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We developed Bcy-NCS, a Cys-specific fluorescent H 2 S donor with a self-immolative spacer, overcoming the issue of multiple fluorophore release seen in traditional ICT-based donors. Bcy-NCS selectively responds to Cys, releases H 2 S, and enables fluorescence-based monitoring. It also reduces LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells, indicating potential for inflammation treatment.

Marine biofouling severely limits the development of the marine economy, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by electrocatalytic antifouling techniques could inactivate marine microorganisms and inhibit the formation of marine biofouling. Compared with an electro-Fenton reaction, a three-electron oxygen reduction reaction (3e - ORR) could generate a hydroxyl radical (˙OH) in situ without the limitation of pH and iron mud pollutants. Herein, O v -rich γ-MnO 2 is designed to enhance the 3e - ORR performance in neutral media and exhibits excellent sterilization performance for typical marine bacteria. DFT calculation reveals that O v is beneficial to the "end-on" adsorption and activation of O 2 , and the Mn site could accept the electrons from *OOH and promote its further reduction to form ˙OH; O v and Mn sites together guarantee the high 3e - ORR efficiency. In addition, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) proves the vast formation of ˙OH in the primary reaction stage, which is the key to sterilization. This work explores the reaction mechanism of the 3e - ORR in neutral media and provides the possibility for the application of electrocatalysis technology in the treatment of marine biofouling pollution.

Dynamic organic crystal materials that can directly convert solar energy into mechanical work hold the potential to be efficient artificial actuators. However, developing dynamic organic crystals that can efficiently transform natural light energy into mechanical energy is still quite challenging. Herein, a novel dynamic organic crystal whose two polymorphs (Form I and Form II) are both capable of effectively converting natural light into work was successfully synthesized. Under the irradiation of ultraviolet (UV), blue and natural light, the on/off toggling of a photosalient effect could be triggered. Specifically, under UV light irradiation, Form I demonstrates output work densities of about 4.2-8.4 × 10 4 J m -3 and 1.6-4.9 × 10 2 J m -3 before and after disintegration, respectively. Form II exhibits output work densities of about 1.3 × 10 2 to 1.9 × 10 3 J m -3 by means of photoinduced bending, suggesting that controllable bending may be more favorable for energy harvesting than the photosalient effect. Utilizing the exceptionally high energy transduction efficiency of Form I, we developed a natural light-driven micro-actuator that can realize output work densities of 2.8-5.0 × 10 4 J m -3 . The natural light-harvesting performance of this actuator significantly surpasses those of previously reported photomechanical crystals and could even be comparable to thermal actuators., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

The combination therapy of targeted treatments and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) holds great promise for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment. However, challenges such as immunogenicity, off-target toxicity of ICB antibodies, low drug co-delivery efficiency, and lack of effective biomarkers to monitor treatment response limit the efficacy of existing targeted immunotherapies. Herein, we synthesized iRGD-modified pH-sensitive liposomal nanoparticles co-encapsulating lenvatinib (Len) and the small molecule PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor BMS-202 (iRGD-lip@Len/BMS-202) to address issues related to inadequate tumor enrichment and distinct pharmacokinetics of these drugs. Furthermore, intravoxel incoherent motion-magnetic resonance imaging (IVIM-MRI), which is calculated using a biexponential model, can simultaneously reflect both the diffusion of water molecules within the tissue and the microcirculatory perfusion of capillaries. Consequently, we further assessed the feasibility of using IVIM-MRI to monitor the cancer treatment response in nanodrug therapy. These results demonstrated that the iRGD-targeted liposomal nanodrug effectively accumulated in tumors and released in acidic microenvironments. The sustained release of Len facilitated tumor vascular normalization, decreased the presence of Tregs and MDSCs and activated the IFN-γ signaling pathway. This led to increased PD-L1 expression in tumor cells, enhancing the sensitivity of BMS-202. Consequently, there was a synergistic amplification of antitumor immune therapy, resulting in the shrinkage of subcutaneous and orthotopic HCC and inhibition of lung metastasis. Furthermore, IVIM-MRI technology facilitated the non-invasive monitoring of the tumor microenvironment (TME), revealing critical therapeutic response indicators such as the normalization of tumor blood vessels and the degree of hypoxia. Collectively, the combination of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs with iRGD-modified liposomes presents a promising strategy for HCC treatment. Simultaneously, IVIM-MRI provides a non-invasive method to accurately predict the response to this nanodrug.

All-solid-state batteries using transition metal sulfide cathodes have received a lot of attention because of both their high safety and energy density. In this work, a 95MoS 6 ·5LiI composite is employed as the active material in all-solid-state batteries, showing improved capacity and cycle life due to the increase in electrochemical reaction kinetics. This work provides a reliable cathode material with high reversible capacity and cyclability for all-solid-state rechargeable batteries.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by widespread organ and tissue involvement, with lupus nephritis (LN) being one of its most severe complications. Dietary flavonoids, as for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, have shown therapeutic potential under various inflammatory conditions. Apigenin (AP) is one of the most studied phenolics and is found in many fruits, vegetables and herbs. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of apigenin on LN. We evaluated the effects of apigenin on MRL/lpr mice, a well-established model for spontaneous LN. Apigenin treatment improved peripheral blood profiles, reduced serum inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-17, TGF-β), lowered levels of autoantibodies (ANA, anti-dsDNA) and alleviated renal damage caused by autoantibodies and inflammatory cell infiltration. The results of immunohistochemistry and transcriptome analysis showed that AP could inhibit the infiltration of CD8 + cells in renal tissues. Single-cell sequencing public data from LN patients identified cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) as the primary CD8 + T cell subtype in the kidneys, with their differentiation regulated by STAT3. In this study, cell experiments demonstrated that AP can induce apoptosis in CD8 + T cells and reduce their recruitment of macrophages by inhibiting the STAT3/IL-17 signaling pathway. These findings highlight that a diet rich in dietary flavonoids, particularly apigenin, can offer therapeutic benefits for patients with SLE.

The dense extracellular matrix (ECM) in the tumor microenvironment forms an abnormal physical barrier, which impedes the delivery and penetration of nanomedicines and hinders their therapeutic efficacy. Herein, we synthesize matrix-degrading soft-nanocapsules composed of human serum albumin (HSA) and hyaluronidase (HAase) for overcoming the obstruction of ECM in the tumor microenvironment. The matrix-degrading human serum albumin/hyaluronidase soft-nanocapsules, referred to as HSA/HAase SNCs, possess a uniform diameter, inward hollow structure, and wrinkled morphology. In vitro biocompatibility results indicate that the HSA/HAase SNCs display no adverse effects on the viability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and mouse breast cancer (4T1) cells and do not induce hemolysis towards red blood cells (RBCs). The HSA/HAase SNCs exhibit a 1.4-fold increase in tumor cellular uptake compared to the stiff-counterparts and enhanced penetration in 4T1-, mouse colon carcinoma 26- (CT26-), and mouse pancreatic cancer- (PanO 2 -) multicellular spheroids. Thanks to the advanced biological properties, a photodynamic platform prepared by loading Ce6 in the HSA/HAase SNCs (HSA/HAase@Ce6) shows improved reactive oxygen species production, a stronger killing effect for cancer cells, and deeper penetration in tumor tissues. In vivo experiments show that HSA/HAase@Ce6 effectively inhibits tumor growth in breast cancer mouse models. RNA-seq analysis of the mice that received the treatment of HSA/HAase@Ce6 shows enrichment of signaling pathways associated with ECM-degradation, which demonstrates that the matrix-degrading nanocapsules overcome the ECM-induced physical barriers in tumors. Overall, the matrix-degrading soft-nanoplatform represents a highly promising strategy to overcome ECM-induced physical barriers and enhance the therapeutic efficacy of nanomedicines.

Second near-infrared (NIR-II) laser-mediated photothermal therapy and sonothermal therapy using low-intensity focused ultrasound exposure for tumors have attracted increasing attention owing to their ability to penetrate deep tissues and provide noninvasive ablation with high therapeutic efficacy. However, their applications were limited by the shortness of optimal NIR-II photothermal agents and sonothermal agents. In this study, we discovered that the edge-selectively hydroxylated graphene nanosheets (EHG NSs) with excellent water dispersibility and an "intact conjugated plane" were not only an outstanding NIR-II photothermal agent but also an effective sonothermal agent for tumor therapy. EHG NSs were incorporated into an injectable adhesive thermosensitive hydrogel with a characteristic sol-gel phase transition behavior. EHG NSs endowed the injectable hydrogel with an exceptional photothermal effect under the laser irradiation (1064 nm, 1.0 W cm -2 ) as well as an effective sonothermal effect under ultrasonic exposure (3.0 MHz, 2.1 W cm -2 ), effectively killing tumor cells in vitro and inhibiting tumor growth after intratumoral injection. Especially, the NIR-II photothermal therapy based on the hybrid hydrogel completely ablated the primary tumors and effectively activated systemic anti-tumor immune responses benefiting from the protein adsorption capacity of the injectable hydrogel, significantly inhibiting the growth of the distal tumors. Collectively, EHG nanosheets loaded in the injectable hydrogel will be a promising "all-rounder" for noninvasive deep penetrating thermotherapy and a potent platform that integrates various therapies.

The practical application of α-Fe 2 O 3 in water splitting is hindered by significant charge recombination and slow water oxidation. To address this issue, a CoSAs-g-C 3 N 4 /Fe 2 O 3 (CoSAs: cobalt single atoms) photoanode was fabricated in this study through the co-modification of CoSAs and g-C 3 N 4 to enhance photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. The coupling between g-C 3 N 4 and α-Fe 2 O 3 resulted in the formation of a heterojunction, which provided a strong built-in electric field and an additional driving force to mitigate charge recombination. Moreover, g-C 3 N 4 served as a suitable carrier for single atoms, which effectively anchored CoSAs through N/C coordination. The highly dispersed CoSAs provided abundant active sites, which further promoted surface holes extraction and oxidation kinetics, resulting in higher PEC performance and photostability. This study indicates the benefits of these collaborative strategies and provides more efficient designs for solar energy conversion in PEC systems., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

A novel phosphine-mediated α-umpolung/Wittig olefination/cyclization cascade process between o -aminobenzaldehydes and Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) carbonates has been ingeniously developed. This protocol serves as a practical tool for the facile synthesis of a broad range of 2-vinylindolines in moderate to good yields under mild reaction conditions. The applicability of this method was demonstrated with gram-scale reaction and various transformations of the corresponding product.

A series of tetra-coordinate boron-peptide conjugates has been reported. The incorporation of a photochromic organoboron unit into the gelator endows photoactivity to the supramolecular gels. While the structural transformation of the gelator upon UV irradiation minimally impacts the formed self-assembled structures, it indeed influences their rheological properties.

Soyasaponins, recognized for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, have not yet been fully explored for their role in combating enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infections. Recent findings identified them in small-molecule metabolites of Bacillus , suggesting their broader biological relevance. This research screened 88 strains of B. halotolerans , identifying the strain BH M20221856 as significantly inhibitory against ETEC growth in vitro . It also reduced cellular damage and inflammatory response in IPEC-J2 cells. The antimicrobial activity of BH M20221856 was attributed to its small-molecule metabolites rather than secretory proteins. A total of 69 small molecules were identified from the metabolites of BH M20221856 using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Among these, soyasaponin I (SoSa I) represented the largest multiple change in the enrichment analysis of differential metabolites and exhibited potent anti-ETEC effects in vivo . It significantly reduced the bacterial load of E. coli in mouse intestines, decreased serum endotoxin, D-lactic acid, and oxidative stress levels and alleviated intestinal pathological damage and inflammation. SoSa I enhanced immune regulation by mediating the p105-Tpl2-ERK signaling pathway. Further evaluations using transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and cell permeability assays showed that SoSa I alleviated ETEC-induced damage to epithelial barrier function. These results suggest that BH M20221856 and SoSa I may serve as preventative biologics against ETEC infections, providing new insights for developing strategies to prevent and control this disease.

In this work, we constructed a FAM fluorescence quenching biosensor based on an aptamer competition recognition and enzyme-free amplification strategy. We design a competing unit consisting of an aptamer chain and a complementary chain, and a catalytic hairpin self-assembly (CHA) unit consisting of two hairpins in which the complementary chain can trigger the catalytic hairpin self-assembly. In the initial state, the aptamer chain is combined with the complementary chain, the catalytic hairpin self-assembly unit is inhibited, the FAM fluorescence group was far away from the BHQ1 quenching group, and the fluorescence is turn-on. In the presence of kanamycin, the aptamer chain recognizes kanamycin and doesn't form double chains, resulting in the free complementary chain triggering hairpin 1 (H1), and then H1 triggering hairpin 2 (H2), FAM fluorophore is close to the BHQ1 quenching group, and the fluorescence is off-on. When H1 and H2 form a cyclic reaction, enzyme-free amplification is achieved and there is significant output of the fluorescence signal. Therefore, the biosensor has good performance in detecting kanamycin, the detection line is 54 nM, the linear range is 54 nM-0.9 μM, and it can achieve highly selective detection of kanamycin. Kanamycin residue may cause serious harm to human health. The high sensitivity detection of kanamycin is urgent, so this project has a great application potential for food detection., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to resolve., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

The search for new materials can be laborious and expensive. Given the challenges that mankind faces today concerning the climate change crisis, the need to accelerate materials discovery for applications like water-splitting could be very relevant for a renewable economy. In this work, we introduce a computational framework to predict the activity of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts, in order to accelerate the discovery of materials that can facilitate water splitting. We use this framework to screen 6155 ternary-phase spinel oxides and have isolated 33 candidates which are predicted to have potentially high OER activity. We have also trained a machine learning model to predict the binding energies of the *O, *OH and *OOH intermediates calculated within this workflow to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between electronic structure descriptors and OER activity. Out of the 33 candidates predicted to have high OER activity, we have synthesized three compounds and characterized them using linear sweep voltammetry to gauge their performance in OER. From these three catalyst materials, we have identified a new material, Co 2.5 Ga 0.5 O 4 , that is competitive with benchmark OER catalysts in the literature with a low overpotential of 220 mV at 10 mA cm -2 and a Tafel slope at 56.0 mV dec -1 . Given the vast size of chemical space as well as the success of this technique to date, we believe that further application of this computational framework based on the high-throughput virtual screening of materials can lead to the discovery of additional novel, high-performing OER catalysts., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Solution-processable semiconductor heterostructures enable scalable fabrication of high performance electronic and optoelectronic devices with tunable functions via heterointerface control. In particular, artificial optical synapses require interface manipulation for nonlinear signal processing. However, the limited combinations of materials for heterostructure construction have restricted the tunability of synaptic behaviors with simple device configurations. Herein, MAPbBr 3 nanocrystals were hybridized with MgAl layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoplates through a room temperature self-assembly process. The formation of such heterostructures, which exhibited an epitaxial relationship, enabled effective hole transfer from MAPbBr 3 to LDH, and greatly reduced the defect states in MAPbBr 3 . Importantly, the ion-conductive nature of LDH and its ability to form a charged surface layer even under low humidity conditions allowed it to attract and trap holes from MAPbBr 3 . This imparted tunable synaptic behaviors and short-term plasticity (STP) to long-term plasticity (LTP) transition to a two-terminal device based on the LDH-MAPbBr 3 heterostructures. The further neuromorphic computing simulation under varying humidity conditions showcased their potential in learning and recognition tasks under ambient conditions. Our work presents a new type of epitaxial heterostructure comprising metal halide perovskites and layered ion-conductive materials, and provides a new way of realizing charge-trapping induced synaptic behaviors.

Herein, we describe a novel metal-free Brønsted acid-catalyzed Ficini [2 + 2] cycloaddition of ynamides with enones under mild reaction conditions, leading to the formation of various cyclobutenamides in generally good to excellent yields within short reaction times. This work represents the first example of ynamides involved in a nonmetal-catalyzed [2 + 2] cycloaddition with enones.

We describe a dynamic crystalline material that integrates mechanical, thermal, and light modes of operation, with unusual robustness and resilience and a variety of both slow and fast kinematic effects that occur on very different time scales. In the mechanical mode of operation, crystals of this material are amenable to elastic deformation, and they can be reversibly morphed and even closed into a loop, sustaining strains of up to about 2.6%. Upon release of the external force, the crystals resume their original shape without any sign of damage, demonstrating outstanding elasticity. Application of torque results in plastic twisting for several rotations without damage, and the twisted crystal can still be bent elastically. The thermal mode of operation relies on switching the lattice at least several dozen times. The migration of the phase boundaries depends on the crystal habit. It can be precisely controlled by temperature, and it is accompanied by both slow and fast motions, including shear deformation and leaping. Parallel boundaries result in a thermomechanical effect, while non-parallel boundaries result in a thermosalient effect. Finally, the photochemical mode of operation is driven by isomerization and can be thermally reverted. The structure of the crystal can also be switched photochemically, and the generation of a bilayer induces rapid bending upon exposure to ultraviolet light, an effect that further diversifies the mechanical response of the material. The small structural changes, low-energy and weak intramolecular hydrogen bonds, and shear deformation, which could dissipate part of the elastic energy, are considered to be the decisive factors for the conservation of the long-range order and the extraordinary diversity in the response of this, and potentially many other dynamic crystalline materials., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Developing low-cost and efficient photocatalyst/co-catalyst systems that promote CO 2 reduction remains a challenge. In this work, Ag-Ti 3 C 2 T x composites were made using a self-reduction technique, and unique Ag-Ti 3 C 2 T x /ZnO ternary heterojunction structure photocatalysts were created using an electrostatic self-assembly process. The photocatalyst's close-contact heterogeneous interface increases photogenerated carrier migration efficiency. The combination of Ti 3 C 2 T x and Ag improves the adsorption active sites and reaction centers for ZnO, making it a key site for CO 2 adsorption and activation. The best photocatalysts had CO and CH 4 reduction efficiencies of 11.985 and 0.768 μmol g -1 h -1 , respectively. The CO 2 conversion was 3.35 times better than that of pure ZnO, which demonstrated remarkable stability even after four cycle trials with no sacrificial agent. Furthermore, in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy ( in situ DRIFTS) and valence band spectroscopy were utilized to propose the photocatalytic reaction mechanism and electron transfer channels of the Ag-Ti 3 C 2 T x /ZnO system, confirming that CHO* and CO* are the important intermediates in the generation of CH 4 and CO. This study introduces a novel method for the development of new and efficient photocatalysts and reveals that Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene is a viable co-catalyst for applications., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Exploration of high-performance catalysts holds great importance for on-demand H 2 production from ammonia borane (AB) hydrolysis. In this work, a hollow bowl-like porous carbon-anchored Ru-MgO hetero-structured nano-pair with high-intensity interfaces is made, using a tailored design approach. Consequently, the optimized catalyst shows AB hydrolysis activity with a turnover frequency value of 784 min -1 in aqueous media and 1971 min -1 in alkaline solvent. Robust durability is also achieved, with slight deactivation after a ten-cycle test. Combined experimental and theoretical calculations validate the positive function of the interface between Ru and MgO for facilitating H transfer and boosting water activation, thus leading to improved AB hydrolysis performance. This study could be valuable in guiding the upgradation of Ru catalytic systems, to advance their practical applications.

Quercetin is a unique bioactive flavonoid, and is an excellent antioxidant and has anti-tumor effects by regulating different tumor-related processes like proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and spread. The latest investigations reveal that quercetin may have the capability to influence DNA methylation modification, one of the primary factors in the development of tumors. Despite the fact that quercetin has significant therapeutic properties, its use as an anti-tumor medicine is constrained by its poor solubility, short half-life, and ineffective tumor targeting. Here, we review the structure and properties of quercetin, its capacity for DNA methylation modification in tumors, and the possibility of nanoscale delivery of quercetin for future tumor treatment.

We designed a novel ratiometric fluorescence immunoassay based on bioorthogonal nanozymes for carcinoembryonic antigen detection. The analytical performance of our designed immunoassay showed a wide linear range, a low detection limit, good reproducibility, selectivity and stability. Thus, bioorthogonal nanozymes hold great potential applications in clinical diagnoses.

The advancement of economically efficient electrocatalysts for alkaline water oxidation based on transition metals is essential for hydrogen production through water electrolysis. In this investigation, a straightforward one-step solvent method was utilized to spontaneously cultivate bimetallic sulfide S-FeCo 1 : 1 /NIF on the surface of a nickel-iron foam (NIF). Capitalizing on the synergistic impact between the bimetallic constituents and the highly active species formed through electrochemical restructuring, S-FeCo 1 : 1 /NIF exhibited remarkable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance, requiring only a 310 mV overpotential based on 500 mA cm -2 current density. Furthermore, it exhibited stable operation at 200 mA cm -2 for 275 h. Simultaneously, the catalyst demonstrated excellent hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and overall water-splitting capabilities. It only requires an overpotential of 191 mV and a potential of 1.81 V to drive current densities of 100 and 50 mA cm -2 . Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were also employed to validate the impact of the bimetallic synergistic effect on the catalytic activity of sulfides. The results indicate that the coupling between bimetallic components effectively reduces the energy barrier required for the rate-determining step in water oxidation, enhancing the stability and activity of bimetallic sulfides. The exploration of bimetallic coupling to improve the OER performance holds theoretical significance in the rational design of advanced electrocatalysts.

In the context of the global energy crisis, the development of high-performance heat transport devices within nano scales has become increasingly important. Theoretical discovery and evaluation of novel structures with high performance in thermal conductivity by affordable calculations could provide significant instructions for experimental studies focusing on thermoelectric device development. For 2-dimensional (2D) functional materials, their heat transport efficiency is correlated with their electronic properties and structural features. In this study, we computationally investigated the heat transport within Janus XClO (X = Cr, Ir); its structural and electronic properties were well solved by first-principles calculations. Furthermore, to evaluate thermodynamics stability and applicability, ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations are conducted. Through a benchmarking study upon these XClO monolayers with different compositions, we noticed that their heat transport efficiency is associated with the percentage of doped magnetic atoms. The theoretical insights provided by this study are highly instructive for future experimental studies focusing on thermal device development.

Lead (Pb) is a widespread toxic endocrine disruptor that could cause liver damage and gut microbiota dysbiosis. However, the causal relationship and underlying mechanisms between the gut microbiota and Pb-induced liver injury are unclear. In this study, we investigated the metabolic toxicity caused by Pb exposure in normal chow (Chow) and high-fat diet (HFD) mice and confirmed the causal relationship by fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) and antibiotic cocktail experiments. The results showed that Pb exposure exacerbated HFD-induced hepatic lipid deposition, fibrosis, and inflammation, but it had no significant effect on Chow mice. Pb increased serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels and induced intestinal inflammation and barrier damage by activating TLR4/NFκB/MLCK in HFD mice. Furthermore, Pb exposure disrupted the gut microbiota, reduced short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations and the colonic SCFA receptors, G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 41/43/109A, in HFD mice. Additionally, Pb significantly inhibited the hepatic GPR109A-mediated adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, resulting in hepatic lipid accumulation. FMT from Pb-exposed HFD mice exacerbated liver damage, disturbed lipid metabolic pathways, impaired intestinal barriers, and altered the gut microbiota and metabolites in recipient mice. However, mice exposed to HFD + Pb and HFD mice had similar levels of these biomarkers in microbiota depleted by antibiotics. In conclusion, our study provides new insights into gut microbiota dysbiosis as a potential novel mechanism for human health related to liver function impairment caused by Pb exposure.

Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is a subtype of the human carbonic anhydrase ( h CA) family and exhibits high expression in various solid tumors, rendering it a promising target for tumor therapy. Currently, marketed carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) are primarily composed of sulfonamides derivatives, which may have impeded their potential for further expansion. Therefore, we have developed a structure-based virtual screening approach to explore novel CAIs exhibiting distinctive structures and anti-tumor potential in the FDA database. In vitro experiments demonstrated that 3-pyridinemethanol (0.42 μM), procodazole (8.35 μM) and pamidronic acid (8.51 μM) exhibited inhibitory effects on CA IX activity. The binding stability and interaction mode between the CA IX and the hit compounds are further investigated through molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy calculations. Furthermore, the ADME/Tox prediction results indicated that these compounds exhibited favorable pharmacological properties and minimal toxic side effects. Our study successfully applied computational strategies to discover three non-sulfonamide inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) that demonstrate inhibitory activity in vitro . These findings have significant implications for the development of CA IX inhibitors and anti-tumor drugs, contributing to their progress in the field.

Conductive hydrogels have attracted much attention for their wide application in the field of flexible wearable sensors due to their outstanding flexibility, conductivity and sensing properties. However, the weak mechanical properties, lack of frost resistance and susceptibility to microbial contamination of traditional conductive hydrogels greatly limit their practical application. In this work, multifunctional polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/poly(acrylamide- co -1-vinyl-3-butylimidazolium bromide) (P(AAm- co -VBIMBr)) (PCPAV) ionic conductive hydrogels with high strength and good conductive, transparent, anti-freezing and antibacterial properties were constructed by introducing a network of chemically crosslinked AAm and VBIMBr copolymers into the base material of PVA and CMC by in situ free radical polymerization. Owing to the multiple interactions between the polymers, including covalent crosslinking, multiple hydrogen bonding interactions, and electrostatic interactions, the obtained ionic conductive hydrogels exhibit a high tensile strength (360.6 kPa), a large elongation at break (810.6%), good toughness, and fatigue resistance properties. The introduction of VBIMBr endows the PCPAV hydrogels with excellent transparency (∼92%), a high ionic conductivity (15.2 mS cm -1 ), antimicrobial activity and good flexibility and conductivity at sub-zero temperatures. Notably, the PCPAV hydrogels exhibit a wide strain range (0-800%), high strain sensitivity (GF = 3.75), fast response, long-term stability, and fantastic durability, which enable them to detect both large joint movements and minute muscle movements. Based on these advantages, it is believed that the PCPAV-based hydrogel sensors would have potential applications in health monitoring, human motion detection, soft robotics, ionic skins, human-machine interfaces, and other flexible electronic devices.

Self-assembly has been considered as a strategy to construct superstructures with specific functions, which has been widely used in many different fields, such as bionics, catalysis, and pharmacology. A detailed and in-depth analysis of the self-assembly mechanism is beneficial for directionally and accurately regulating the self-assembly process of substances. Fluorescent probes exhibit unique advantages of sensitivity, non-destructiveness, and real-time self-assembly tracking, compared with traditional methods. In this work, the design principle of fluorescent probes with different functions and their applications for the detection of thermodynamic and kinetic parameters during the self-assembly process were systematically reviewed. Their efficiency, limitations and advantages are also discussed. Furthermore, the promising perspectives of fluorescent probes for investigating the self-assembly process are also discussed and suggested., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Finding materials with suitable thermal conductivity ( κ ) is crucial for improving energy efficiency, reducing carbon emissions, and achieving sustainability. Atomic substitution and structural adjustments are commonly used methods. By comparing the κ of two different structures of two-dimensional (2D) IIIA-nitrides and their corresponding carbides, we explored whether atomic substitution has the same impact on κ in different structures. All eight materials exhibit normal temperature dependence, with κ decreasing as the temperature rises. Both structures are single atomic layers of 2D materials, forming M-N bonds, with the difference being that H-MN consists of hexagonal rings, while T-MN consists of tetragonal and octagonal rings. 2D IIIA-nitrides provide a good illustration of the impact of atomic substitution and structure on κ . On a logarithmic scale of κ , it approximates two parallel lines, indicating that different structures exhibit similar trends of κ reduction under the same conditions of atomic substitution. We analyzed the mechanisms behind the decreasing trend in κ from a phonon mode perspective. The main reason for the decrease in κ is that heavier atoms lower lattice vibrations, reducing phonon frequencies. Electronegativity increases, altering bonding characteristics and increasing anharmonicity. Reduced symmetry in complex structures decreases phonon group velocities and enhances phonon anharmonicity, leading to decreased phonon lifetimes. It's noteworthy that we found that atomic substitution and structure significantly affect hydrodynamic phonon transport as well. Both complex structures and atomic substitution simultaneously reduce the effects of hydrodynamic phonon transport. By comparing the impact of κ on two different structures of 2D IIIA-nitrides and their corresponding carbides, we have deepened our understanding of phonon transport in 2D materials. Heavier atomic substitution and more complex structures result in reduced κ and decreased hydrodynamic phonon transport effects. This research is likely to have a significant impact on the study of micro- and nanoscale heat transfer, including the design of materials with specific heat transfer properties for future applications.

Wastewater discharged from industrial, agricultural and livestock production contains a large number of harmful bacteria and organic pollutants, which usually cause serious harm to human health. Therefore, it is urgent to find a "one-stone-two-birds" strategy with good antimicrobial and pollutant degradation activity for treating waste water. In this paper, SiO 2 @AuAg/Polydopamine (SiO 2 @AuAg/PDA) core/shell nanospheres, which possessed synergistic "Ag + -release-photothermal" antibacterial and catalytic behaviors, have been successfully prepared via a simple in situ redox polymerization method. The SiO 2 @AuAg/PDA nanospheres showed good catalytic activity in reducing 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol (0.576 min -1 mg -1 ). Since the AuAg nanoclusters contain both gold and silver elements, they provided a high photothermal conversion efficiency (48.1%). Under NIR irradiation (808 nm, 2.5 W -2 ), the catalytic kinetics were improved by 2.2 times. Besides the intrinsic Ag + -release, the photothermal behavior originating from the AuAg bimetallic nanoclusters and the PDA component of SiO 2 @AuAg/PDA also critically improved the antibacterial performance. Both E. coli and S. aureus could be basically killed by SiO 2 @AuAg/PDA nanospheres at a concentration of 90 μg mL -1 under NIR irradiation. This "Ag + -release-photothermal" coupled sterilization offers a straightforward and effective approach to antimicrobial therapy, and further exhibits high potential in nanomedicine for combating bacterial contamination in environmental treatment and biological fields., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

The optimization of storage space and material composition can significantly improve the generation rate and storage capacity of methane hydrate, which is important for the industrial application of solidified natural gas (SNG) technology. In our report, the effects of the presence of SDBS (sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate), GO (graphene oxide), 3D-rGO (3D-reduced graphene oxide) and 3D-rGO/SDBS (3D-reduced graphene oxide/sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate) on the methane hydrate generation process are investigated. The results show that the heterogeneous effect on the solid-phase surface of 3D-rGO/SDBS and its interconnected three-dimensional (3D) structure can achieve rapid nucleation. In addition, the presence of 3D-rGO/SDBS can increase the dissolution and dispersion of gas in solution and further enhance the gas-liquid mass transfer, thus realizing efficient methane storage. The maximum methane storage capacity of 188 v/v w is obtained with 600 ppm of 3D-rGO/SDBS in water, reaching 87% of the theoretical maximum storage capacity. The addition of 3D-rGO/SDBS also significantly reduces the induction time and accelerates the formation rate of methane hydrate. This study reveals that 3D graphene materials have excellent kinetic promotion effects on methane hydrate formation, explores and enriches the hydrate-promoting mechanism, and provides essential data and theoretical basis for the research of new promoters in the field of SNG technology., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Aqueous zinc-iodine batteries stand out as highly promising energy storage systems owing to the abundance of resources and non-combustible nature of water coupled with their high theoretical capacity. Nevertheless, the development of aqueous zinc-iodine batteries has been impeded by persistent challenges associated with iodine cathodes and Zn anodes. Key obstacles include the shuttle effect of polyiodine and the sluggish kinetics of cathodes, dendrite formation, the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and the corrosion and passivation of anodes. Numerous strategies aimed at addressing these issues have been developed, including compositing with carbon materials, using additives, and surface modification. This review provides a recent update on various strategies and perspectives for the development of aqueous zinc-iodine batteries, with a particular emphasis on the regulation of I 2 cathodes and Zn anodes, electrolyte formulation, and separator modification. Expanding upon current achievements, future initiatives for the development of aqueous zinc-iodine batteries are proposed, with the aim of advancing their commercial viability., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Covering: 1925 to July 2023Among the sesquiterpenoids with rich structural diversity and potential bioactivities, lindenane sesquiterpenoids (LSs) possess a characteristic cis , trans -3,5,6-carbocyclic skeleton and mainly exist as monomers and diverse oligomers in plants from the Lindera genus and Chloranthaceae family. Since the first identification of lindeneol from Lindera strychnifolia in 1925, 354 natural LSs and their oligomers with anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and anti-infective activities have been discovered. Structurally, two-thirds of LSs exist as oligomers with interesting skeletons through diverse polymeric patterns, especially Diels-Alder [4 + 2] cycloaddition. Fascinated by their diverse bioactivities and intriguing polycyclic architectures, synthetic chemists have engaged in the total synthesis of natural LSs in recent decades. In this review, the research achievements related to LSs from 1925 to July of 2023 are systematically and comprehensively summarized, focusing on the classification of their structures, chemical synthesis, and bioactivities, which will be helpful for further research on LSs and their oligomers.

The search for highly active and low-cost single-atom catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is essential for the widespread application of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Transition metals anchored on nitrogen-doped graphdiyne (GDY) have attracted considerable interest as potentially excellent catalysts for the ORR. However, the relationship between the active site and nitrogen-doped GDY remains unclear. In this work, we conducted a systematic investigation of sp-hybridized N atoms anchoring single transition metal atoms of 3d and 4d on GDY (TMC 2 N 2 ) as electrocatalysts for the ORR. Firstly, 18 kinds of TMC 2 N 2 were determined to have good thermodynamic stability. Due to the extremely strong adsorption of *OH, TMC 2 N 2 exhibits inferior ORR performance compared to traditional Pt(111). Considering that *OH adsorption hinders the catalytic activity of TMC 2 N 2 , we modified the OH ligand of TMC 2 N 2 to develop the high-valent metal complex (TMC 2 N 2 -OH) aiming to enhance the electrocatalytic activity. The adsorption of intermediates on most TMC 2 N 2 -OH is weakened after the modification of the OH ligand, especially for the adsorption of *OH. Thus, by comparing the ORR overpotential of catalysts before and after ligand modification, we find that the catalytic activity of different TMC 2 N 2 -OHs improves to various degrees. MnC 2 N 2 -OH, TMC 2 N 2 -OH, and TcC 2 N 2 -OH exhibit relatively high ORR catalytic activity, with overpotentials of 0.93 V, 1.19 V, and 0.92 V, respectively. Furthermore, we investigated the cause of improved catalytic activity of TMC 2 N 2 -OH and found that the modified coordination environment of the catalyst led to adjusted adsorption of ORR intermediates. In summary, our work sheds light on the relationship between nitrogen-doped GDY and transition metal sites, thus contributing to the development of more efficient catalysts.

Conventional cerium-based denitrification catalysts show good catalytic activity at moderate and high temperatures, but their denitrification performance may be decreased due to poisoning by SO 2 in the flue gas. In this paper, V was introduced into Ce-La/TiO 2 catalysts by a ball-milling method, and the effects of the V content on catalyst denitrification performance and SO 2 resistance were investigated. Fourier-transform diffuse reflectance in situ infrared spectroscopy was used to examine the denitrification mechanism and evaluate the catalysts for surface acidity, redox characteristics, and SO 2 adsorption. After introducing V, Brønsted acids played the dominant role in the catalytic reaction by increasing the number of acidic sites on the catalyst surface, adsorbing NH 3 to participate in the reaction, and improving the sulfur resistance by inhibiting SO 2 poisoning. The Ce 3+ and O ratio on the catalyst surface were also enhanced by V doping, which reduced interactions between SO 2 and the primary metal oxide active ingredients. The modified catalyst inhibited the formation of sulfate species on the catalyst surface and prevented the generation of additional nitrate species on the surface, which protected the main active sites. After V doping, the NH 3 -SCR reaction on the catalyst surface followed the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Alscholarine C (1), featuring an unprecedented pyrroloindoline-containing natural product (PiNP) with a 6/5/5/5 tetracyclic carbon skeleton, and four known PiNPs (2-5), namely demethylalstoscholarinine E (2), N b -demethylechitamine (3), winphylline A (4), and echitamine (5), were isolated from Alstonia scholaris . Compound 1 was characterized by a hexahydropyrrolo[2,3- b ] indole (HPI) core fused to a unique 4-heptylimidazolidine motif, forming an unparalleled 3-heptyl-2a,4a-diazapentaleno[1,6- ab ]indene ring system. Their structures were established by spectroscopic analysis, quantum-chemical calculated 13 C NMR data with DP4+ probability analyses, and ECD calculations and comparison. A plausible biosynthetic pathway of 1 was proposed. Compound 1 exhibited potential anti-inflammatory activity against LPS-stimulated NO production in RAW264.7 cells.

The rational design of electrocatalysts with well-designed compositions and structures for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is promising and challenging. Herein, we developed a novel strategy - a one-step double-cation etching sedimentation equilibrium strategy - to synthesize amorphous hollow Fe-Co-Ni layered double hydroxide nanocages with an outer surface of vertically interconnected ultrathin nanosheets (Fe-Co-Ni-LDH), which primarily depends on the in situ etching sedimentation equilibrium of the template interface. This unique vertical nanosheet-shell hierarchical nanostructure possesses enhanced charge transfer, increased active sites, and favorable kinetics during electrolysis, resulting in superb electrocatalytic performance for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Specifically, the Fe-Co-Ni-LDH nanocages exhibited remarkable OER activity in alkaline electrolytes and achieved a current density of 100 mA cm -2 at a low overpotential of 272 mV with excellent stability. This powerful strategy provides a profound molecular-level insight into the control of the morphology and composition of 2D layered materials., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Electrochromic (EC) glass has the potential to significantly improve energy efficiency in buildings by controlling the amount of light and heat that the building exchanges with its exterior. However, the development of EC materials is still hindered by key challenges such as slow switching time, low coloration efficiency, short cycling lifetime, and material degradation. Metal doping is a promising technique to enhance the performance of metal oxide-based EC materials, where adding a small amount of metal into the host material can lead to lattice distortion, a variation of oxygen vacancies, and a shorter ion transfer path during the insertion and de-insertion process. In this study, we investigated the effects of niobium, gadolinium, and erbium doping on tungsten oxide using a single-step solvothermal technique. Our results demonstrate that both insertion and de-insertion current density of a doped sample can be significantly enhanced by metal elements, with an improvement of about 5, 4 and 3.5 times for niobium, gadolinium and erbium doped tungsten oxide, respectively compared to a pure tungsten oxide sample. Moreover, the colouration efficiency increased by 16, 9 and 24% when doping with niobium, gadolinium and erbium, respectively. These findings suggest that metal doping is a promising technique for improving the performance of EC materials and can pave the way for the development of more efficient EC glass for building applications., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Currently, Zn-based catalysts for electrochemical CO 2 reduction reactions are limited by their moderate carbophilicity, resulting in low catalytic activity and CO selectivity. To this end, we selected 5-mercapto-1-methylimidazole, a small molecule that possesses the ability to both coordinate to Zn and interact with the intermediates, to modify electrochemically deposited Zn nanosheets. The interaction between them effectively enhances intermediate adsorption by lowering the Gibbs free energy, which leads to an increase of the Faraday efficiency to 1.9 times and the CO partial current density to 3.0 times that of the pristine sample (-1.0 V vs . RHE).

A protocol for efficient N -alkylation of benzamides with alcohols in the presence of cobalt-nanocatalysts is described. Key to the success of this general methodology is the use of highly dispersed cobalt nanoparticles supported on carbon, which are obtained from the pyrolysis of cobalt(ii) acetate and o -phenylenediamine as a ligand at suitable temperatures. The catalytic material shows a broad substrate scope and good tolerance to functional groups. Apart from the synthesis of a variety of secondary amides (>45 products), the catalyst allows for the conversion of more challenging aliphatic alcohols and amides, including biobased and macromolecular amides. The practical applicability of the catalyst is underlined by the successful recycling and reusability., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Atomically dispersed metal catalysts with excellent activity and stability are highly desired in heterogeneous catalysis. Herein, we synthesized zeolite-encaged Pd-based pseudo-single atoms via a facile and energy-efficient ligand-protected direct H 2 reduction method. C s -corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, extended X-ray absorption, and pair distribution function measurements reveal that the metal species are close to atomic-level dispersion and completely confined within the intersectional channels of silicalite-1 (S-1) zeolite with the MFI framework. The Pd@S-1-H exhibits excellent activity and stability in methane combustion reactions with a complete combustion temperature of 390 °C, and no deactivation is observed even after 100 h on stream. The optimized bimetallic 0.8Pd0.2Ni(OH) 2 @S-1-H catalyst exhibits an excellent H 2 generation rate from FA decomposition without any additives, affording a superhigh turnover frequency up to 9308 h -1 at 333 K, which represents the top activity among all of the best heterogeneous catalysts under similar conditions. Significantly, zeolite-encaged metal catalysts are first used for Cr(vi) reduction coupled with formic acid (FA) dehydrogenation and show a superhigh turnover number of 2980 mol(Cr 2 O 7 2- ) mol(Pd) -1 at 323 K, surpassing all of the previously reported catalysts. This work demonstrates that zeolite-encaged pseudo-single atom catalysts are promising in efficient hydrogen storage and pollutant disposal applications., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

A highly efficient and metal-free [3+2] cyclization/rearrangement reaction toward the synthesis of multisubstituted trifluoromethyloxazolines from α-hydroxyketones and trifluoromethyl N -acylhydrazones has been developed. The unprecedented rearrangement of the amide fragment under acidic conditions after cleavage of the N-N bond of acylhydrazones has opened up new avenues for the development of reactions involving trifluoromethyl N -acylhydrazones. DFT calculations show that the mechanism involves multiple proton transfer processes.

Thermal conductivity ( κ , which consists of electronic thermal conductivity κ e and lattice thermal conductivity κ l ), as an essential parameter in thermal management applications, is a critical physical quantity to measure the heat transfer performance of materials. To seek low- κ materials for heat-related applications, such as thermoelectric materials and thermal barrier coatings. In this study, based on a complex cluster design, we report a new class of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs): T-Au 6 X 2 (X = S, Se, and Te) with record ultralow κ l values. At room temperature, the κ l values of T-Au 6 S 2 , T-Au 6 Se 2 , and T-Au 6 Te 2 are 0.25 (0.23), 0.30 (0.21), and 0.12 (0.10) W m -1 K -1 along the x -axis ( y -axis) direction, respectively, exhibiting good thermal insulation. The ultralow κ l originates from strong phonon softening and suppression, especially for the phonon with frequency 0-1 THz. In addition, T-Au 6 Te 2 holds the lowest group velocity and phonon relaxation time among the three T-Au 6 X 2 monolayers. Our study provides an alternative approach for achieving ultralow κ l through complex cluster replacement. Meanwhile, this new class of TMDs is expected to shine in thermal insulation and thermoelectricity due to their ultralow κ l values.

Highly active Keggin-type silicotungstic acid (SiW 12 ) with oxygen vacancy (O v ) defects was encapsulated into the magnetic floral N-doped carbon microspheres (γ-Fe 2 O 3 @NC-300) through the facile one-step air pyrolysis of the precursor comprising core-shell Fe 3 O 4 @polydopamine (Fe 3 O 4 @PDA) and SiW 12 to prepare γ-Fe 2 O 3 @NC@SiW 12 -300. The fabricated catalysts were systematically characterized and subsequently employed for the oxidation desulfurization (ODS) of the model fuel. The magnetic floral γ-Fe 2 O 3 @NC@SiW 12 -300 catalyst exhibited nearly perfect catalytic activity, which under mild conditions could remove 100% amount of 4000 ppm DBT in model fuel within 20 min (0.03 g catalysts and n (H 2 O 2 )/ n (S) of 2). The catalyst activity is mainly attributed to the high activity SiW 12 with the O v defect and its outstanding dispersibility in γ-Fe 2 O 3 @NC, along with the high number of exposed active sites. A selected catalyst, γ-Fe 2 O 3 @NC@SiW 12 -300, showed a noticeable turnover frequency (TOF) (110.07 h -1 ) and lower activation energy (38.79 kJ mol -1 ) in oxidative desulfurization (ODS) with good recyclability. HO˙ radical was found to be the active species involved in ODS as confirmed by the EPR and scavenger experiments. Additionally, the fabricated catalyst can be conveniently separated and recycled within an externally applied magnetic field.

Small-diameter vascular grafts (SDVGs) cannot meet current clinical demands owing to their suboptimal long-term patency rate. Various materials have been employed to address this issue, including nanomaterials (NMs), which have demonstrated exceptional capabilities and promising application potentials. In this review, the utilization of NMs in different forms, including nanoparticles, nanofibers, and nanofilms, in the SDVG field is discussed, and future perspectives for the development of NM-loading SDVGs are highlighted. It is expected that this review will provide helpful information to scholars in the innovative interdiscipline of cardiovascular disease treatment and NM., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Seeking cost-effective and earth-abundant electrocatalysts with excellent activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in zinc-air batteries (ZABs) is critically important. In this work, the ORR and OER performance of the Fe x cluster supported on FeN 4 composite sites (FeN 4 @Fe x ) is investigated based on density functional theory. Based on the charge density difference between the Fe x cluster and the FeN 4 substrate, the conclusion that the decreased charge density of the chemical bond between the metal and the adsorbate can weaken the adsorption of the adsorbate can be drawn. The results of the d-band center also confirm this. Furthermore, the ORR and OER free energy change profiles show that FeN 4 @Fe 8 exhibits the best ORR and OER activity. This is because the electronic environment regulated by the Fe x cluster can improve the adsorption of intermediates, which is conducive to enhancing catalytic activity. Further considering the solution environment, the activity of FeN 4 @Fe x with preadsorbed OH (FeN 4 @Fe x (OH) y ) was studied. It is found that FeN 4 @Fe 8 (OH) 6 is still the best catalyst. This work introduces new highly active composite sites for catalyzing the ORR in an acid medium.

A trigonal luminescent metallacage was constructed by the coordination-driven self-assembly of m -pyridine-modified tetraphenylene ligands with organic Pt(II) acceptors, which exhibited excellent Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE) properties. An efficient artificial light-harvesting system was successfully constructed by selecting the metallacage as the donor and the hydrophobic fluorescent dye Nile Red (NiR) as the donor molecule in a system of acetone/water (1/9, v/v), The absorption spectra of NiR and the emission spectra of the metallacage showed considerable overlap, achieving energy transfer from the metallacage to NiR.

p53-like bladder cancer (BLCA) is a bladder cancer subtype that is resistant to cisplatin-based chemotherapy. The ideal treatment modality for such tumors remains poorly defined, and immunotherapy seems to be a potential approach. Therefore, it is significant to understand the risk stratification of p53-like BLCA and identify novel therapeutic targets. ITIH5 is a member of the inter-α-trypsin inhibitory (ITI) gene family, and the effect of ITIH5 on p53-like BLCA remains elusive. In this study, TCGA data and in vitro experiments were used to explore the prognostic value of ITIH5 for p53-like BLCA and its effect on tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. The impact of ITIH5 on the level of immune cell infiltration was explored using seven different algorithms, and the predictive value of ITIH5 on the efficacy of immunotherapy for p53-like BLCA was explored in combination with an independent immunotherapy cohort. The results showed that patients with high ITIH5 expression had a better prognosis, and overexpression of ITIH5 could inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of tumor cells. Two or more algorithms consistently showed that ITIH5 promoted the infiltration of antitumor immune cells, such as B cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells. In addition, ITIH5 expression was positively correlated with the expression levels of many immune checkpoints, and the high ITIH5 expression group showed better response rates to PD-L1 and CTLA-4 therapies. In short, ITIH5 is a predictor of prognosis and the immunotherapy response for p53-like BLCA and is correlated with tumor immunity.

The naturally scarce eupholathone-type euphornin E (1) was efficiently prepared from abundant lathyrane-type Euphorbia factor L 1 via a visible-light-induced Sc(OTf) 3 -catalyzed tandem process. Eupholathones 2 and 3 were also smoothly obtained by changing the reaction solvent. This route provides a convenient method for easily constructing scarce eupholathone- from lathyrane-type Euphorbia diterpenes, and confirms the biogenetic relationship between them from a chemical standpoint. Notably, compound 1 exhibited good anti-HIV activity.

Chiral separation has become a crucial topic for effectively utilizing superfluous racemates synthesized by chemical means and satisfying the growing requirements for producing enantiopure chiral compounds. However, the remarkably close physical and chemical properties of enantiomers present significant obstacles, making it necessary to develop novel enantioseparation methods. This review comprehensively summaries the latest developments in the main enantioseparation methods, including preparative-scale chromatography, enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction, crystallization-based methods for chiral separation, deracemization process coupling racemization and crystallization, porous material method and membrane resolution method, focusing on significant cases involving crystallization, deracemization and membranes. Notably, potential trends and future directions are suggested based on the state-of-art "coupling" strategy, which may greatly reinvigorate the existing individual methods and facilitate the emergence of cross-cutting ideas among researchers from different enantioseparation domains., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interest., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)