in the resulting ZnO nanocrystals. Moreover, the photoluminescence measurements for all samples reveal the yellow emission with a peak center at 2.2 eV (564 nm), attributed to the oxygen interstitials (Oi) defect. Finally, the photocatalytic test shows that the ZnO_U0.5 sample has the highest photodegradation rate constant, k = (4.25 ± 0.08) × 10−3 s−1, and a high photocatalytic efficiency of around 91.18%. The high photodegradation rate of this sample may be attributed to the synergistic effect of the holey sheet-like morphology, small crystallite size, high surface area, high density of defects, and small bandgap energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes is a dangerous disease caused by the inability of the body to produce and use insulin properly, resulting in an increase in the blood glucose level. The most advanced technology for glucose detection is the surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based sensor. However, this technology has a slight drawback due to the small size of glucose. As a porous material, Zr-based UiO-66 MOF has good adsorption with glucose via hydrogen bonding, so it can be utilized as a receptor and active layer for the SPR glucose sensor, without the need for other receptors, such as glucose oxidase, concanavalin A, or boronic acid-based compounds. This study investigates the morphology effect, immobilization techniques, and signal amplification strategies for optimizing the utilization of UiO-66 in the SPR glucose sensor. By optimizing these parameters, a high-performance SPR glucose sensor with a detection limit of 0.0693 mM (S/N = 3) in the concentration range of 0.01–10 mM is successfully developed. In addition, a selectivity test reveals that the UiO-66/Au-based SPR sensor exhibits a high selectivity toward glucose. Furthermore, the developed SPR sensor showed a good ability in detecting glucose in human blood serum, suggesting its promising potential for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal–organic framework (MOF) nanomaterials offer a wide range of promising applications due to their unique properties, including open micro- and mesopores and richness of functionalization. Herein, a facile synthesis via a solvothermal method was successfully employed to prepare amine-functionalized Cu-MOF nanospheres. Moreover, the growth and the morphology of the nanospheres were optimized by the addition of PVP and TEA. By functionalization with an amine group, the immobilization of a bioreceptor towards the detection of hepatitis B infection biomarker, i.e., hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), could be realized. The immobilization of the bioreceptor/antibody to Cu-MOF nanospheres was achieved through a covalent interaction between the carboxyl group of the antibodies and the amino-functional ligand in Cu-MOF via EDC/NHS coupling. The amine-functionalized Cu-MOF nanospheres act not only as a nanocarrier for antibody immobilization, but also as an electroactive material to generate the electrochemical signal. The electrochemical sensing performance was characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The results showed that the current response proportionally decreased with the increase of HBsAg concentration. More importantly, the sensing performance of the amine-functionalized Cu-MOF nanospheres towards HBsAg detection was found to be consistent in real human serum media. This strategy successfully resulted in wide linear range detection of HBsAg from 1 ng mL−1 to 500 ng mL−1 with a limit of detection (LOD) of 730 pg mL−1. Thus, our approach provides a facile and low-cost synthesis process of an electrochemical immunosensor and paves the way to potentially utilize MOF-based nanomaterials for clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon-based electrodes play important roles in constructing efficient capacitive deionization (CDI) devices. Therefore, the rational design of carbon materials with optimized structure, composition, and morphology is crucial for further improving the CDI performance. Herein, a novel N, P co-doped eave-like hierarchical porous carbon (NP-EHPC) for CDI is reported. To prepare the NP-EHPC, the core–shell ZIF-8@AF particles are first prepared through the kinetically-controlled growth of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) and polymerization of p-aminophenol and formaldehyde (AF), followed by subsequent pyrolysis and post-doping with phosphorus. Owing to the unique eave-like morphology, presence of abundant mesopores, and co-doping of P and N, the NP-EHPC exhibits a high desalination capacity of 24.14 mg g−1 in 500 mg L−1 NaCl solution at 1.2 V and long cycling stability of over 150 cycles. Moreover, the density functional theory (DFT) calculation results reveal that the co-doping of N and P atoms can greatly enhance the binding energies for Na and Cl atoms and lead to superior electrosorption capacity. This work provides a new insight into the design of high-performance carbon materials for the desalination of brackish water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the adsorption behavior of polyaniline (PANI) towards triiodide ion (I3−) solution in acetonitrile. Two different types of PANI, namely PANI emeraldine salt (PANI ES) and nanostructured PANI ES (NPES) were prepared by the rapid mixing and interfacial polymerization methods, respectively. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy results show that both PANI ES and NPES have similar vibrational features, indicating a similar molecular structure. NPES particles are interconnected granules with thorny durian-like surface morphology and better shape uniformity than PANI ES. The maximum adsorption capacity of NPES towards triiodide (I3−) ions is higher than that of PANI ES; however, both of them obey the dual-site Langmuir–Freundlich isotherm. The calculated thermodynamic parameters reveal the spontaneous and endothermic adsorption processes for both types of PANI. The positively charged group in PANI (C–N+) provides more favorable adsorption sites for I3− ions through electrostatic interactions, as confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The photovoltaic and electrochemical performance data confirm the higher power conversion efficiency (∼30%) of the NPES counter electrode compared to that of PANI ES. The thorny durian-like surface morphology of NPES enhances the number of adsorption sites for I3− ions, thereby facilitating better electrolyte regeneration in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past two decades, mesoporous TiO2 has emerged as a promising material for biosensing applications. In particular, mesoporous TiO2 materials with uniform, well-organized pores and high surface areas typically exhibit superior biosensing performance, which includes high sensitivity, broad linear response, low detection limit, good reproducibility, and high specificity. Therefore, the development of biosensors based on mesoporous TiO2 has significantly intensified in recent years. In this review, the expansion and advancement of mesoporous TiO2-based biosensors for glucose detection, hydrogen peroxide detection, alpha-fetoprotein detection, immobilization of enzymes, proteins, and bacteria, cholesterol detection, pancreatic cancer detection, detection of DNA damage, kanamycin detection, hypoxanthine detection, and dichlorvos detection are summarized. Finally, the future perspective and research outlook on the utilization of mesoporous TiO2-based biosensors for the practical diagnosis of diseases and detection of hazardous substances are also given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study demonstrates the tailorable self-weaving of bimetallic nickel–cobalt (Ni–Co) hydrogen phosphate nanotubes into one-dimensional (1D) microspindles or two-dimensional (2D) sheet-like structures by utilizing monodispersed Ni–Co glycerate spheres as sacrificial templates. The conversion process is achieved through a two-step solvothermal method in the presence of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as a phosphorus source and promoter of the self-weaving process. The formation of such nanotube-assembled architectures is promoted by the "peeling-self-weaving" mechanism, in which the bimetallic Ni–Co hydrogen phosphate nanotubes initially grow on the surface of the Ni–Co glycerate spheres due to the reactions between Ni and Co metals bonded to the glycerate anions with hydrogen phosphate anions present in the solution. This is followed by the peeling of the overgrown nanotubes from the etched glycerate spheres and their self-weaving into 1D or 2D architectures depending on the Ni/Co molar ratio. The electrocatalytic test results reveal the superior activity of the Ni-rich Ni–Co hydrogen phosphate electrode for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) compared to its Co-rich and equimolar counterparts, leading to smaller overpotential of 320 mV and lower Tafel slope of 84 mV dec−1. Post-OER analysis of this sample reveals that the high OER activity is derived from the formation of active Ni–Co oxyhydroxide phase on its surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, naturally occurring compounds found in plants (also known as phytochemicals) have found increasing application in the synthesis of metal oxide nanostructures due to their multi-role as reducing agents, capping agents, and/or complexing agents. Furthermore, the utilization of natural agents, such as phytochemicals provide a green and sustainable way for fabricating metal oxide nanostructures compared to conventional chemical methods. This perspective will cover various types of plant-derived phytochemicals which have been employed in the preparation of metal oxide nanostructures, including their roles and the associated formation mechanisms. This review will also discuss some prospective applications of phytochemical-derived metal oxide nanostructures for energy storage, environmental remediation, and bio-related applications. Finally, some perspectives on the future direction of the synthesis of metal oxide nanostructures via green chemistry will be provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports the fabrication of a three-dimensional (3D) zinc oxide/zinc cobaltite (ZnO/ZnCo2O4) hybrid with a hierarchical macroporous honeycomb-like structure using highly uniform cobalt glycerate spheres as a self-sacrificial template. In the proposed method, the conversion of the template cobalt glycerate nanospheres into a 3D hierarchical macroporous honeycomb-like ZnO/ZnCo2O4 hybrid is achieved via a facile room-temperature reaction with aqueous zinc nitrate solution, followed by calcination in air at 350 °C. The proposed method offers several benefits including (i) the attainment of the ZnO/ZnCo2O4 hybrid in one step without additional or separate coating steps, (ii) the achievement of a unique 3D hierarchical macroporous honeycomb-like structure with interconnecting nanosheets and macropores which are assembled from smaller mesopores, leading to higher surface area and good interparticle separation, (iii) the relatively low calcination temperature required to obtain the ZnO/ZnCo2O4 hybrid (350 °C) and (iv) potential generalization for the creation of other macroporous honeycomb-like cobalt-based oxide nanostructures (including Al–Co and Cu–Co systems). When evaluated as a sensing material for carbon monoxide (CO), the hierarchical honeycomb-like ZnO/ZnCo2O4 hybrid sensor displays a higher sensing response with enhanced selectivity and stability towards CO gas at 300 °C compared to both ZnO hierarchical spheres and ZnCo2O4 nanospheres. The enhanced sensing performance of the hierarchical honeycomb-like ZnO/ZnCo2O4 hybrid is derived from the synergistic cooperation of the formed p–n heterojunction, large surface area and hierarchical macroporous nature of the as-synthesized ZnO/ZnCo2O4 hybrid. It is expected that the proposed general method may open a new path for creating other hierarchical macroporous honeycomb-like oxide nanostructures with enhanced surface areas and improved functional performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports on the modification of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) chips with molybdenum disulfide-molybdenum trioxide (MoS 2 -MoO 3 ) microflowers to detect the tuberculosis (TB) markers of CFP-10. The MoS 2 -MoO 3 microflowers were prepared by hydrothermal methods with variations in the pH and amount of trisodium citrate (Na 3 Ct), which were projected to influence the shape and size of microflower particles. The analysis shows that optimum MoS 2 -MoO 3 hybrid microflowers were obtained at neutral pH using 0.5 g Na 3 Ct. The modified SPR biosensor exhibits a ten times higher response than the bare Au. Moreover, increasing MoS 2 -MoO 3 thickness results in a higher detection response, sensitivity, and a smaller limit of detection (LOD). Using the optimized material composition, the Au/MoS 2 -MoO 3 -integrated SPR sensor can demonstrate sensitivity and LOD of 1.005 and 3.45 ng mL -1 , respectively. This biosensor also has good selectivity, stability, and reproducibility based on cross-sensitivity characterization with other analytes and repeated measurements on several chips with different storing times and fabrication batch. Therefore, this proposed SPR biosensor possesses high potential to be further developed and applied as a detection technology for CFP-10 in monitoring and diagnosing TB.

In the past two decades, mesoporous TiO2 has emerged as a promising material for biosensing applications. In particular, mesoporous TiO2 materials with uniform, well-organized pores and high surface areas typically exhibit superior biosensing performance, which includes high sensitivity, broad linear response, low detection limit, good reproducibility, and high specificity. Therefore, the development of biosensors based on mesoporous TiO2 has significantly intensified in recent years. In this review, the expansion and advancement of mesoporous TiO2-based biosensors for glucose detection, hydrogen peroxide detection, alpha-fetoprotein detection, immobilization of enzymes, proteins, and bacteria, cholesterol detection, pancreatic cancer detection, detection of DNA damage, kanamycin detection, hypoxanthine detection, and dichlorvos detection are summarized. Finally, the future perspective and research outlook on the utilization of mesoporous TiO2-based biosensors for the practical diagnosis of diseases and detection of hazardous substances are also given.