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Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent sustained tachyarrhythmia in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Recently, it has been discovered that oxidative stress is an important contributor to AF. Therefore, antioxidant therapies for AF have great potential for clinical applications. Methionine, a sulfur-containing amino acid residue other than cysteine, is recognized as a functional redox switch, which could be rescued from the reversible oxidation of methionine sulfoxide by methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA). S -Methyl-L-cysteine (SMLC), a natural analogue of Met, which is abundantly found in garlic and cabbage, could substitute for Met oxidations and mediate MsrA to scavenge free radicals. However, whether SMLC alleviates AF is unclear. This study aims to clarify the effects of SMLC on AF and elucidate the underlying pharmacological and molecular mechanisms. In vivo , SMLC (70, 140 and 280 mg kg -1 day -1 ) was orally administered to mice for 4 weeks with angiotensin II (Ang II) by subcutaneous infusion using osmotic pumps to induce AF. Ang II significantly prompted high AF susceptibility and atrial remodeling characterized by oxidative stress, conductive dysfunction and fibrosis. SMLC played a remarkable protective role in Ang II-induced atrial remodeling dose-dependently. Moreover, RNA sequencing was performed on atrial tissues to identify the differentially expressed mRNA, which was to screen out MSRA, CAMK2 and MAPK signaling pathways. Western blots confirmed that Ang II-induced downregulation of MsrA and upregulation of oxidized CaMKII (ox-CaMKII) and p38 MAPK could be reversed in a concentration-dependent manner by SMLC. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, HL-1 cells (mouse atria-derived cardiomyocytes) treated with Ang II were used for an in vitro model. SMLC alleviated Ang II-induced cytotoxicity, mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress. Additionally, knockdown MsrA could attenuate the protective effects of SMLC, which were eliminated by the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580. In summary, the present study demonstrates that SMLC protects against atrial remodeling in AF by inhibiting oxidative stress through the mediation of the MsrA/p38 MAPK signaling pathway.

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) devices hold huge potential to convert solar energy into chemical energy. However, the high cost of raw materials and film processing has hindered its practical use. In this study, we attempt to tackle this issue by fabricating straightforward semiconducting polymer films. These films function as photoanodes for various oxidation reactions, including water oxidation and oxidative organosynthesis. The structures of the polymer were assessed by incorporating electron-rich and electron-deficient co-monomers into dibenzo[ b , d ]thiophene sulfone materials. Furthermore, to gain comprehensive insight into the performance, we conducted both steady-state and in operando investigations, revealing that the active site on the polymer surface determines the rate of the conversion process. This study marks a significant stride towards leveraging economically viable semiconductors in PEC systems for efficient solar-to-chemical conversions. It addresses the challenges of high material costs and complex film processing, paving the way for the scaled-up application of this burgeoning technology., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Energetic Metal-Organic Framework (EMOF) compounds have gained significant attention in recent years as a hot research topic in the fields of explosives and propellants. This article provides an overview of the latest research progress of EMOFs in various areas, including heat-resistant explosives, burning rate catalysts and initiating explosives. It discusses the recent development trends of high-energy EMOFs, such as high-dimensional and solvent-free structural design, simplified and scalable synthesis conditions, environmentally friendly manufacturing processes with tunable structures, high-energy, low-sensitivity and multifunctional target products. The challenges and issues faced by EMOFs in heat-resistant explosives, burning rate catalysts and initiating explosives are presented. Furthermore, the key research directions for future applications of EMOFs in the fields of explosives and propellants are discussed, including solvent-free high-dimensional EMOFs design and synthesis, precise modulation of EMOFs molecular composition and pore structure, improvement of accurate prediction methods for physicochemical properties of high-energy EMOFs, low-cost large-scale production and development of multifunctional composite EMOFs as energetic materials, exploration of influencing factors, and comprehensive study on the application of novel and high-performance multifunctional EMOFs.

Background : Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as a leading cause of several chronic diseases, imposing a significant global economic burden. The Mediterranean diet (MD) and low-fat diet (LFD) are the two primary recommended dietary patterns that exhibit distinct positive effects on treating NAFLD. Objective : To investigate which of the two diets, MD and LFD, is more effective in the treatment of NAFLD. Methods : Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) up to April 2024 were searched for in PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, Scopus and Embase. Interventions included MD or LFD, with primary outcome measures being intrahepatic lipid, liver stiffness, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Secondary outcomes included weight, waist circumference, and body mass index. Use of random effects meta-analysis to assess outcomes of interest. Results : meta-analysis revealed no significant differences between MD and LFD in improving liver enzymes, liver fat, and related indices in NAFLD patients. Our findings provide compelling evidence for patients and healthcare professionals, allowing patients to choose a dietary pattern that aligns with their preferences and disease conditions. In summary, both MD and LFD can equivalently ameliorate NAFLD in the short term. Conclusions : Our results show that MD and LFD have similar therapeutic effects on liver enzymes and liver fat content in patients with NAFLD in the short term. Furthermore, our meta-analysis results have also opened up a new avenue of thought as to whether similar effects are achieved by alternating MD and LFD on alternate days.

Activated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) rely on the assembly of signaling proteins into high-dimensional protein complexes for signal transduction. Shc1, a prototypical scaffold protein, plays a pivotal role in directing phosphotyrosine (pY)-dependent protein complex formation for numerous RTKs typically through its two pY-binding domains. The three conserved pY sites within its CH1 region (Shc1 CH1 ) hold particular significance due to their substantial contribution to its functions. However, how Shc1 differentially utilizes these sites to precisely coordinate protein complex assembly remains unclear. Here, we employed multiple peptide ligation techniques to synthesize an array of long protein fragments (107 amino acids) covering a significant portion of the Shc1 CH1 region with varying phosphorylation states at residues Y239, 240, 313, and S335. By combining these phospho-Shc1 CH1 fragments with integrated proteomics sample preparation and quantitative proteomic analysis, we were able to comprehensively resolve the site-specific interactomes of Shc1 with single amino acid resolution. By applying this approach to different cancer cell lines, we demonstrated that these phospho-Shc1 CH1 fragments can be effectively used as a diagnostic tool to assess cell type-specific RTK signaling networks. Collectively, these biochemical conclusions help to better understand the sophisticated organization of pY-dependent Shc1 adaptor protein complexes and their functional roles in cancer., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

The esterification of carboxylic acids is an important reaction for preparing esters which find wide applications in various research fields. In this manuscript, we report an acid/iodide cooperative catalytic method which enables highly efficient esterification of carboxylic acids with a wide range of equivalent O-H nucleophiles including both alcohols and weak nucleophilic phenols. Under the reaction conditions, both aromatic and aliphatic carboxylic acids including those bearing functional groups work well, furnishing the corresponding esters in good to high yields. Moreover, this reaction is scalable and applicable to the modification of bioactive molecules. These results demonstrate the synthetic value of this new reaction in organic synthesis.

In recent decades, environmental protection and energy issues have gained significant attention, and the development of efficient, environmentally friendly catalysts has become especially crucial for the advancement of photocatalytic technology. This study employs the sintering method to produce biochar. A hybrid photocatalyst for the degradation of RHB under visible light was prepared by loading varying proportions of biochar onto g-C 3 N 4 using ultrasonic technology. Among them, 2% CGCD (2% biochar/g-C 3 N 4 ) achieved a degradation rate of 91.3% for RHB after 30 minutes of visible light exposure, which was more than 25% higher than GCD (g-C 3 N 4 ), and exhibited a higher photocurrent intensity and lower impedance value. The enhancement in photocatalytic activity is primarily attributed to the increased utilization efficiency of visible light and the electron transfer channel effect from a minor amount of biochar, effectively reducing the recombination of photo-generated charge carriers on the g-C 3 N 4 surface, thereby significantly improving photocatalytic activity. The degradation of RHB is synergistically mediated by O 2 - , h + (photo-generated holes), and ˙OH. The free radical capture experiment indicates that O 2 - and ˙OH are the primary active components, followed by h + ., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Manipulating objects with acoustics has been developed for hundreds of years since Chladni patterns in gaseous environments were exhibited. In recent decades, acoustic manipulation in microfluidics, known as acoustofluidics, has rapidly thrived and many sophisticated technologies were born. However, the basic background motion of particles under acoustic excitation is usually neglected and the classical Chladni patterns haven't been reproduced in an aqueous environment. In this study, we investigated the basic mechanism and the motion of suspended particles and sinking particles in a plain microchamber under low-frequency excitation (3-5 kHz). The mechanisms were clearly distinguished by comparing the differences among colored fluids, suspended particles, and sinking particles. The suspended particles rotated around the antinode with a speed up to 55.1 μm s -1 at 100 V pp by the acoustic streaming and they approached each other by the secondary acoustic radiation force. The sinking particles concentrated at the node with a speed up to 22.3 μm s -1 at 100 V pp by bouncing on the vibrating surface and the primary acoustic radiation force. We have reproduced the classical standard/inverse Chladni patterns in an aqueous environment for the first time, and they were leveraged to separate SiO 2 particles with different sizes. The big particles with an average diameter of 9.68 μm were concentrated at the node while the small particles with an average diameter of 2.72 μm were collected at the antinode within 2 min. These results not only provide insightful perspectives of basic mechanisms, but also open up new possibilities for advanced acoustic tweezers.

Herein, we investigate the product type and distribution during the synthesis of azido-functionalized larger polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSSs) using 3-chloropropyl- and chloromethyldimethylsilylethyl-functionalized T 8 , T 10 , and T 12 POSSs as precursors. Our findings indicate that cage rearrangement occurs for the 3-chloropropyl-functionalized POSS cages with a stability order of T 12 > T 10 > T 8 , while the chloromethyldimethylsilylethyl-functionalized POSS cages remain structurally intact after the nucleophilic substitution.

G-quadruplexes (G4s) are atypical nucleic acid structures involved in basic human biological processes and are regulated by small molecules. To date, pyridostatin and its derivatives [ e.g. , PyPDS (4-(2-aminoethoxy)- N 2 , N 6 -bis(4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl) ethoxy) quinolin-2-yl) pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide)] are the most widely used G4-binding small molecules and considered to have the best G4 specificity, which provides a new option for the development of cisplatin-binding DNA. By combining PyPDS with cisplatin and its analogs, we synthesize three platinum complexes, named PyPDSplatins. We found that cisplatin with PyPDS (CP) exhibits stronger specificity for covalent binding to G4 domains even in the presence of large amounts of dsDNA compared with PyPDS either extracellularly or intracellularly. Multiomics analysis reveals that CP can effectively regulate G4 functions, directly damage G4 structures, activate multiple antitumor signaling pathways, including the typical cGAS-STING pathway and AIM2-ASC pathway, trigger a strong immune response and lead to potent antitumor effects. These findings reflect that cisplatin-conjugated specific G4 targeting groups have antitumor mechanisms different from those of classic cisplatin and provide new strategies for the antitumor immunity of metals., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

High-performance sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) require anode materials with high capacity and fast kinetics. Based on first-principles calculations, we propose BC 3 N 2 and BC 3 N 2 /graphene (B/G) heterostructure as potential SIB anode materials. The BC 3 N 2 monolayer exhibits intrinsic metallic behavior. In addition, BC 3 N 2 possesses a low Na + diffusion barrier (0.15 eV), a high storage capacity (777 mA h g -1 ), a low open-circuit voltage (0.72 V), and a tiny axial expansion (0.36%). Compared with the BC 3 N 2 monolayer, the B/G heterostructure exhibits a lower diffusion barrier of 0.027 eV, suggesting a much faster diffusion. More importantly, although the B/G heterostructure possesses heavier molar weight, its theoretical capacity (689 mA h g -1 ) is comparable to that of the BC 3 N 2 monolayer. Based on the above-mentioned properties, we hope both the BC 3 N 2 monolayer and the B/G heterostructure would be promising anodes for SIBs.

A smart and heavy-atom-free photoinactive nano-photosensitizer capable of being activated by cysteine at the tumor site to generate highly photoactive nano-photosensitizers that show strong NIR absorption and fluorescence with a good singlet oxygen quantum yield (16.8%) for photodynamic therapy is reported.

Personal thermal management (PTM) of fabrics is vital for human health; the ever-changing location of the human body poses a big challenge for fabrics to maintain a favorable metabolic temperature. Herein, a dual-mode thermal management fabric is designed to achieve both cooling and heating functions by regulating simultaneously solar and body radiations. The cooling or heating mode can be exchanged by flipping the fabric without an external energy supply. The passive cooling side consists of an electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fabric with a hierarchical porous structure, exhibiting high sunlight reflectance (91.42%) and an ∼14 °C temperature decrease under direct sunlight irradiation. The co-existence of nanoscale and microscale pores is proven to be essential for improved cooling performances. The other heating side, coated with an MXene layer, shows high photothermal conversion efficiency (37.5%) and outstanding heating capability outdoors. Furthermore, the contrary mid-infrared emissivity of the two sides (high emissivity of the cooling side while low emissivity of the heating side) leads to the dual-mode passive regulation of body thermal energy. Besides, this fabric demonstrates satisfactory wearability and excellent stability. Our work proposes an energy-saving and cost-effective approach for PTM fabrics potentially suitable for various scenarios ( e.g. , indoors/outdoors, summer/winter, low/high latitude areas).

N -Nitrosodipropylamine (NDPA) is a class of nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs) with high toxicity. Although NDPA present in water bodies is at relatively low concentrations, the potential risk is high due to its high toxicity and bioaccumulation. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a new type of porous material with remarkable functionality, have shown great performance in a wide variety of applications in adsorption. This is the first study investigating the adsorption of MOFs on NDPA. Herein, UiO-66 with -NH 2 and imidazolium functional groups were synthesized by modifying UiO-66 after amination. Adsorption kinetics and isotherm models were used to compare the adsorption properties of the two materials for low-concentration NDPA in water. The results showed that the behavior of all the adsorbents was consistent with the Langmuir model and the pseudo-second-order model and that the adsorption was homogeneous chemisorption. The structures of the nanoparticles were characterized by FTIR, zeta potential, XRD, SEM and BET measurements. Based on the characteristics, four adsorption mechanisms, namely electron conjugation, coordination reaction, anion-π interaction, and van der Waals forces, were simultaneously involved in the adsorption. The influencing factor experiment revealed that the adsorption of UiO-66-NH 2 and (I - )Meim-UiO-66 involved hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions, respectively.

Making nonconjugated polymers to emit visible light remains a formidable challenge, let alone near-infrared (NIR) light, although NIR luminophores have many advanced applications. Herein, we propose an electron-bridging strategy of using heteroatoms (O, N, and S) to achieve tunable emission from blue to NIR regions (440-800 nm) in nonconjugated polyesters. Especially, sulfur-containing polyester P4 exhibits NIR clusteroluminescence (CL) on changing either the concentration or excitation wavelength. Experimental characterization and theoretical calculation demonstrate that the introduction of heteroatoms significantly enhances the through-space interactions (TSIs) via the electron-bridging effect between heteroatoms and carbonyls. The strength of the electron-bridging effect follows the order of S > N > O, based on two synergistic effects: electronic structure and van der Waals radius of heteroatoms. This work provides a low-cost, scalable platform to produce new-generation nonconjugated luminophores with deeper insight into the photophysical mechanism.

Slow charging speed has been a serious constraint to the promotion of electric vehicles (EVs), and therefore the development of advanced lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with fast-charging capability has become an urgent task. Thanks to its low price and excellent overall electrochemical performance, graphite has dominated the anode market for the past 30 years. However, it is difficult to meet the development needs of fast-charging batteries using graphite anodes due to their fast capacity degradation and safety hazards under high-current charging processes. This feature article describes the failure mechanism of graphite anodes under fast charging, and then summarizes the basic principles, current research progress, advanced strategies and challenges of fast-charging anodes represented by graphite, lithium titanate (Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ) and niobium-based oxides. Moreover, we look forward to the development prospects of fast-charging anodes and provide some guidance for future research in the field of fast-charging batteries.

d-π overlap, which represents overlap between metal-d and graphene-π orbitals to facilitate electron transfer, has rarely been reported. Ni/PtNi-G 2 exhibits exceptional performance in seawater hydrogen evolution due to the electron-rich surface on Pt resulting from enhanced d-π overlap and subsequent electron transfer from graphene and Ni to Pt.

Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) conversion has attracted much interest recently owing to its importance in both scientific research and practical applications, but still faces a bottleneck in selectivity control and mechanism understanding owing to diversified active sites. Single-atom catalysts (SACs) featuring isolated and well-defined active centers are proved to not only exhibit unparalleled performances in various processes of CO 2 conversion but also provide excellent research paradigms by circumventing the heterogeneity of active sites. Herein, we will not only critically review recent progress on the application of SACs in chemical CO 2 conversion based on previous comprehension of general thermodynamics and kinetics, but also try to offer a multi-level understanding of SACs from a molecular point of view in terms of the central atom, coordination environment, support effect and synergy with other active centers. Meanwhile, crucial scientific issues of research methods will be also identified and highlighted, followed by a future outlook that is expected to present potential aspects of further developments., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

A ruthenium-catalyzed C-H alkylation/cyclization sequence is presented to prepare silyl indenes with atom and step-economy. This domino reaction is triggered by acyl silane-directed C-H activation, and an aldehyde controlled the following enol cyclization/condensation other than β-H elimination. The protocol tolerates a broad substitution pattern, and the further synthetic elaboration of silyl indenes allows access to a diverse range of interesting indene and indanone derivatives.

Graphene nanofluid is a promising way to improve heat transfer in many situations. As a two-dimensional material, graphene's anisotropic thermal conductivity influences the heat transfer of nanofluids. In the present study, a nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is adopted to study the interaction between graphene nanosheets (GNSs) and liquid water in water-based graphene nanofluids. Consequently, the coupling interaction between the orientation and length of GNSs and the thermal conductivity of nanofluids is then investigated. We discover that the molecular thermal coupling between GNSs and water can effectively influence the orientation angle of the GNSs. A preferential orientation angle of the GNSs inside the nanofluid is then observed during heat transfer. The preferential orientation angle decreases with the GNS length and has no apparent relation with the size of heat flux in this study. The overall thermal conductivity of the nanofluid decreases as the orientation angle of the GNS rises. Increasing the GNS length not only reduces the preferential orientation angle but also improves the thermal conductivity along the graphene length direction. The thermal conductivity of the nanofluid along the graphene length direction increases from 0.414 to 4.085 W m K -1 as the length increases from 103 to 3274 A. Our results provide the fundamental knowledge of the heat transfer performance of graphene nanofluids.

Exploiting high-efficiency and durable electrocatalysts toward the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) is crucial for the advancement of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). Herein, we demonstrate the loading of platinum-palladium bimetallic nanoparticles (Pt-Pd NPs) onto poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)-embellished titanium carbide (Ti 3 C 2 Tx) nanosheets as the electrocatalyst (Ti 3 C 2 Tx/PEDOT/Pt-Pd) via a facile and rapid chemical reduction-assisted one-pot hydrothermal process. The structural and morphological analyses of Ti 3 C 2 Tx/PEDOT/Pt-Pd indicate that the three-dimensional (3D) hybrid structure formed between PEDOT and Ti 3 C 2 Tx provides a sizable active surface and more active sites, which enhances the homogeneous dispersion of the Pt-Pd NPs and facilitates mass transfer. The Schottky junctions formed between PEDOT and Pt-Pd NPs contribute to charge transfer. The electronic effects and synergistic interactions between the support and catalyst favor the electrocatalytic activity of the catalyst. The electrochemical test results reveal that the Ti 3 C 2 Tx/PEDOT/Pt-Pd catalyst has prominent electrocatalytic capability for the MOR. Compared with Ti 3 C 2 Tx/Pt-Pd and commercial Pt/C catalysts, the Ti 3 C 2 Tx/PEDOT/Pt-Pd catalyst has a larger electrochemical activity surface area (ECSA = 122 m 2 g -1 ) and higher mass activity (MA = 1445.4 mA mg -1 ), as well as better CO tolerance and more reliable long-term durability (a peak current density retention of 71% after 5200 s).

It is an urgent need to improve the depth of discharge (DOD) of Zn-air batteries (ZABs), considering that most reported ZABs with long cycle life are realized at low DOD (<1%). In this work, our solid-state ZABs achieved a long cycle life of more than 220 h at 3.2% DOD (the discharge capacity of 10 mA h cm -2 per cycle). Moreover, benefiting from excellent bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts (Fe@BNC) and robust Zn|electrolyte interface, the ZABs displayed a long cycle life of 120 h even at high DOD of 23.4% and large discharge capacity of 72 mA h cm -2 . Additionally, the impact of Zn|electrolyte interface on the cycle time at different DODs is analysed and discussed. The unstable interface exacerbated the dendrite growth and uneven deposition of Zn at high DOD, leading to the decay of the cycle life. The work gives insights into the mechanism of the effect of DOD on the cycle life of the batteries.

Invisible inks have been applied for the secrecy of texts, symbols and binary images. Based on the photochromism of donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs) in the solid-state promoted by ester-containing molecules, we report the encryption of grayscale information by controlling the kinetics of photoisomerization.

Ni-Mn based Heusler alloys have attracted widespread attention due to their novel physical properties. However, the structure of Mn 2 NiGa is metastable at room temperature, making it difficult to obtain its intrinsic physical properties and limiting its application. In this study, we obtained Mn 2 NiGa by replacing Ni in the precursor alloy Ni 2 MnGa with Mn and studied its magnetic properties, structures, and phase transitions with floating composition. In addition, we focused on the compositional segregation characteristics of Mn 2 NiGa caused by different heat treatment and quenching conditions. It was found that the samples quenched after annealing at 773 K for 48 hours exhibited abnormalities in magnetism, phase transformation, and structure. The further electron probe scanning characterization results reveal that the changes in these physical properties were related to component segregation caused by heat treatment.

Since hIAPP (human islet amyloid polypeptide) aggregation and microbial infection are recognized as significant risk factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of type II diabetes (T2D), targeting these catastrophic processes simultaneously may have a greater impact on the prevention and treatment of T2D. Different from the well-studied hIAPP inhibitors, here we propose and demonstrate a repurposing strategy for an antimicrobial peptide, aurein, which can simultaneously modulate hIAPP aggregation and inhibit microbial infection. Collective data from protein, cell, and bacteria assays revealed multiple functions of aurein including (i) promotion of hIAPP aggregation at a low molar ratio of aurein:hIAPP = 0.5 : 1-2 : 1, (ii) reduction of hIAPP-induced cytotoxicity in RIN-m5F cells, and (iii) preservation of original antimicrobial activity against E. coli. , S.A. , and S.E. strains in the presence of hIAPP. These functions of aurein are mainly derived from its strong binding to different hIAPP seeds through conformationally similar β-sheet association. Our study provides a promising avenue for the repurposing of antimicrobial peptides (such as aurein) as amyloid modulators for blocking at least two pathological pathways in T2D.

The performance of organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) fabricated using Ir(III) complexes bearing 1,3,4-oxadiazole (OXD)-based cyclometallic ligands still needs to be improved. In this work, Ir 3+ was coordinated with a 2-(9,9-diethyl-9 H -fluoren-2-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (F-OXD) fragment, which was modified with various functionalized substituents, including fluorenyl, OXD and carbazolyl groups. Three complexes, named Ir-Flu, Ir-OXD and Ir-Cz, were synthesized successfully and their photophysical, electrochemical and electroluminescence properties were investigated in detail. All these complexes exhibited yellow-orange emission in solution and a distinct aggregation-induced phosphorescent emission (AIPE) phenomenon was observed. Monochrome OLEDs were fabricated using these phosphorescent dopants, and the turn-on voltage ( V ), luminance ( L ) and current efficiency (CE) showed significant improvement compared to analogous OXD-based Ir(III) complexes reported before. In particular, the device with Ir-OXD as the dopant achieved the highest maximum brightness of 25 014 cd m -2 and the lowest efficiency roll-off (42.6%) at the maximum luminance among all the devices. These results provided a proven strategy of functionalized decoration of OXD-based complexes to achieve superior luminous efficiency devices.

Quinolone antibiotics (norfloxacin) pose a serious threat to animal and human health due to their misuse and difficulty in being broken down in surface water and food. Rapid and effective detection of norfloxacin (NOR) is essential for environmental testing and ecosystems. In this study, yttrium was coordinated with mercaptopropionic acid (MPA)-modified CdTe quantum dots (QDs) to obtain a novel fluorescence sensor Y 3+ @CdTe QDs for the sensitive detection of NOR. NOR can bind to Y 3+ to form a complex (NOR-Y 3+ ). This complex enhances the luminescence of NOR and blue-shifts to 423 nm. The fluorescence intensity of NOR-Y 3+ at 423 nm ( I 423 ) gradually increased with increasing NOR concentration; meanwhile, the fluorescence intensity of CdTe QDs at 634 nm ( I 634 ) gradually decreased due to aggregation induction. The ratio of I 423 to I 634 was used for the quantitative determination of NOR. The linear range of the constructed fluorescent probes was from 1.0 to 150.0 μM, with a detection limit of 31.8 nM. CdTe QDs act as a red fluorescent background, and with the addition of NOR, the color of the system transitions from red to purple and finally blue. This method was rapid (immediate) and visual, providing a simple analysis of various actual samples (tap water, lake water, honey, milk and human serum) for NOR.

Intermolecular fluorocyclization of indoles with anthranilates, which proceeded smoothly to give diverse indoloquinazolinone architectures under mild reaction conditions, has been developed. A wide range of substrates were compatible with this cyclization system. The synthetic fluorinated compounds could be modified by their conversion to various substituted quinazolinones for drug discovery. In addition, this protocol has been applied to the concise total synthesis of bioactive natural alkaloids phaitanthrins A-B, cephalanthrin A and cruciferane.

Several coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics models have been developed to predict the mechanical behaviors of mesoscale graphene structures because of the enormous promise of graphene in various carbon-based nanostructures and the spatiotemporal limitations of experimental testing and atomistic modeling. Although the CG models reduced the number of degrees of freedom and speeded up simulations, the increased mass of the beads caused a significant mismatch in the system's total kinetic and potential energy. In this paper, we propose an atom sampling method for mesoscale molecular dynamics simulations, which could effectively mitigate the consequences arising from the increased mass of the beads in the CG models while still maintaining the computational efficiency of CG models. Then, the Tersoff sampling model of graphene using the atom sampling method is developed to coarsen graphene in planar directions. The mechanical responses of monolayer graphene and multilayer graphene (MLG) assemblies are simulated by the Tersoff sampling model, and simulation results obtained with the all-atom (AA) Tersoff model and CG models are compared. The results show that the Tersoff sampling model can reduce the misfit of kinetic and potential energy due to the fact that temperature changes more accurately reproduce the mechanical behaviors of graphene in the elastic and fracture zones compared to the CG models. At the same time, it further validates the atom sampling method for mesoscale simulations. The atom sampling method can also be easily applied to isotropic fluids and ordered crystal structures (including established coarse-grained models of these substances).

In this study a new photocatalytic nanocomposite, S-g-C 3 N 4 /MgAl-CLDH, was synthesized and implemented into cement mortar by internal mixing or coating. The photocatalytic NO x degradation efficiency of the S-g-C 3 N 4 /MgAl-CLDH and photocatalytic mortar was investigated. The NO x degradation efficiency and photoluminescence spectra of S-g-C 3 N 4 /MgAl-CLDH after being immersed in the simulated concrete pore solution were evaluated to assess its chemical stability. The results show that compared with S-g-C 3 N 4 , the S-g-C 3 N 4 /MgAl-CLDH exhibits a narrower bandgap (2.45 eV), a lower photogenerated electron-hole pair recombination rate and a higher specific surface area (36.86 m 2 g -1 ). After 21 min of visible light irradiation, the NO x degradation rate of S-g-C 3 N 4 /MgAl-CLDH achieves 100% as compared to merely 81.5% of S-g-C 3 N 4 . After being submerged in simulated concrete pore solution, the S-g-C 3 N 4 /MgAl-CLDH exhibits only a slight decrease of 5% in degradation rate after 12 min of irradiation, confirming a good compatibility and stability in cement-based materials. The NO x degradation ability of the internally mixed mortar is enhanced with an increase in the dosage of S-g-C 3 N 4 /MgAl-CLDH. For coated mortar, in contrast, a decline in NO x degradation rate is observed after 5 layers of coating owing to the lower porosity of mortar after excessive coating., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

We aimed to compare N -glycosylation proteins in Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) chondrocytes and normal chondrocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). KBD and normal iPSCs were reprogrammed from human KBD and normal dermal fibroblasts, respectively. Subsequently, chondrocytes were differentiated from KBD and normal iPSCs separately. Immunofluorescence was utilized to assay the protein markers of iPSCs and chondrocytes. Differential N -glycosylation proteins were screened using label-free strategies with LC-MS/MS. Bioinformatics analyses were utilized to interpret the functions of differential N -glycosylation proteins. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that both KBD-iPSCs and normal-iPSCs strongly expressed pluripotency markers OCT4 and NANOG. Meanwhile, chondrocyte markers collagen II and SOX9 are presented in KBD-iPSC-chondrocytes and normal-iPSC-chondrocytes. We obtained 87 differential N -glycosylation sites which corresponded to 68 differential proteins, which were constructed into 1 cluster. We obtained collagen type I trimer and 9 other biological processes; polysaccharide binding and 9 other molecular functions; regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II and 9 other cellular components from GO; the Pl3K-Akt signaling pathway and 9 other KEGG pathways; peroxisome and 7 other subcellular locations; and integrin alpha chain, C-terminal cytoplasmic region, conserved site and 9 other classifications of domain annotations, and 2 networks. FGFR3 and LRP1 are expressed at higher levels in KBD-iPSC-chondrocytes, while the expressions of COL2A1, TIMP1, UNC5B, NOG, LEPR, and ITGA1 were down-regulated in KBD-iPSC-chondrocytes. The differential expressions of these N -glycosylation proteins may lead to the abnormal function of KBD chondrocytes.

The use of crystalline metal-organic complexes with definite structures as multilevel memories can enable explicit structure-property correlations, which is significant for designing the next generation of memories. Here, four Zn-polysulfide complexes with different degrees of conjugation have been fabricated as memory devices. ZnS 6 (L) 2 -based memories (L = pyridine and 3-methylpyridine) can exhibit only bipolar binary memory performances, but ZnS 6 (L)-based memories (L = 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline) illustrate non-volatile ternary memory performances with high ON2/ON1/OFF ratios (10 4.22 /10 2.27 /1 and 10 4.85 /10 2.58 /1) and ternary yields (74% and 78%). Their ON1 states stem from the packing adjustments of organic ligands upon the injection of carriers, and the ON2 states are a result of the ring-to-chain relaxation of S 6 2- anions. The lower conjugated degrees in ZnS 6 (L) 2 result in less compact packing; consequently, the adjacent S 6 2- rings are too long to trigger the S 6 2- relaxation. The deep structure-property correlation in this work provides a new strategy for implementing multilevel memory by triggering polysulfide relaxation based on the conjugated degree regulation of organic ligands.

Fe 2 O 3 is one of the most important lithium storage materials and has attracted increasing interest owing to its good capacity in theory, abundant reserves, and better security. The utilization of Fe 2 O 3 materials is hampered by their inferior cycle performance, low rate performance, and restricted composite variety. Herein, the heterostructure of Fe 2 O 3 @SnO 2 with hexahedral structure was manufactured by two- step hydrothermal strategy, while the SnO 2 nanopillars were epitaxially grown in six faces, not in the twelve edges of hexahedral Fe 2 O 3 cubes, which comes from maximizing lattice matching on the six surfaces of Fe 2 O 3 . Furthermore, the experimental results prove that the hexahedral Fe 2 O 3 @SnO 2 heterostructure exhibits remarkably enhanced electrochemical reversibility and reaction kinetics and delivers an impressive initial discharge capacity (1742 mA h g -1 at 4 A g -1 ), great rate performance (565 mA h g -1 at 5 A g -1 ), and stable long-term durability (661 mA h g -1 after 4000 cycles at 4 A g -1 ) as an anode for LIBs. The result of the finite element mechanical simulation further indicates that the SnO 2 nanopillars grow on the six surfaces but not on the twelve edges of the hexahedral Fe 2 O 3 cube, which would provide great rate performance and long-term stability. This study underlines the merits of the heterostructure and offers a useful design routine for superior electrode materials in LIBs.

The epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was a huge disaster to human society. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which led to COVID-19, has resulted in a large number of deaths. Even though the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the most efficient method for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, the disadvantages (such as long detection time, professional operators, expensive instruments, and laboratory equipment) limit its application. In this review, the different kinds of nano-biosensors based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), field-effect transistor (FET), fluorescence methods, and electrochemical methods are summarized, starting with a concise description of their sensing mechanism. The different bioprobes (such as ACE2, S protein-antibody, IgG antibody, IgM antibody, and SARS-CoV-2 DNA probes) with different bio-principles are introduced. The key structural components of the biosensors are briefly introduced to give readers an understanding of the principles behind the testing methods. In particular, SARS-CoV-2-related RNA mutation detection and its challenges are also briefly described. We hope that this review will encourage readers with different research backgrounds to design SARS-CoV-2 nano-biosensors with high selectivity and sensitivity., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

The ternary strategy has been recognized as an effective method to improve the photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). In ternary OSCs, the complementary or broadened absorption spectrum, optimized morphology, and enhanced photovoltaic performance could be obtained by selecting a third rational component for the host system. In this work, a fused ring electron acceptor named BTMe-C8-2F, which possesses a high-lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level and a complementary absorption spectrum to PM6:Y6, was introduced to a PM6:Y6 binary system. The ternary blend film PM6:Y6:BTMe-C8-2F showed high and more balanced charge mobilities, and low charge recombination. Therefore, the OSC based on the PM6:Y6:BTMe-C8-2F (1 : 1.2 : 0.3, w/w/w) blend film achieved the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.68%, with an open-circuit voltage ( V OC ) of 0.87 V, a short-circuit current ( J SC ) of 27.32 mA cm -2 , and a fill factor (FF) of 74.05%, which are much higher than the binary devices of PM6:Y6 (PCE = 15.86%) and PM6:BTMe-C8-2F (PCE = 11.98%). This work provides more insight into the role of introducing a fused ring electron acceptor with a high-lying LUMO energy level and complementary spectrum for simultaneously enhancing the V OC and J SC to promote the performance of ternary OSCs., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Stretchable and conductive hydrogels are rapidly emerging as new generation candidates for wearable devices. However, the poor electroactivity and bioadhesiveness of traditional conductive hydrogels has limited their applications. Herein, a mussel-inspired strategy is proposed to prepare a specific core-shell redox-active system, consisting of a polydopamine (PDA) modified zeolitic imidazolate framework 71 (ZIF-71) core, and a poly 3,4-ethylenedioxythiopene (PEDOT) shell. Owing to the abundant catechol groups, PEDOT can be assembled on the surface of ZIF-71 to create a redox-active system. The core-shell nanoparticles could act as a redox-active nanofiller to develop a conductive polyacrylamide (PAM) hydrogel with energy-storage properties. The core-shell PEDOT@PZIF-71 system provides a mussel-inspired environment in the hydrogel matrix and endows the hydrogel with stretchability and adhesiveness. The hydrogel can be applied as a functional electrode for both bioelectronics and supercapacitors. Moreover, this hydrogel exhibits favorable biocompatibility and can be implanted in vivo for biosignal measurement without causing inflammation. This redox-active core-shell PEDOT@PZIF-71 system provides a promising strategy for the design of hydrogel-based wearable electronic devices.

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is evolving into a promising technology by spatially controlling the distribution of living cells for the biomedical field. However, maintaining high printability while protecting cells from damage due to shear stress remains the key challenge for extrusion-based 3D bioprinting. Herein, we developed a novel "protein-polyphenol-polysaccharide" extrusion-based bioink named Gel-TA-Alg@Ca 2+ using gelatin (Gel), tannic acid (TA) and sodium alginate (Alg) with quantitative thixotropy by pre-crosslinking with a series of low concentrations of CaCl 2 at 0.03, 0.04, 0.05 and 0.06 M, respectively. Our experimental design quantitatively presented the positive proportional functional relationship between the thixotropy of Gel-TA-Alg@Ca 2+ and printability (including injectability and formability) for the first time. Importantly, the thixotropy proportionately and significantly elevated cellular viability after 3D bioprinting due to the reduced extrusion force involved in printing. 3D bioprinted constructs composed of Gel-TA-Alg@Ca 2+ and MG-63 cells exhibited a good cell viability rate for more than 14 days. These findings provide valuable insights into the rational design of thixotropic bioink and offer more opportunities to probe the relationship between the thixotropy and the success of 3D bioprinting.

Recently, newly developed carbon-based nanomaterials known as carbon dots (CDs) have generated significant interest in nanomedicine. However, current knowledge regarding CD research in the biomedical field is still lacking. An overview of the most recent development of CDs in biomedical research is given in this review article. Several crucial CD applications, such as biosensing, bioimaging, cancer therapy, and antibacterial applications, are highlighted. Finally, CD-based biomedicine's challenges and future potential are also highlighted to enrich biomedical researchers' knowledge about the potential of CDs and the need for overcoming various technical obstacles.

Soluble inorganic carbon is an important component of a soil carbon pool, and its fate in soils, sediments, and underground water environments has great effects on many physiochemical and geological processes. However, the dynamical processes, behaviors and mechanism of their adsorption by soil active components, such as quartz, are still unclear. The aim of this work is to systematically address the anchoring mechanism of CO 3 2- and HCO 3 - on a quartz surface at different pH values. Three pH values (pH 7.5, pH 9.5 and pH 11) and three carbonate salt concentrations (0.07, 0.14 and 0.28 M) are considered, and molecular dynamics methods are used. The results indicate that the pH value regulates the adsorption behavior of CO 3 2- and HCO 3 - on the quartz surface by affecting the CO 3 2- /HCO 3 - ratio and the surface charge of quartz. In general, both HCO 3 - and CO 3 2- ions were able to adsorb on the quartz surface and the adsorption capacity of CO 3 2- is higher than that of HCO 3 - . HCO 3 - ions tended to uniformly distribute in an aqueous solution and contact the quartz surface in the form of single molecules instead of clusters. In contrast, CO 3 2- ions were mainly adsorbed as clusters which became larger as the concentration increased. Na + ions were essential for the adsorption of HCO 3 - and CO 3 2- , because some of the Na + and CO 3 2- ions spontaneously associated together to form clusters, promoting the clusters to be adsorbed on the quartz surface through cationic bridges. The local structures and dynamics trajectory of CO 3 2- and HCO 3 - showed that the anchoring mechanism of carbonate solvates on quartz involved H-bonds and cationic bridges, which changed in relation to the concentration and pH values. However, the HCO 3 - ions mainly adsorbed on the quartz surface via H-bonds while the CO 3 2- ions tended to be adsorbed through cationic bridges. These results may help in understanding the geochemical behavior of soil inorganic carbon and further the processes of the Earth's carbon chemical cycle.

As a promising environment-friendly alternative to current vapor-compression refrigeration, solid-state refrigeration based on the barocaloric effect has been attracting worldwide attention. Generally, both phases in which a barocaloric effect occurs are present at ambient pressure. Here, instead, we demonstrate that KPF 6 exhibits a colossal barocaloric effect due to the creation of a high-pressure rhombohedral phase. The phase diagram is constructed based on pressure-dependent calorimetric, Raman scattering, and neutron diffraction measurements. The present study is expected to provide an alternative routine to colossal barocaloric effects through the creation of a high-pressure phase.

In this work, multi-functional amylose-based nanoparticles (OSA-AM-9/VE NPs) were fabricated via simple and sustainable esterification, encapsulation, and co-precipitation processes of amylose (AM), octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA), and vitamin E (VE). These nanoparticles showed a nanometer size of 243.2 nm and a regular spherical shape which contributed to their excellent physical and oxidative stability and the outstanding pH-responsive performance of a Pickering emulsion. Compared with OSA-AM-9 and OSA-AM-9 NPs, the Pickering emulsion stabilized by OSA-AM-9/VE NPs presented higher stability and stronger antioxidant capacity. The delivery system of the OSA-AM-9/VE NP stabilized emulsion could protect fish oil from gastric juice and then was digested to facilitate the absorption of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the intestine due to the pH-induced protonation/deprotonation of carboxyl groups in OSA-AM-9/VE NPs.

Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) is a serious, endemic chronic osteochondral disease characterized by symmetrical enlargement of the phalanges, brachydactyly, joint deformity, and even dwarfism. To investigate the urinary metabolomic profiles of KBD patients, we performed an untargeted metabolomics approach using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Adult urinary specimens were collected from 39 patients with KBD and 19 healthy subjects; the children's urinary specimens were collected from 5 patients with KBD, 25 suspected KBD cases and 123 healthy subjects in the KBD endemic area during a three consecutive year study. We identified 10 upregulated and 28 downregulated secondary level metabolites highly associated with aetiology and pathogenesis of KBD between adult KBD and adult controls. A total of 163, 967 and 795 metabolites were significantly different in the urine among children with KBD, suspected children with KBD cases and healthy child controls, respectively, for each year in three consecutive years. HT-2 toxin, Se-adenosylselenomethionine (AdoSeMet), the toxin T2 tetrol, and many kinds of amino acids were identified as differential metabolites in this study. Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, fructose and mannose metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis, and D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism were perturbed pathways in adult and child KBD patients. Our study provides new insight into the underlying mechanisms of KBD, and suggests that we should pay more attention to these differences in small-molecule metabolites and metabolic pathways in the environmental aetiology and pathogenesis of KBD.

To improve the thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH)/aramid pulp (AP), graphene oxide (GO) was used as a compatilizer, enhancer, and barrier to fabricate EVOH-based composites. The results showed that graphene oxide serves as an ideal compatilizer to reinforce the interfacial action between the EVOH matrix and aramid pulp. The EVOH/AP/GO composite presented the best combination of thermal stability, tensile strength, oxygen barrier, and heat deformation temperature by adding only 1 wt% graphene oxide, compared to those of pure EVOH. Moreover, both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and polarized optical microscopy (POM) photographs demonstrated that the aramid pulp dispersed homogeneously into the EVOH resin with the addition of 1 wt% graphene oxide. Our work provides a novel and facile way for producing a prominent EVOH-based composite, which can be potentially used in packaging fields in the future., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Macrocycles often exhibit good biological properties and potential druggability, which lead to versatile applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Herein, we report a highly efficient and practical methodology for the functionalization and macrocyclization of Trp and Trp-containing peptides via Pd(II)-catalyzed C-H alkenylation at the Trp C4 position. This method provides direct access to C4 maleimide-decorated Trp-containing peptidomimetics and maleimide-braced 17- to 30-membered peptide macrocycles. In particular, these unique macrocycles revealed low micro- to sub-micromolar EC 50 values with promising anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities. Further explorations with computational methodologies and experimental validations indicated that these macrocycles exert antiviral effects through binding with the N protein of SARS-CoV-2.

Munronin V (1), isolated from Munronia henryi Harms, is the first example, to the best of our knowledge, of an unprecedented 7/7/6 tricarbocyclic framework featuring an unusual A,B- seco -limonoid ring. The structures of munronin V were established from extensive spectroscopic and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) analyses. The novel A,B- seco with two seven-membered lactones was formed as a result of Baeyer-Villiger oxidation. Compound 1 activated autophagy and inhibited Tau pathology as revealed by flow cytometric analyses, confocal imaging analysis and western blotting, and this effect was mediated by transcription factor EB (TFEB). These findings suggested that 1 might have potential as a compound for combating Alzheimer's disease.

Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is one of the crucial inflammatory cytokines as an early indicator of multiple diseases. A fast, simple, sensitive and reliable IFN-γ detection method is valuable for early diagnosis and monitoring of treatment. In this work, we creatively developed an electrochemical aptasensor based on the topological material Bi 2 Se 3 for sensitive IFN-γ quantification. The high-quality Bi 2 Se 3 sheet was directly exfoliated from a single crystal, which immobilized the synthesized IFN-γ aptamer. Under optimal conditions, the electrochemical signal revealed a wide linear relation along with the logarithmic concentration of IFN-γ from 1.0 pg mL -1 to 100.0 ng mL -1 , with the limit of detection as low as 0.5 pg mL -1 . The topological material Bi 2 Se 3 with Dirac surface states improved the electrochemical signal/noise ratio and thus the sensitivity of the sensors. Furthermore, this electrochemical aptasensor exhibited excellent specificity and stability, which could be attributed to the large-scale smooth surface of the Bi 2 Se 3 sheet with few defects decreasing the non-specific absorption. The developed biosensor has the same good performance as the ELISA method for detecting the real serum samples. Our work demonstrates that the developed electrochemical aptasensors based on topological materials have great potential in the field of clinical determination.

A molecular investigation of Cu-elimination and subsequent C-C coupling of DCTP (4,4''-dichloro-1,1':3',1''-terphenyl)-Cu organometallic (OM) polymers on Cu(111) is conducted by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, revealing that the Cu adatoms embedded in the DCTP-Cu chains are located at the hollow and bridge sites on the Cu(111) surface. The difference in the catalytic activities of these surface sites leads to stepwise elimination of Cu adatoms in the OM chains. Moreover, the interchain interaction plays an important role in the Cu-elimination process of the DCTP-Cu chains as well. The interchain steric hindrance, on the one hand, induces the formation of Cu-eliminated intermediates that are scarcely observed in other Ullmann coupling systems, and on the other hand, promotes the cooperative Cu-elimination and C-C coupling of the OM segments in neighboring chains. These findings demonstrate the key role of the molecule-substrate and intermolecular interactions in mediating the reaction processes of the extended molecular systems on the surface.

Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit (RRF), known commonly as Cili in China, is a highly valued fruit that contains abundant functional and nutritional constituents with a variety of health-promoting benefits. Polysaccharides (RRFPs) are regarded as one of the crucial biological compounds in RRF. Existing literature has shown that RRFPs possess various remarkable biological activities, such as antioxidant, hypoglycemic, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and gut microbiota modulation capabilities. In recent years, isolation and purification methods, structural characteristics, and biological activities of RRFPs have been drawing increasing attention. However, there is no up-to-date review of research progress on this front. In this review, recent advances in RRFPs, including their isolation, purification, structural characterization, biological activity, and the structure-activity relationship are summarized and discussed. In addition, this review highlights the challenges and prospects of RRFPs. Overall, this review provides useful research underpinnings and updated information for the further development and utilization of RRFPs in the fields of health, food, and medicine.